海洋激光雷达反演水体光学参数

研制了一套船载海洋激光雷达,用于探测海水光学参数垂直廓线。2017年8月,该系统在黄海海域进行了实验测量。在准单次散射模型中引入原位测量的光学参数,实现了理想激光雷达回波信号的模拟,并将该理想信号与系统响应函数卷积后精确复现了实验的激光雷达信号。采用Fernald后向迭代积分法(简称Fernald法),比较了不同水体悬浮物激光雷达比下反演的激光雷达衰减系数α与原位漫射衰减系数Kd的差别。基于停航时标定的水体悬浮物激光雷达比,采用Fernald法获得了走航时的激光雷达衰减系数。进一步地,提出一种基于米散射激光雷达数据和原位测量的后向散射数据的融合算法,模拟了高光谱分辨率激光雷达(HSRL)反演α的过程,并将其与Fernald法进行了比较。实验结果表明,自研的海洋激光雷达能够有效探测海水光学参数,基于合适的水体悬浮物激光雷达比的Fernald法可以有效应用于米散射激光雷达的反演,未来无需假设的HSRL在海水光学参数探测领域具有更大的优势。     

水面溢油的多角度偏振与二向性反射定量关系研究

水面溢油是最常见的水体污染源之一,在反射、散射和透射电磁辐射的过程中,将表现与它们自身性质有关的偏振特性。因此,对水面溢油的多角度偏振信息探测成为水体定量遥感的一种新手段。偏振反射是伴随目标的二向性反射而产生的,在探测目标地物的二向性反射的同时,可以通过起偏器获得目标地物偏振态的三维空间分布。本文从多角度偏振遥感机理的角度出发,研究了水面溢油的多角度偏振反射与二向性反射之间存在的定量关系,并从实验上验证了其二向性反射、45°偏振、偏振均值三者在2π空间的相应方位角、天顶角、探测角以及通道上的反射比均相等。     

大气遥感双视场米散射激光雷达信号拼接

介绍了一种双视场米散射激光雷达信号拼接方法。主要思想是寻找近场和远场信号都具有高信噪比的最佳拼接区域,求解该区域两种信号之间的函数关系,自动实现激光雷达近场信号与远场信号的有效拼接和反演。拼接结果兼具近场信号探测盲区低和远场信号探测高度高的优点。反演结果表明,该方法能够准确有效地实现双视场信号拼接,并能反演得到高精度的气溶胶光学特性。     

海洋激光雷达多次散射回波信号建模与分析

海洋激光雷达是实现上层海水3维探测的重要工具,激光在海水中的传输伴随着复杂的多次散射效应,建立准确的海洋激光雷达多次散射回波信号模型有助于实现海水光学特性的高精度反演。本文介绍了仿真海洋激光雷达多次散射信号的解析模型、半解析MC(Monte Carlo)仿真方法和传统MC仿真方法,定量对比分析了不同工作条件下3种模型的仿真结果,讨论了工作高度、接收视场角、水质和水体分层等因素对仿真结果的影响。研究表明:3种模型具有高度一致的仿真结果,但在计算效率方面,解析模型优于半解析MC法,半解析MC法优于传统MC法。解析模型优异的计算效率和可靠的计算精度使其在海洋激光雷达辐射传递机理及应用的研究中具有显著优势。     

高精度曲面建模应用中边界误差解决方案

提出一种SAR数据检测桥面高度的反演方法。用几何射线描述桥梁散射机制, 依据去取向理论和分类参数分析, 得到SAR成像中桥梁结构目标单次、二次、三次散射的成像规律。通过SAR图像分类参数的聚类与细化、滤波和Hough变换直线检测算法, 检测出单次、二次和三次散射回波所成位置线图像, 进一步构成桥面高度的反演算法。用机载Pi-SAR数据反演了日本鸣门大桥的桥面高度和桥面宽度, 并与实测数据对比。按照该方法, 进一步采用星载ALOS-PALSAR数据检测中国东海大桥的桥面高度。反演方法是可行的。     

