曾昭璇先生对南海地理研究的重要贡献

曾昭璇先生是中国著名的地理学家,地貌学家和教育家.他在学术生涯的不同阶段对地貌学,自然地理学,历史地理学,人类地理学等学科领域均有积极的探索,他对南海地理问题的研究贯穿他的一生,为中国南海地理研究作出重要贡献.他深入研究南海海岸地貌,珊瑚礁地貌,主张采用"地形类型分析法"划分海岸类型,将中国海岸类型划分为山地港湾岸,台地岸与平原岸;他与梁景芬等合著《中国珊瑚礁地貌研究》,系统论述中国珊瑚礁探测史和石珊瑚的种属,生态,地貌特征与发育,并将中国珊瑚礁划分为四大区,六种地貌类型;他完善了珊瑚礁地貌土地名分类,根据《更路簿》划分南海珊瑚岛礁分布区,绘制珊瑚岛礁探测图;他利用历史文献资料考证"石塘"等南海诸岛古地名;他从地质学与地貌学角度论证南海诸岛与中国大陆的陆缘关系,还利用历史地理与地方志等资料佐证了南海诸岛自古以来就是中国的固有领土.     

应用国产高分一号卫星数据提取风蚀荒漠化遥感信息方法研究

基于国产高分一号卫星数据,建立荒漠化遥感信息产品指标体系,利用风蚀荒漠化影响因子对荒漠化遥感信息进行分级提取。该方法以国产高分一号影像数据为风蚀荒漠化分类特征波段,利用面向对象方法,分离非荒漠化信息、建立风蚀荒漠化分类提取方法,并进行风蚀荒漠化提取方法精度评价。本文介绍了在民勤地区应用国产高分一号卫星遥感数据提取风蚀荒漠化分级信息的实例。     

生物天敌暴发导致珊瑚礁退化的高分遥感监测与分析——以南海太平岛为例

珊瑚生物天敌黑皮海绵、长棘海星在世界范围内暴发严重威胁珊瑚礁生态健康,然而目前珊瑚礁领域尚缺乏生物天敌暴发后对珊瑚礁地貌类型影响的定量研究。文章利用太平岛珊瑚生物天敌黑皮海绵、长棘海星2次暴发事件前后,覆盖太平岛2016—2022年的26期Sentinel-2遥感影像,结合高分辨率GF-2 (PMS)遥感影像和卫星遥感影像地理信息系统Google Earth平台中的数据,开展中国南海太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型遥感影像分类实验,对密集珊瑚沉积区、稀疏珊瑚沉积区、珊瑚丛生区、沙坪、浅礁前斜坡等珊瑚礁地貌类型演变进行特征分析。结果表明：1）结合专家解译知识和支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）分类算法开展的太平岛珊瑚礁地貌类型分类,最高总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.46%和0.94。2）在2种珊瑚生物天敌暴发期间,太平岛的珊瑚礁丛生区、密集珊瑚沉积区、稀疏珊瑚沉积区等珊瑚礁地貌类型面积有显著下降;黑皮海绵暴发后对密集珊瑚沉积区影响最大,其面积减少72.92%;长棘海星暴发后对珊瑚丛生区影响最大,其面积减少59.17%。3) 2016—2022年,太平岛珊瑚礁退...     

变窗口纹理在SPOT5影像土地覆盖分类中的应用研究

纹理作为有效的空间信息,在遥感信息提取中有着广泛的应用,其中纹理窗口的选择对分类精度影响较大,而且遥感影像中不同地物类型具有多尺度特性,利用单一窗口纹理信息进行分类不能使得各地物类型同时达到较高精度.该文采用SPOT5影像对研究区进行长序列窗口纹理分类实验,并提出变窗口纹理分类方法,实验区分类实验及精度对比表明:长序列窗口纹理分类实验中,7×7窗口分类精度最高,但在这一窗口下建设用地、耕地、裸地等地类的精度仍低于总体精度;而采用基于长序列窗口纹理分类后验概率的变窗口纹理分类方法,总精度达到86.17％,Kappa系数达到0.8230,与7×7窗口分类精度相比各地物类型的生产者精度与用户精度都有进一步提高,验证了变窗口纹理分类方法的可行性.     

