鼎湖山木荷(Schima Superba)粗死木质残体的分解研究

以鼎湖山国家自然保护区季风常绿阔叶林优势种之一木荷的粗死木质残体为研究对象,采用目前国际较认可的腐解等级划分方法,对木荷粗死木质残体3个腐解等级(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)的密度及养分含量进行测定分析.结果表明:①木荷粗死木质残体的密度随腐解等级的增加从0.58 g/cm3下降到0.16 g/cm3,分解速率常数K值为0.144 7/a,在自然状态下,木荷粗死木质残体分解95%所需时间约为21 a;②粗死木质残体C/N比值随分解的进行先降后升而N/P则相反;③K、Ca、Na、Mg离子浓度随腐解等级的增加出现不同程度的增加,但增幅不明显.研究结果旨在为系统评估粗死木质残体的分解行为在生态系统养分循环中的作用提供基础数据.     

万木林自然保护区常绿阔叶林木质残体贮量及其组成

森林木质残体(WD)包括粗木质残体(CWD)和细木质残体(FWD),是森林生态系统中的重要组成部分,具有多种生态功能.通过对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内中亚热带常绿阔叶林木质残体贮量及其组成的研究表明,木质残体总贮量为28.06 t.hm-2,其中FWD贮量为4.88 t.hm-2,占总贮量的17.39%;CWD贮量为23.18 t.hm-2,占总贮量的82.61%.在CWD中,倒木占了绝大部分(77.26%),其次为枯立木(21.75%),大枝和根桩贮量很小.木质残体贮量中以直径20～60 cm的倒木和枯立木占主体部分,直径大于60 cm的大径级倒木和枯立木数量最少,占总贮量的8.99%.从分解程度来看,CWD中倒木以Ⅲ～Ⅳ级居多,二者合计占了倒木贮量的60%,枯立木以Ⅱ级为主.万木林自然保护区内木质残体的贮量及组成反映了中亚热带地区森林群落演替后期阶段木质残体的结构特征.     

中亚热带米槠天然林粗木质残体储量特征

粗木质残体(coarse woody debris,CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统的结构性和功能性方面有着重要的作用。以福建三明米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林为研究对象,采用样方法调查了样地内粗木质残体的分解等级和径级分布,研究米槠天然林粗木质残体的储量特征。结果表明:(1)米槠天然林粗木质残体储量为16. 13 t·hm-2。其中,倒木是主要贡献者,占粗木质残体储量的55. 13%;其次为枯立木,占粗木质残体储量的44. 87%。(2)样地内倒木和枯立木的储量均随着径级的增加而逐渐增大,在20～40 cm径级占据优势地位,分别达到倒木和枯立木储量的48. 86%和66. 25%。(3)样地内倒木Ⅴ分解等级超过60%,处于分解的后期,是倒木的主要部分,可能是由于本区较好的水热条件,促进了微生物对粗木质残体的分解作用。总体而言,米槠天然林粗木质残体储量低于亚热带常绿阔叶林的平均水平,这与天然林年龄、自然干扰和气候等紧密相关。因此,未来应加强对亚热带不同区域不同森林类型的粗木质残体储量进行研究。     

木荚红豆人工林C库及其分配研究

对木荚红豆人工林C贮量及其分配的研究表明,木荚红豆人工林C贮量为227.9t/hm2,其中生物量C库和死有机质C库分别为117.1t/hm2和110.8t/hm2,分别占C库总量的51.4%和48.6%;乔木层C库和土壤有机质C库分别占林分总C库的49.4%和47.1%;林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体C库总共仅占生态系统C库的3.5%,对生态系统C吸存的贡献较小.     

鳞毛蕨天山云杉林林冠空隙特征

林冠干扰作为鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott)天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch. etMey.)林动态自维持的重要因素,在整个林分的动态发展过程中发挥着重要作用。通过对西天山国家级自然保护区内1 hm2典型的鳞毛蕨天山云杉纯林中林冠空隙特征及其形成木和边界木结构的研究,结果表明:在西天山国家级自然保护区实验区46林班内的1 hm2临时标准地中,共调查到17个林冠空隙,林冠空隙干扰返回间隔期为763年。扩展空隙面积在20~280 m2之间变化,冠空隙面积在0~180 m2之间变动。大多数林冠空隙形状变异较大,不同程度地偏离圆形,且均在20~100年之间形成,拥有多株形成木,边界木多由近熟木和成熟木组成。     

木荚红豆人工林C库及其分配研究

对木荚红豆人工林C贮量及其分配的研究表明,木荚红豆人工林C贮量为227.9t/hm^2,其中生物量C库和死有机质C库分别为117.1t/hm^2和110.8t/hm^2,分别占C库总量的51.4%和48.6%;乔木层C库和土壤有机质C库分别占林分总C库的49.4%和47.1%;林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体C库总共仅占生态系统C库的3.5%,对生态系统C吸存的贡献较小.     