基于三维大气探测激光雷达的大气颗粒物污染探测

激光雷达是一种监测大气颗粒物分布和传输的有效遥感手段，能够克服常规地面监测站零星分布、无法实现区域覆盖监测的问题。通过布设一台垂直探测激光雷达和一台水平扫描激光雷达，实现大气颗粒物的垂直结构探测以及半径6 km内水平分布情况监测，并结合斜率法和Fernald算法实现更加精确的水平方向消光系数反演，进而实现以三维数据分析颗粒物的传输、分布和浓度变化情况；并利用地面国控站点数据同水平消光系数进行相关性对比。结果表明，利用三维大气探测激光雷达能够有效地揭示城市地区较大区域内的颗粒物分布和传输情况，具有覆盖范围大、探测效率高的优点。     

秋冬季节珠三角典型区域气溶胶浓度垂直分布的激光雷达反演

气溶胶与全球热辐射平衡、水循环、人类健康密不可分,其观测精度直接影响天气预测、气候建模以及对人类健康影响评估的精度,激光雷达能监测气溶胶的垂直分布,对污染气溶胶的扩散趋势、污染源反演、气候预测等均有重要意义。本文基于激光在大气中的辐射传输过程,根据米散射激光雷达的工作原理,使用雷达的多个系统参数计算雷达常数,建立激光雷达气溶胶质量浓度反演模型,从地面向上在晴空条件下进行了珠三角地区典型区域的秋冬季节气溶胶垂直观测的实验,计算气溶胶质量浓度的垂直廓线,反演气溶胶的垂直分布情况。验证与分析结果表明:(1)激光雷达反演结果显示,白天的反演结果中噪声大大减少,表明反演算法能够有效减弱太阳光的影响。(2)相比于传统方法,使用雷达常数而非边界值的反演结果波动较小,更符合实际,能够有效避免高空噪声的影响。(3)高层大气在晴朗静稳天气状况下较为干净,气溶胶基本分布在低空区域,质量浓度随高度基本呈负指数分布。     

多次散射对向上漫射散射系数及漫射吸收系数影响的数值研究

在假定水体表面为镜面、水体中无内光源及非弹性散射的情况下、利用多次散射理论, 研究了在固定体散射函数的情况下, 不同的入射天顶角、单次散射反照率和散射系数对向上漫射散射系数, 上、下行漫射吸收系数的影响。结果表明: 在紧贴水表的下层, 向上漫射散射系数随入射辐射天顶角的增大而增大, 但不随单次散射反照率和散射系数的改变而改变; 当入射辐射为垂直入射时, 向上漫射散射系数的深度廓线随深度呈现单调增的趋势, 并逐步接近一个恒定状态; 随着入射天顶角的增大, 该单调现象发生了变化, 出现先增大后减小, 再逼进恒定状态, 且这个恒定值随单次反照率增大而增大。下行漫射吸收系数随着入射天顶角的增大, 其廓线由单调增加过渡到先增大后减小; 在散射系数和单次散射反照率相同的条件下, 不同入射天顶角的下行漫射吸收系数逐渐收敛于同一稳定的状态。且单次散射率越小, 这种收敛的速度越快, 达到恒定状态的深度也越浅。上行漫射吸收系数的主要特征基本与下行漫射吸收系数类似, 而且两个恒定值均大于属于固有光学参数的吸收系数, 其中向上漫射吸收系数最大。     

星载大气探测激光雷达发展与展望

从最早的星载激光雷达空间技术实验LITE出发,回顾了已成功发射的多颗星载激光雷达发展历程。详细阐述了LITE、CALIPSO等星载激光雷达在大气遥感领域,特别是气候环境变化和数值预报模式研究上所取得的成就。主要从全球气溶胶垂直结构及其辐射强迫、全球云垂直结构和特征、气溶胶-云-降水相互作用和气溶胶数据在雾-霾和沙尘天气预报中的应用等4个方面进行展开说明,并且深入分析了未来星载激光雷达在大气风场和大气成分探测方面所面临的需求和挑战。在大气风场探测需求方面,结合星载激光雷达探测优势从提高热带地区的天气预报准确率、提高非地转条件下中小尺度短时临近预报水平和填补卫星高/低空急流监测技术空白等3个方面进行详细论述。在大气成分探测需求方面,与传统被动探测仪器相比较,突出激光雷达在信噪比、CO2垂直结构和夜间探测上的明显优势。最后,指出全球风场和大气成分探测将成为未来星载激光雷达的重要发展方向。     

