耦合魔方——一个分析人地系统耦合机理的多维框架

Understanding the interactions between humans and nature in the Anthropocene is central to the quest for both human wellbeing and global sustainability.However,the time-space compression,long range interactions,and reconstruction of socio-economic structures at the global scale all pose great challenges to the traditional analytical frameworks of human-nature systems.In this paper,we extend the connotation of coupled human and natural systems(CHANS)and their four dimensions—space,time,appearance,and organization,and propose a novel framework:“Coupled Human and Natural Cube”(CHNC)to explain the coupling mechanism between humans and the natural environment.Our proposition is inspired by theories based on the human-earth areal system,telecoupling framework,planetary urbanization,and perspectives from complexity science.We systematically introduce the concept,connotation,evolution rules,and analytical dimensions of the CHNC.Notably there exist various“coupling lines”in the CHNC,connecting different systems and elements at multiple scales and forming a large,nested,interconnected,organic system.The rotation of the CHNC represents spatiotemporal nonlinear fluctuations in CHANS in different regions.As a system continually exchanges energy with the environment,a critical phase transition occurs when fluctuations reach a certain threshold,leading to emergent behavior of the system.The CHNC has four dimensions—pericoupling and telecoupling,syncoupling and lagcoupling,apparent coupling and hidden coupling,and intra-organization coupling and inter-organizational coupling.We mainly focus on the theoretical connotation,research methods,and typical cases of telecoupling,lagcoupling,hidden coupling,and inter-organizational coupling,and put forward a human-nature coupling matrix to integrate multiple dimensions.In summary,the CHNC provides a more comprehensive and systematic research paradigm for understanding the evolution and coupling mechanism of the human-nature system,which expands the analytical dimension of CHANS.The CHNC also provides a theoretical support for formulating regional,sustainable development policies for human wellbeing.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of storms and their activities over the Bay of Bengal

By statistically analyzing the storm data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) over the Bengal Bay during the period 1945-2006,it is found that the yearly averaged tropical cyclone(TC) number over the Bay of Bengal is 8.12,which takes place in any month of the whole year;February and March have the fewest TC numbers.The TC numbers begin to increase starting in April and arrive at a peak in October.Differing from TC over the Bay of Bengal,the tropical storms(TS) over the Bay of Bengal has two peak periods,appear in May and in October or November,respectively.With regard to TS intensity,the super severe storm of H4 criterion appeared only one time during the period 1971-1986,but appeared eight times during the period 1987-2006.The monthly change of the original position,the averaged maintaining time,and the longest maintaining time of TS also have two peak values:They appear in April or May and in October or November,respectively.The peak value of the original position in October or November is bigger than that in April or May.The peak value of the average maintaining time and the longest main-taining time of the TS in April or May is bigger than that in October or November.TC landfall path is mostly moving toward northwest or west and accounts for 56.7 percent.The landfall path of the TS differs from that of TC in some respects.The main difference is that the numbers of the northwestern path and un-landfall of TS are less than those for TC,and the numbers of the western path and northeastern path of TS are greater than for TC.Because of the landfall TS in the north-east path has a peak,it and the beginning of the rainy season in Yunnan Province are closely related;it is on Yunnan Province’s early summer precipita-tion that they have a great impact.     

三峡库区山区农业生态系统转型

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)is typical of an ecologically vulnerable area,comprised of rural and mountainous areas,and with high immigration.Because of its economic and ecologic importance,studying the traditional agroecosystem changes in the TGRA is key to rural development and revitalization.In this study,we apply a framework of theoretical analysis,empirical study,and trend prediction to the Caotangxi River watershed within the TGRA.Using QuickBird high-resolution remote sensing images from 2012 to 2017 to evaluate natural resources and farmers’behavior,we analyze the transition and trends in the traditional agroecosystem in mountainous areas of the TGRA at spatial scale of the man-land relationship.We find that the agroecosystem in the TGRA can be divided into four modes using 100 m interval buffer rings:high-low-low,high-low-high,low-high-low and low-low-high mode where the different modes represent the agricultural development stages in the TGRA.Furthermore,the traditional agroecosystem in TGRA,represented by system elements such as farmers and sloping farmland,is transforming to accommodate the diversification of farmer livelihoods.For example,sloping farmland,which was dominated by a production function,now has equal emphasis on ecological and economic functions.Spatially,the range of the agroecosystem transition has migrated beyond high mountain areas to flat valley areas.Generally,this study provides an overview of land use in rural areas,controls on soil and water loss in mountainous areas,and better rural living environments in the TGRA.     

Root distribution of three co-occurring desert shrubs and their physiological response to precipitation

Root distribution of three desert shrubs,Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.,Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Reaumuria soongorica(Pall.) Maxim.was investigated under co-occurring conditions using a method for excavating the whole root system.Assimilation shoot water potential and transpiration rates were monitored during the wet-dry cycle.Leaf-specific apparent hydraulic conductance and the index of water stress impact for the three species were calculated from shoot water potential and transpiration rate.The results showed that,along the soil profile,the root system of T.ramosissima mainly distributed at 50 to 310 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 30,249.2 cm2 per plant;the root system of H.ammodendraom distributed at 0 to 250 cm interval with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 12,847.3 cm2 per plant;the root system of R.soongorica distributed at 0-80 cm interval,with an average total absorbing root-surface area of 361.8 cm2.The root distribution shows the following:T.ramosissima uses groundwater as its main water source;H.ammodendraom uses both groundwater and rainwater;and R.soongorica uses rainwater only.During the wet-dry cycle,the hydraulic parameters of T.ramosissima showed no responses to precipitation.R.soongorica responded most significantly,and the responses of H.ammodendraom were intermediate.In conclusion,the plant response to rain events is closely related to their root distribution and plant water-use strategy.     