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体有机化学组成研究

对福建省三明市格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林这3种林分的枯枝落叶层及粗木质残体物质化学组成进行研究．结果表明：在分解过程中3种林分枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质和纤维素含量不断下降,而枯枝中苯醇溶性物质和粗蛋白质含量有所上升．除半纤维素和纤维素外,3种林分粗木质残体水溶性物质、木质素和粗蛋白质含量均为L层〉F层,而苯醇溶性物质含量为L层〈F层．格氏栲天然林枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质、木质素、粗蛋白质、半纤维素和纤维素总贮量最高,而苯醇溶性物质总贮量以格氏栲人工林的最高．3种林分F层枯叶和枯枝有机物质的总贮量高于L层．与2种人工林相比,格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种有机物质贮量均最高．     

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体有机化学组成研究

对福建省三明市格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林这3种林分的枯枝落叶层及粗木质残体物质化学组成进行研究．结果表明：在分解过程中3种林分枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质和纤维素含量不断下降,而枯枝中苯醇溶性物质和粗蛋白质含量有所上升．除半纤维素和纤维素外,3种林分粗木质残体水溶性物质、木质素和粗蛋白质含量均为L层〉F层,而苯醇溶性物质含量为L层〈F层．格氏栲天然林枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质、木质素、粗蛋白质、半纤维素和纤维素总贮量最高,而苯醇溶性物质总贮量以格氏栲人工林的最高．3种林分F层枯叶和枯枝有机物质的总贮量高于L层．与2种人工林相比,格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种有机物质贮量均最高．     

沉积强度及氮养分改变对闽江河口短叶茳芏残体短期分解与养分释放的影响

互花米草入侵过程中较强的促淤作用可导致湿地沉积环境和养分状况发生明显变化。2017年4月,选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩西北部受互花米草入侵影响的短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位沉积及养分改变模拟试验,设置无沉积强度（S₀,0 cm·a^-1）、当前沉积强度（S₅,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物自然氮背景值）以及当前沉积强度+氮养分倍增（S_5N,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物氮背景值的两倍）三种处理,探讨沉积强度及氮养分改变对短叶茳芏残体短期分解（30 d）与养分释放的影响。结果表明,不同处理下残体的分解速率表现为S₀（0.017207 d^-1）> S_5N（0.012166 d^-1）>S₅（0.011478 d^-1）。与S₀相比,S₅和S_5N的分解速率分别降低了33.29%和29.30%,说明沉积作用抑制了残体分解,但氮养分倍增又使得抑制程度得到一定缓解。沉积增强导致残体的TC含量增加,而TN、TP和TS含量降低;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对TN、TS含量变化的影响最为明显。不同处理下残体的C、N、P和S在分解初期均表现为不同程度地净释放,沉积作用降低了残体的C释放,但增加了N、P养分释放;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对残体C释放的影响不大,但降低了N、P养分释放。尽管残体质量损失均是影响不同处理下残体分解初期养分变化的共性因素,但沉积及氮养分变化对残体基质质量的改变是导致残体中养分含量及释放强度存在差异的重要原因。研究发现,互花米草促淤导致的沉积增强使得短叶茳芏残体在分解初期释放的较多N、P养分在很大程度上可能被互花米草所利用,进而在一定程度上可增强其入侵能力;但在氮养分增加条件下,互花米草可能优先利用分解环境中的氮养分来增强其入侵优势。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的C贮量及其分配格局

利用已有生物量模型（乔木层、木质藤本）和收获法（灌木层、草本层）获得群落生物量，结合土壤、植物样品C含量的实测值。对西双版纳热带季节雨林1hm^2样地的C贮量及其分配格局进行了分析。结果表明：（1）西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统的总C贮量为220．492t／hm^2，其中植物活体部分为128．099t／hm^2、土壤为81．85t／hm^2、粗死木质残体为5．708t／hm^2、凋落物为4．835t／hm^2。（2）群落植物活体C贮量的层次分配以乔木层占绝对优势（97．23％），其他层次所占的比例很小，层次分配的大小顺序为：乔木层〉灌木层〉木质藤本〉草本层。（3）乔木层的C贮量随径级而变化，并在30cm〈DBH≤40cm、70cm〈DBH≤80cm及DBH〉100cm范围内形成三个C贮量高峰。（4）乔木的总C贮量集中分布于少数优势树种中。其中绒毛番龙眼（Pometia tomentosa）的C贮量占乔木层的24．70％。西双版纳热带季节雨林的植被C贮量远高于全国平均水平。     