太湖草型湖区底质对遥感反射比的贡献

水体的光谱特性主要表现为体散射而非表面反射,光学浅水中,光穿透水体而到达水底,离水辐射包含水体自身的贡献以及底质反射并透过水体到达水面的贡献.2004年10月试验获取了太湖67个样点的遥感反射比、后向散射以及吸收等表观光学量和固有光学量,同时测量了叶绿素、悬浮物和DOC含量,以及其他相关参数,如透明度、水深;以草泥均匀分布的水平朗伯性湖底、均质水体为假设条件,使用LEE模型,计算了太湖草型湖区底质对恰在水面下遥感反射比的贡献,同时计算了漫垂直衰减系数;分析了漫垂直衰减系数与透明度、悬浮颗粒以及与无机悬浮颗粒的关系,同时分析了漫垂直衰减系数与底质贡献的关系,从而为太湖水质参数遥感反演精度的提高打下了良好的基础并有了定量判断底质贡献的科学依据.     

气溶胶激光雷达的国内外研究进展与展望

大气气溶胶具有显著的环境与气侯效应,而定量评估上述效应需要准确了解气溶胶物理化学光学性质的时空分布特征。过去几十年,激光雷达已被国内外学者广泛应用于气溶胶探测研究,主要依赖于其在探测范围、时空分辨率等方面具有独特的技术优势。本文主要总结激光雷达在探测气溶胶方面的国内外研究进展,首先简要介绍可用于探测气溶胶的主要激光雷达类型,然后分别根据气溶胶大小、组分、浓度、形状、光学性质等关键信息介绍相关研究进展,最后进行总结并对气溶胶激光雷达发展进行了展望。     

Calibration of an optical equation to analyse the atmospheric turbidity and water quality of an estuarine environment

Mapping of oceanic productive zones through an optical sensor on board a satellite requires a detailed knowledge about the interaction of solar flux with the atmosphere and water column. Hence the radiative transfer on February 14, 2002 over estuaries of Goa has been examined through a couple radiative transfer model (CRTM). This has been carried out in the context of an optical sensor when it looks down at nadir. The forcing of extraterrestrial solar irradiance with atmosphere results in its absorption and scattering due to aerosol particles and gaseous constituents and rayleigh particles. The optical spectrum has been subjected to atmospheric forcing and radiation has been calculated for every 1 nm. Special reference is given to two wavelengths (443 and 510 nm), which are important for ocean optics. The atmospheric components pertaining to these wavelengths are 0.04193 w/m²/nm/sr and 0.0225 w/m²/nm/sr (rayleigh) and 0.0121 w/m²/nm/sr and 0.015 w/m²/nm/sr (aerosol). Within the optical frame work (400 –700 nm), the effect of aerosol overrides that of rayleigh from 545 nm onwards. The specular reflectance at the sea surface contributes 1.725 x l0^-12 w/m²/nm/sr and 1.947x 10^-12 w/m²/nm/sr while the respective signature from water column is 0.418x 10^-3w/m²/nm/sr and 0.536x 10^-3 w/m²/nm/sr. The simulated water signature has been compared with radiances measured by a radiometer (Satlantic radiometer). The correlation (R²) is found to be around 0.97. The sensitivity analysis further reveals the respective wavelengths of the optical spectrum affected by atmospheric and oceanic constituents. Moreover, the effect of change in solar zenith angle on water signature has also been carried out. This could be applied to invert satellite data so as to retrieve coastal water constituents and productivity.     

