北天山隧道施工GPS控制网的建立及其贯通误差预计

介绍了北天山隧道施工GPS控制网建网的网型设计、观测和数据处理,分析了该GPS隧道控制网的观测质量,并就GPS控制测量误差对隧道横向贯通误差的影响值进行了估算。     

特长隧道贯通误差预计方法研究

系统研究了以往隧道贯通误差预计的方法,并比较了其优缺点。结合目前铁路特长隧道的施工方法,对这些传统方法进行了改进和扩展,提出了适合特长隧道贯通误差预计的新方法。研究了特长隧道的贯通精度预计数学模型和模拟计算方法,编制数据处理软件对特长隧道洞外、洞内控制测量误差所引起的隧道贯通误差进行计算,指导特长隧道控制网的设计,从而达到对隧道贯通误差进行有效控制,保证特长隧道准确贯通。     

隧道洞外GPS控制网引起的横向贯通误差严密解算方法研究

针对目前隧道洞外GPS控制网横向贯通误差严密计算方法在理论上的不足,本文基于坐标转换模型和协因数传播定律推导了隧道独立坐标协因数阵的计算公式,研究了基于验后单位权中误差和隧道独立坐标协因数阵的隧道洞外GPS网引起的横向贯通误差严密计算方法。之后,以某特长铁路隧道工程洞外GPS控制网实测数据作为研究对象,阐述了横向贯通误差严密计算的技术流程。研究成果为控制隧道工程准确贯通提供了参考。     

隧道施工地面导线网的合理布设

本文根据间接平差理论推导出隧道施工导线网的边角测量误差所引起的横向贯通误差的严密计算公式,讨论了边角权的选取对横向贯通误差的影响,以横向贯通误差为依据,对导线网图形及其最优化设计进行了讨论和论证,指出了导线作为隧道地面施工控制的优点和值得注意的一些问题。     

长大隧道洞内自由测站边角交会网平面控制测量

为了减小长大隧道洞内控制网中的横向贯通误差,文章提出一种隧道洞内平面控制测量新方法——自由测站边角交会网.文中介绍了自由测站边角交会网的网型特点、外业观测方法和内业数据处理方珐,并提出了自由测站边角交会网的附合路线闭合差和横向贯通误差计算等方法.通过对洞内横向贯通中误差进行估算并结合仿真测量实验,验证了自由测站边角交会网应用于隧道洞内平面控制中的可行性,实验表明,自由测站边角交会网在削减横向贯通误差等方面,要优于传统的导线网.     

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道贯通测量设计

针对港珠澳大桥海底沉管隧道对接安装施工难度大、精度要求高、无测量技术标准、无类似测量经验可供借鉴的实际问题,开展外海超长距离沉管隧道贯通测量的技术研究。提出了基于误差影响忽略不计原则的外海沉管隧道横向贯通误差的分配方案,确定了港珠澳大桥沉管隧道贯通测量误差的分配值,其中管外GPS控制网与管内精密导线引起的贯通误差之比为1∶3。以贯通误差限值为目标值,设计了管外GPS控制网和管内精密导线的网形、精度等级及测量技术要求。经估算,港珠澳大桥沉管隧道贯通误差综合值为26.76 mm,满足工程施工验收标准的限差要求(35 mm),验证了贯通测量设计方案的合理性和可行性。     

隧道GPS网对横向贯通误差的影响

本文在阐述隧道工程独立坐标系和隧道ＧＰＳ网数据处理方法的基础上推导出ＧＰＳ网对横向贯通误差影响的通用计算公式，分析了隧道ＧＰＳ网基准数据位置对横向贯通误差的影响。     

港珠澳大桥沉管隧道施工控制网布设研究

针对港珠澳大桥沉管隧道特殊的测量环境和超高的贯通精度要求，对其施工平面控制问题进行了研究。依据测量误差分配理论，研究了长距离沉管隧道贯通误差的合理分配方案；采用贯通误差严密估算方法，分析了沉管隧道内外控制网横向贯通误差影响规律。提出了一种适宜沉管隧道结构的双线形联合锁网布测方法，通过陆地上1:1模拟试验和工程实际应用验证了双线形联合锁网的精度和可靠性。与全导线网相比，其平面控制精度提高15%~30%，平均多余观测分量提高约4%，能够满足外海超长沉管隧道的贯通精度要求，有效保障了工程的精准贯通。     

20～50 km超长隧道(洞)横向贯通误差允许值研究

目前国内超长隧道(洞)工程越来越多,但迄今为止,国内外20～50 km的超长隧道(洞)的横向贯通误差允许值尚无规范可循,在对洞外GPS平面控制网、洞内狭长导线网的布设以及测量误差对横向贯通误差的影响进行深入研究的基础上,提出了影响值的估算方法,通过大量模拟计算,并根据山西省引黄工程超长隧洞的测量和贯通实践,给出了超长隧道(洞)工程横向贯通误差允许值表,可供制定相应的规范和类似的工程实践参考.     