基于遥感与SRTM的青藏高原冰缘地貌信息提取方法——以1 ∶ 100万标准分幅拉萨幅(H46)为例

根据模型和分布函数,本文首先依据多年平均气温、地温和SRTM等数据对研究区域冰缘地貌的分布范围进行分别提取,并利用遥感数据和人工解译方式对其进行了修正。在此基础上,采用一定指标,利用SRTM数据对冰缘地貌次级类型(如起伏度、海拔高度和坡度等)进行了提取,从而完成研究区域冰缘地貌信息的提取。研究结果表明:①研究区域冰缘地貌总面积约5.15×10⁴km²,主要分布在研究区域的西北部和西南部,另外在东北部也有少量分布;通过提取,研究区域中最重要的冰缘地貌类型是冰缘作用的中起伏缓极高山,面积约0.82×10⁴km²,分布范围较广。②冰缘地貌的分布与海拔高度、气温和地温等有密切的关系,基于此提取的结果可为冰缘地貌的解译提供一定的参考;由于青藏高原气象站点较少,数据精度较低,自动提取精度受到很大限制,因此进行人工解译修正是非常重要和必不可少的。     

石芝珊瑚（Fungiidae）的分类、生活史及其生物地理研究进展

石芝珊瑚（Fungiidae）作为珊瑚礁生态系统框架的主要构建者之一,以其丰富的物种多样性、独特的移动性和对环境变化的强适应性,在维持珊瑚礁生态系统的稳定中起重要作用。文章综述了国内外对石芝珊瑚的研究进展,包括：1）物种多样性;石芝珊瑚可起源于白垩纪中期,现共有17属、约55种,具有多样化的进化分歧与丰富的物种多样性。2）生活史（繁殖、营养模式、生长发育与移动性）;石芝珊瑚具备独特的生活史策略,双向性别转换（bidirectional sex conversion）可增强石芝珊瑚种群的繁殖成功率与环境适应性,而成体移动性（adult mobility）则能够有效拓宽石芝珊瑚生态位,并提高其种群的竞争力与恢复力。3）空间分布模式（跨大陆架分布、珊瑚礁地貌带分布与纬向分布）及影响因素;石芝珊瑚是全球性的珊瑚物种,其能够在岩石、沙地、淤泥等多样化的生境中存活,具有广阔的生物地理分布范围。基于目前石芝珊瑚的研究进展,建议从以下3个方面开展进一步研究：1）基于形态学与分子分类,厘定南海石芝珊瑚科的谱系,阐明南海石芝珊瑚物种多样性的演变规律及驱动机制;2）依托宏观生态调查,揭示石芝珊瑚在南海不同纬度、岛礁、地貌带的分布特征与优势类型;3）利用群体遗传学的研究方法,从南海石芝珊瑚种群历史动态与遗传联通性的角度探讨其对全球气候变化的响应机制。     

基于蜂群算法的城市土地利用变化建模

通过引入人工蜂群算法用于构建土地利用变化的驱动力模型,分析土地利用变化的驱动力机制。算法原理通过模仿蜜蜂采蜜行为,自动搜索和提取土地利用变化样本中不同土地变化类型所对应的驱动力分类规则。分类规则的构建采用“IF…THEN”形式,并选取3种不同的适应度函数分别进行模拟验证。研究案例基于UCI实验数据集和美国纽卡斯尔市真实土地利用变化数据集。由实验结果可知,采用蜂群算法模型的总体精度和Kappa系数评价优于其它算法,表明蜂群算法应用于土地利用变化建模具有可行性。     

基于随机森林与特征选择的藏东南土地覆被分类方法及精度评价

由于云污染、实地验证点的匮乏,以及地形地貌的复杂、破碎化,多云山区土地覆被的准确分类较难实现。以藏东南这一典型的多云山区及生态过渡区为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台和野外实测数据,结合多光谱数据、雷达数据、高程数据、辅助数据,提取光谱特征、纹理特征、地形特征等信息,利用递归特征消除法对特征进行优化,并采用随机森林算法构建分类模型,以期有效利用多源遥感数据提高土地覆被分类精度。结果表明：(1)并非特征越多分类精度越高,特征选择后数量由58个减至38个,分类精度（总体精度93.96%,Kappa系数0.92）较未优化前（总体精度93.11%,Kappa系数0.92）略有提升。(2)地形特征及雷达特征对藏东南土地覆被分类具有重要作用,地形特征对多数土地覆被类型的分类精度具有影响,而雷达数据对裸地、建设用地、灌丛影响较大,分类过程中如不考虑地形及雷达特征,总体精度分别降至88.98%,92.48%。纹理特征以及时序特征仅对提高具有明显纹理以及时序变化的土地覆被类型的精度有帮助。结合随机森林和特征优化算法,能够在保证土地覆被分类精度的同时,高效整合多源数据信息,...     