Effects of Woody Debris on Channel Morphology and Sediment Storage in Headwater Streams in the Great Smoky Mountains,Tennessee-North Carolina

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of headwater streams, however, few studies have investigated the geomorphic effects of CWD in the southern Appalachians. In the Great Smoky Mountains, debris slides supply large volumes of CWD and sediment to low-order streams. This study investigates the effect of CWD on bankfull channel dimensions and in-channel sediment storage along second-order streams. Comparisons are made between streams that have experienced recent debris slides and those that have not. CWD channel obstructions are larger but less frequent along debris-slide-affected streams. Dendrochronological evidence indicates that CWD can remain in channels for over 100 yr. Relatively short residence times of CWD along debris-slide-affected streams suggest that logs are frequently flushed through these streams. CWD causes channel widening along all study streams, but the volume of sediment stored in the channel behind CWD obstructions is up to four times greater than the volume of sediment represented by bank erosion associated with CWD. Two large log jams formed by debris slides at tributary junctions stored approximately 4000 m³ of sediment. Sediment stored by CWD was finer than mean bed particle size, and thus represents a significant sediment source when CWD obstructions are breached.     

云南石林喀斯特小生境木本植物多样性特征

喀斯特生境与生物多样性的关系及对人为干扰的响应是喀斯特生态恢复的重要内容。以石林世界地质公园为例对此进行研究。从喀斯特溶痕与植物生长发育关系角度看,石林的小生境可分出节理溶沟、裂隙溶沟、楔状槽沟、深溶蚀坑、溶蚀石堆、浅溶蚀盘、溶蚀穿洞、溶蚀井或圆形溶槽和溶蚀廊道等9种。这些小生境的长度在31~340 cm,宽度在10~261 cm。在原生林、次生林、灌丛和灌丛草地等四个群落中调查了各个小生境的木本植物,共记录40科92种,个体数11420株,其中以溶蚀廊道的木本植物总数最多,溶蚀穿洞最少。物种和数量保持最稳定的小生境是溶蚀石堆和裂隙溶沟。各小生境群落间的物种相似性指数很低。裂隙溶沟、深溶蚀坑、楔状槽沟、溶蚀石堆等小生境在人为强烈干扰后,仍保留有部分乡土植物繁殖体,其他小生境缺乏,这些繁殖体对生态严重退化区的喀斯特植被恢复具有重要意义。喀斯特生境的尺度影响森林植被的自然恢复。保护喀斯特地质遗迹可以促进生物多样性恢复和保护,石林世界地质公园提供了例证。     

粗木质残体(CWD)的水文生态功能——当前森林水文研究中被忽视的重要环节

目前对森林生态系统粗木质残体的研究主要着眼于数量动态、分布格局、分解速率以及生物多样性保护的作用上，而对江河上游森林生态系统中粗木质残体的水文调蓄、缓洪滞淤等功能至今还未能引起足够的重视。CWD作为森林生态系统的重要部分，茯水文生态功能的发挥主要是通过影响降水在林内的再分配以及林内微环境来实现的。森林CWD水文功能的发挥要同时受到外界环境和其本身持水性能的影响。CWD腐朽级别愈高，自然相对含水量愈高，而且愈容易吸水达到饱和。在长江上游亚高山暗针叶林生态系统中，自然状态下CWD可以蓄持约7.41mm的降水，若使CWD全部达到饱和则可以蓄持降水达9.91mm，这意味着自然状态下的CWD的有效持水量可达到2.50mm，无疑对于长江上游森林生态系统的蓄水调水、滞洪防蚀功能是一大贡献。     

福建南平35a生楠木林生态系统碳库及分配

对福建省南平市安曹下35a生楠木林碳库及分配进行研究．结果表明,楠木林碳库为172．138t·hm^-2,其中乔木层碳库占楠木林碳库的40．14％,矿质土壤层碳库占55．99％,而林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体3个分室碳库所占比例之和不超过5％．楠木林的干材（干＋皮）碳库占乔木层碳库的71．14％,楠木林根系碳库占乔木层碳库21．93％,楠木林枝和叶碳库所占比例总和不超过5％．因此,楠木林碳库主要分配在乔木层和土壤层．     