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest Stand Variable Estimation Using SAR Data

Optical remote sensing data have been extensively used to derive biophysical properties that relate forest type and composition. However, stand density, stand height and stand volume cannot be estimated directly from optical remote sensing data owing to poor sensitivity between these parameters and spectral reflectance. The ability of microwave energy to penetrate within forest vegetation makes it possible to extract information on both the crown and trunk components from radar data. The type of polarization employed determines the radar response to the various shapes and orientations of the scattering mechanisms within the canopy or trunk. This study mainly presents experimental results obtained with airborne E-SAR using polarimetric C and L bands over the tropical dry deciduous forest of Chandrapur Forest Division, Maharashtra. A detailed documentation of the relationship between SAR C & L bands backscattering and forest stand variables has been provided in the present study through linear correlation. Linear correlation of the single channel SAR derived estimates with the field measured means show a good correlation between L HV backscattering coefficient with stand volume (r² = 0.71) and L HH backscattering coefficient with stand density (r² = 0.75). The results imply that SAR data has significant potential for stand menstruation in operational forestry.     

高分辨率定量遥感的偏振光效应与偏振遥感新领域

随着航空航天高分辨率观测手段的逐步成熟,定量遥感在有效解决了光学地表多尺度效应后,更高分辨率的光学偏振效应在地表、大气、仪器3大要素方面逐步全面凸显出来,并直接决定或影响高分辨率观测系统的定量遥感效能实现和质量保障。例如,植被冠层极其微弱的多次散射反射偏振效应,如果不加扣除其模型误差达到136%;大气衰减本质是大气偏振效应,是遥感反演的最大误差源,误差达到5%—30%,偏振手段扣除大气误差目前已可以降低一半以上的误差;观测仪器扣除多次散射透射偏振光后,可以实现5 nm分辨率下0.1—0.3 nm高光谱定标能力,并借助偏振强化光噪声分离出中心波长偏移和带宽退化的误差根源。借助偏振"强光弱化,弱光强化",能够实现稳定度达10~(-8)月球辐亮度基准观测,为遥感辐亮度定标不确定度由7%到1%—2%跨越提供可能。     

Assessing the influence of return density on estimation of lidar-based aboveground biomass in tropical peat swamp forests of Kalimantan,Indonesia

The airborne lidar system (ALS) provides a means to efficiently monitor the status of remote tropical forests and continues to be the subject of intense evaluation. However, the cost of ALS acquisition can vary significantly depending on the acquisition parameters, particularly the return density (i.e., spatial resolution) of the lidar point cloud. This study assessed the effect of lidar return density on the accuracy of lidar metrics and regression models for estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) and basal area (BA) in tropical peat swamp forests (PSF) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. A large dataset of ALS covering an area of 123,000 ha was used in this study. This study found that cumulative return proportion (CRP) variables represent a better accumulation of AGB over tree heights than height-related variables. The CRP variables in power models explained 80.9% and 90.9% of the BA and AGB variations, respectively. Further, it was found that low-density (and low-cost) lidar should be considered as a feasible option for assessing AGB and BA in vast areas of flat, lowland PSF. The performance of the models generated using reduced return densities as low as 1/9 returns per m² also yielded strong agreement with the original high-density data. The use model-based statistical inferences enabled relatively precise estimates of the mean AGB at the landscape scale to be obtained with a fairly low-density of 1/4 returns per m², with less than 10% standard error (SE). Further, even when very low-density lidar data was used (i.e., 1/49 returns per m²) the bias of the mean AGB estimates were still less than 10% with a SE of approximately 15%. This study also investigated the influence of different DTM resolutions for normalizing the elevation during the generation of forest-related lidar metrics using various return densities point cloud. We found that the high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) had little effect on the accuracy of lidar metrics calculation in PSF. The accuracy of low-density lidar metrics in PSF was more influenced by the density of aboveground returns, rather than the last return. This is due to the flat topography of the study area. The results of this study will be valuable for future economical and feasible assessments of forest metrics over large areas of tropical peat swamp ecosystems.     