雪峰山特长隧道平面控制测量基准的建立

介绍了GPS技术应用于雪峰山特长隧道工程平面测量基准建立的方法,分析了GPS控制网的观测质量,并就GPS控制测量误差对隧道横向贯通误差的影响值进行了估算。     

Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world

Abstract

Cultures throughout the world are associating with the rivers. People depend upon the rivers and their tributaries for food, water, transport, and many other aspects of their daily lives. Unfortunately, human beings have not calculated the accurate lengths for the great rivers even today. The lengths of the rivers are very different in popular textbooks, magazines, atlases and encyclopedias, etc. To accurately determine the lengths of the principal rivers of the world, the combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions is proposed in this paper. The lengths of the Nile, Amazon, Yangtze, Mississippi, Yellow, Ob, Yenisey, Amur, Congo and Mekong, with lengths over or close to 5000 km, were calculated using the proposed method. The results may represent the most reliable and accurate lengths of the principal rivers of the world that are currently achievable.     

世纪之交的沉思--论21世纪软科学的发展

软科学这一术语是70年代在国外提出的.然而30多年以来,它在国外不仅未得到普遍的承认,而且对软科学的定义也还未能达成大体上一致的共识.而在改革开放后的中国,出于决策科学化和民主化的需要,经过一些领导人的提倡和支持,特别是通过1986年召开的软科学座谈会及1994年召开的全国软科学工作会议,软科学事业得到了蓬勃的发展.据初步统计,截止1998年底全国共有软科学研究机构1224个,研究人员32655人,初步形成了一支较为强大的研究队伍,并取得了数百项覆盖多个领域的研究成果,为支持各级各类的决策发挥了一定的作用.     

Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delay in the data analysis of the Intensive VLBI sessions and the impact on the UT1 estimates

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Intensive sessions are typically 1-h and single-baseline VLBI sessions, specifically designed to yield low-latency estimates of UT1-UTC. In this work, we investigate what accuracy is obtained from these sessions and how it can be improved. In particular, we study the modeling of the troposphere in the data analysis. The impact of including external information on the zenith wet delays (ZWD) and tropospheric gradients from GPS or numerical weather prediction models is studied. Additionally, we test estimating tropospheric gradients in the data analysis, which is normally not done. To evaluate the results, we compared the UT1-UTC values from the Intensives to those from simultaneous 24-h VLBI session. Furthermore, we calculated length of day (LOD) estimates using the UT1-UTC values from consecutive Intensives and compared these to the LOD estimated by GPS. We find that there is not much benefit in using external ZWD; however, including external information on the gradients improves the agreement with the reference data. If gradients are estimated in the data analysis, and appropriate constraints are applied, the WRMS difference w.r.t. UT1-UTC from 24-h sessions is reduced by 5% and the WRMS difference w.r.t. the LOD from GPS by up to 12%. The best agreement between Intensives and the reference time series is obtained when using both external gradients from GPS and additionally estimating gradients in the data analysis.     

Movements of the protoplanetary superconducting particles in the magnetic field of the Saturn lead to the origin of the rings

In this letter, we are trying to resolve the electromagnetic problem for the movements of the superconducting particles of the protoplanetary cloud in the magnetic field of Saturn. The force of levitation (Meissner-Ochsenfeld phenomenon) is introduced to the field of planetary science for the first time. It is shown from our theoretical analysis that rings of Saturn might have a superconducting origin, and rings might levitate within magnetic equator plane of the planet.     

省直管市（县）体制下建设用地监管技术研究

面向解决省直体制下市（县）建设用地管理业务监管难度大问题,研究建设用地全过程监管关键技术,设计该模式下的监管模式、技术架构、业务模型和数据模型,实现省直管市（县）模式下的建设用地批前、批中、批后＂批-供-用-补-查-登＂全过程监管。     

圆形标志及其椭圆构像间中心偏差的确定

当目标面与像片平面不平行时,圆形标志的像将为椭圆,椭圆的中心与标志中心的像存在偏差。当标志较大时,此偏差将显著影响求解的精度。揭示了偏差的方向性,导出了求解偏差的方程,给出了偏差的解算步骤