Physical and Human Factors Influencing Potential Fish Habitat Distribution along a Mountain River, France

Potential fish habitat along the Drôme River, France, is a function of the distribution of large woody debris, boulders, undercut banks, gravel substrate, and pools. The distribution of these features is, in turn, a function of channel geomorphology, watershed and riparian forest characteristics. We conducted field work and analysed aerial photographs for 190 elementary segments of 500 m length along the Drôme River's 95 km course from the Alps westward to its confluence with the Rhône River near Loriol. The Drôme River does not follow the classic pattern of a monotone downstream decrease in gradient and change in channel characteristics. Although channel gradient, braided index and channel incision all decrease downstream, stream power is independent of longitudinal distance. These variables are largely controlled by geomorphic, human or hydrologic factors at the reach scale. Potential fish habitat richness decreases downstream, but individual habitat variables affecting habitat richness do not necessarily decrease downstream, many being controlled by local factors rather than by position along the continuum. Large woody debris is more abundant in braided reaches located directly downstream of confluences with main tributaries or downstream input sites. Boulders are most abundant downstream of failed bank protection works or in gorges. To improve fish habitat in the Drôme River, we recommend taking a long-term and large-scale perspective. Because structures placed in this unstable channel are likely to be washed downstream, we propose to emulate natural river dynamics and to permit large woody debris to enter the channel in unstable reaches via bank erosion, and that this debris not be removed (as is routinely done now) but permitted to migrate downstream through the system, creating fish habitat en route.     

老龄杉木人工林生态系统碳库及分配

对福建省南平市安曹下87年生的杉木人工林碳库及其分配进行研究．采用分层切割法和相对生长方程计算乔木层生物量,样方收获法测定林下植被生物量、枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体现存量,CN元素分析仪测定碳含量,研究结果表明：老龄杉木人工林生态系统碳库为287.89t·hm^-2,其中乔木层碳库占生态系统碳库的68.18％,矿质土壤层碳库占26.39％,而林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体碳库所占比例之和不超过6％。老龄杉木林的干材（干＋皮）碳库占乔木层碳库的79．61%。87年生与40年生杉木人工林碳库很接近,前者比后者仅高出7．15％,主要是因为两者占生态系统主体的乔木层碳库和土壤层碳库很接近,前者分别仅高出后者的4．51％和10．39％,前者林下植被层和粗木质残体碳库较大,分别是后者的2．05倍和2．80倍,而枯枝落叶层碳库则低于后者。因此,老龄阶段杉木人工林生态系统碳库增幅不大,但在碳库分配上变化明显。     

Characterizing stand structure in a spruce forests: effects of sampling protocols

Spatial heterogeneity is an inherent characteristic of natural forest landscapes, therefore estimation of structural variability, including the collection and analyzing of field measurements, is a grow...     

Soil-moisture dynamics and tree-water status in a Picea crassifolia forest,Qilian Mountains,China

Landscapes of the mountainous regions in northwestern China comprise a unique pattern of vegetation,consisting of a mosaic of grassland and shrub-forest.Forests generally self-organize into ordered structures and coalesce into blocks on north-facing slopes or stripes along southeast-facing slopes,with Picea crassifolia being the most representative and dominant tree species.We investigated the tree-water status and soil-moisture dynamics at a forest site(Guantan)of the Qilian Mountains in northwest China.The 30-minute-interval measurements of tree-sap flow during the growing season of 2008 are presented,and the potential functional relations between tree transpiration and environmental factors are evaluated.Soil moisture and solar energy were identified as the most influential factors,explaining more than 70%of the variance in sap flow.Based on field measurements obtained at the forest site,a stochastic model of soil-moisture dynamics was tested;and the steady-state probability density functions(PDFs)of the long-term soil-moisture dynamics and static tree-water stress were estimated using the validated model and parameters.We found that the model reproduced measured soil moisture well,despite all the simplifying assumptions.The generated PDF of long-term soil moisture was relatively open,with middle to low average values;and the calculated density of the static tree-water stress at the forest site was largely concentrated between 0 and 0.6,suggesting a moderate water-stress situation in most cases.We argue that both water and energy are limiting factors for vegetation at the forest site.In addition,the tradeoff between reduced evapotranspiration(ET)from limited solar energy and increased soil-moisture availability may create a stressed but tolerable environment and,in turn,produce a relatively constant ecological niche favorable to Picea crassifolia growth.