航空遥感数据典型自然下垫面偏振特性分析

对于航空航天大气偏振遥感来说,下垫面偏振辐射噪声影响扣除至关重要。本文基于航空偏振遥感数据,探讨了典型自然下垫面对可见光及短波红外波段偏振敏感性。研究发现,在可见光波段与短波红外(2250 nm)波段,植被下垫面偏振反射率线性拟合斜率都接近1,相关系数大于0.95,表明植被偏振反射率对光谱波段不敏感。比较分析了平静水面和存在耀光水面在670 nm和2250 nm两波段的偏振特性,存在耀光的水面其偏振反射率大约是平静水面的3倍。此外,在实验室测量了红砂土和河沙土的偏振反射率,偏振反射率随波段的改变量很小,其与波段的线性拟合斜率仅为10-5量级,说明两者的偏振反射率对波段很不敏感。因此,利用典型自然下垫面在可见和短波红外波段的偏振反射特性,将能够有效进行地气解耦,提高大气偏振遥感精度。     

A practical algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture using combined optical and thermal infrared data

Surface soil moisture (SSM) is a critical variable for understanding the energy and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. A multi-linear model was recently developed to determine SSM using ellipse variables, namely, the center horizontal coordinate (x₀), center vertical coordinate (y₀), semi-major axis (a) and rotation angle (θ), derived from the elliptical relationship between diurnal cycles of land surface temperature (LST) and net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR). However, the multi-linear model has a major disadvantage. The model coefficients are calculated based on simulated data produced by a land surface model simulation that requires sufficient meteorological measurements. This study aims to determine the model coefficients directly using limited meteorological parameters rather than via the complicated simulation process, decreasing the dependence of the model coefficients on meteorological measurements. With the simulated data, a practical algorithm was developed to estimate SSM based on combined optical and thermal infrared data. The results suggest that the proposed approach can be used to determine the coefficients associated with all ellipse variables based on historical meteorological records, whereas the constant term varies daily and can only be determined using the daily maximum solar radiation in a prediction model. Simulated results from three FLUXNET sites over 30 cloud-free days revealed an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.042 m³/m³ when historical meteorological records were used to synchronously determine the model coefficients. In addition, estimated SSM values exhibited generally moderate accuracies (coefficient of determination R² = 0.395, RMSE = 0.061 m³/m³) compared to SSM measurements at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station.     

Assessment of satellite ocean color products of MERIS,MODIS and SeaWiFS along the East China Coast (in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea)

The validation of satellite ocean-color products is an important task of ocean-color missions. The uncertainties of these products are poorly quantified in the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS), which are well known for their optical complexity and turbidity in terms of both oceanic and atmospheric optical properties. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the primary ocean-color products from three major ocean-color satellites, namely the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Through match-up analysis with in situ data, it is found that satellite retrievals of the spectral remote sensing reflectance R_rs(λ) at the blue-green and green bands from MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS have the lowest uncertainties with a median of the absolute percentage of difference (APD_m) of 15–27% and root-mean-square-error (RMS) of 0.0021–0.0039 sr⁻¹, whereas the R_rs(λ) uncertainty at 412 nm is the highest (APD_m 47–62%, RMS 0.0027–0.0041 sr⁻¹). The uncertainties of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) τ_a, diffuse attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance at 490 nm K_d(490), concentrations of suspended particulate sediment concentration (SPM) and Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) were also quantified. It is demonstrated that with appropriate in-water algorithms specifically developed for turbid waters rather than the standard ones adopted in the operational satellite data processing chain, the uncertainties of satellite-derived properties of K_d(490), SPM, and Chl-a may decrease significantly to the level of 20–30%, which is true for the majority of the study area. This validation activity advocates for (1) the improvement of the atmosphere correction algorithms with the regional aerosol optical model, (2) switching to regional in-water algorithms over turbid coastal waters, and (3) continuous support of the dedicated in situ data collection effort for the validation task.