基于C5.0决策树分类算法的ETM+影像信息提取

利用C5.0决策树算法对ETM 影像进行信息提取,通过与其他分类方法提取结果的对比,得出C5.0决策树分类算法精度较高。大气校正与数据融合可明显提高分类精度,利用经过NDVI、NDBI、缨帽变换处理后的影像组合数据进行信息提取可进一步提高分类精度。研究发现,C5.0决策树算法用未处理的资料生成决策树的效果较差,而经大气校正和数据融合后计算出NDVI、NDBI及缨帽变换的前3个分量的组合数据生成的决策树深度最小,并且分类精度最高。     

基于ASTER GDEM数据喀斯特区域地貌类型划分与分析

以30 m分辨率ASTER GDEM数据为基础,通过GIS空间分析和非监督分类的方法进行地貌基本类型的自动划分。研究结果表明:①ASTERGDEM数据能够满足1∶10万比例尺下喀斯特区域的地表形态表达;②以流域为单位提取地形因子符合地貌发育的基本规律,提取的地形因子能客观的反应地表真实形态;③采用非监督分类法能够有效的实现1∶10万比例尺下地貌基本形态的定量化、自动化分类。     

Guidelines for trust interface design for public engagement Web GIS

Attesting to the powerful capabilities and in technology trends, many scholars envisioned the consolidation of geographic information systems (GIS) into vital tools for disseminating spatial information. GIS are presently used to inform, advise and instruct users in several contexts and to further engage citizens in decision-making processes that can impact and sustain policy development. Interaction with these applications incorporates risk and uncertainty, which have been repeatedly identified as preconditions in nurturing trust perceptions and which instigate a user's decision to rely on a system and act on the provided information. Research studies consistently demonstrated that a trust-oriented interface design can facilitate the development of more trustworthy, mainly e-commerce, systems. Trust in the Web GIS context, despite its significance, has only relatively recently received some attention. A set of human–computer interaction (HCI) user-based studies revealed some Web GIS trustee attributes that influence non-experts' trust beliefs and found that when these are problematic or absent from interface design, users form irrational trust perceptions, which amplifies the risk and may impose dangers to the user. These Web GIS trustee attributes that influence non-experts' trust perceptions are formulated here into a set of trust guidelines. These are then evaluated using the PE-Nuclear tool, a Web GIS application, to inform the public about the site selection of a nuclear waste repository in the United Kingdom. Our preliminary results indicate that the proposed trust guidelines not only support the development of rational trust perceptions that protect non-experts from inappropriate use of Web GIS technology but also contribute towards improving interaction with such applications of public interest issue.     

A model for phased evacuations for disasters with spatio-temporal randomness

This research presents an operable zoning approach for phased evacuations adapted to disasters with spatio-temporal randomness. As a criterion for prioritizing evacuation order, evacuation risk is formulated by taking into consideration the estimated residual evacuation horizon associated with the characteristics of the disaster, the estimated time-dependent capacities of outbound lanes related to network supply, and the time-dependent evacuation demand of an evacuation unit. The modeling of the subzone determined for phased evacuation is based on rescue demand, the characteristics of the disaster, and network supply, and is labeled as a high-risk evacuation zone (HEZ). The range of HEZ features a time-evolving pattern in accordance with phased evacuation. The zone partition paradigm can be seamlessly applied to different types of disasters, especially those with high spatio-temporal randomness. It also provides a generalizable approach for subzone partitioning in phased evacuation by minimizing evacuation risk. The proposed approach is examined on numerical experiments through the road network of Xi’an, China, the results of which highlight its strength in increased adaptability to the dynamics of disaster impact and improved performance in evacuation operation.     

Tools for Developing Short-Term Study Abroad Classes for Geography Studies

Abstract

Short-term international field study is an attractive alternative for many students to traditional, longer-term study abroad programs. We present a discussion of critical planning, administrative, and curricular elements related to the development and implementation of such courses. In doing so, we share a number of checklists and planning tools that other instructors may find helpful in the context of developing their own international field studies courses. In addition, we provide representative examples and experiences from two short-term international courses taught by the authors in the Geography Department at Shippensburg University.     

高纯碳酸锂的制取方法探讨

介绍了高纯碳酸锂的几种不同用途。论述了制备高纯碳酸锂的几种方法，重点介绍电解法和氢化法。     

A new method for processing clay-rich unconsolidated sediments for paleoecological investigations

A method is described for processing flocculated clay-rich sediments which avoids acetolysis and heavy liquid separation. Twin 80 (Merck index 1983) is used for deflocculation. Microsieves separate the recovered organisms according to size. Taxonomic identification and quantitative evaluation of the organisms can be performed in counting chambers or on permanent slides. Algae, cysts and exospores of dinoflagellates, pollen grains and zooplankton remains can be recovered.     

Suggestions for Low-Cost Equipment for Physical Geography II: Field Equipment

Abstract

Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the second of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items.