变换学习情景 推进双语教学

地理双语教学要求师生同时具备对地理学科的汉语思维和英语思维的能力。如在介绍美国工业部门及分布时，学生对其理解都比较抽象，怎样让他们快速掌握城市和工业的分布呢?可以先请对NBA感兴趣的同学介绍几支球队情况，要求学生从这些球队的名称上来理解课文的内容。(如The Detroit Pistons底特律活塞队：The name“Pistons”refers to a key part of an automobile engine活塞一词是指汽车发动机的关键部件；The Houston Rockets休斯顿火箭队：The NASA Mission Control Centeris located in Houston美国宇航局控制中心位于休斯顿。)     

长江上游退耕还林工程的农业生产和水环境效益评价——以四川省为例

退耕还林工程是我国大规模的土地利用方式的改变.以四川省为例,基于退耕还林工程实施后粮食产量、粮食作物播种面积、化肥用量以及水质和水土流失状况变化的分析,讨论了退耕还林工程对环境保护的贡献和可能存在的问题.退耕还林工程导致粮食作物播种面积、粮食产量和化肥用量的减少,在退耕还林工程实施前,这三者之间有很好的相关性,但自工程实施后,这三者的下降幅度与退耕还林面积的增加幅度有较大的差异.几种原因可能造成这种不一致性,值得进一步研究.退耕还林工程实施后河流径流量、泥沙含量以及输沙量的下降充分证实了退耕还林工程对长江上游水土保持的重要贡献,同时进一步证实长江上游的泥沙主要来源于坡耕地的耕作.     

黄河下游河相关系与平滩流量特征关系的随机演化模拟

Extreme weather is an important noise factor in affecting dynamic access to river morphology information.The response characteristics of river channel on climate disturbances draw us to develop a method to investigate the dynamic evolution of bankfull channel geometries(including the hydraulic geometry variables and bankfull discharges)with stochastic differential equations in this study.Three different forms of random inputs,including single Gaussian white noise and compound Gaussian/Fractional white noise plus Poisson noise,are explored respectively on the basis of the classical deterministic models.The model parameters are consistently estimated by applying a composite nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)method.Results of the model application in the Lower Yellow River reveal the potential responses of bankfull channel geometries to climate disturbances in a probabilistic way,and,the calculated average trends mainly run to synchronize with the measured values.Comparisons among the three models confirm the advantage of Fractional jump-diffusion model,and through further discussion,stream power based on such a model is concluded as a better systematic measure of river dynamics.The proposed method helps to offer an effective tool for analyzing fluvial relationships and improves the ability of crisis management of river system under varying environment conditions.     

Sap-flow measurement and scale transferring from sample trees to entire forest stand of Populus euphratica in desert riparian forest in extreme arid region

Understanding how the transpiration of this vegetation type responds to environmental stress is important for determining the wa-ter-balance dynamics of the riparian ecosystem threatened by groundwater depletion. Transpiration and sap flow were measured using the heat-pulse technique. The results were then projected up to the stand level to investigate the stand’s water-use in relation to climate forcing in the desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region. This study took place from April through October 2003 and from May through October 2004. The experimental site was selected in the Populus euphratica Forest Reserve (101o10’ E, 41o59’ N) in Ejina county, in the lower Heihe River basin, China. The sapwood area was used as a scalar to extrapolate the stand-water consumption from the whole trees’ water consumption measured by the heat-pulse velocity recorder (HPVR). Scale transferring from a series of individual trees to a stand was done according to the existing natural variations between trees under given environmental conditions. The application of the biometric parameters available from individual tree and stand levels was proved suitable for this purpose. A significant correlation between the sapwood area and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found. The prediction model is well fitted by the power model. On the basis of the prediction model, the sapwood area can be cal-culated by DBH. The sap-flow density can then be used to extrapolate the stand-water use by means of a series of mathematical models.     

2007年全国地貌与第四纪学术研讨会在福州召开

2007年全国地貌与第四纪学术研讨会于2007年11月20日-22日在福建师范大学隆重召开.本次会议由中国地理学会地貌与第四纪专业委员会主办,福建师范大学地理科学学院承办.来自全国31个研究所、大学等单位的86位代表参加了这次会议.大会开幕式由中国地理学会地貌与第四纪专业委员会副主任杨小平研究员主持.福建师范大学生态文明所所长廖福霖教授致辞.中国地理学会地貌与第四纪专业委员会主任许炯心研究员做了主题发言.     

Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961–2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days (HTDs) and the mean daily maximum temperature (MDMT) during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied. The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃ in the past 45 years. Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time, oscillating with a cycle of about 12–15 years. The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part, but less in the northern part of East China. The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China. The high temperature process (HTP) was more in the southwestern part, but less in northeastern part of East China. Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July, and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July. In the first 5 years of the 21st century, the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations, both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October, the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days（HTDs）and the mean daily maximum temperature（MDMT）during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied.The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃in the past 45 years.Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time,oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years.The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part,but less in the northern part of East China.The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang,Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China.The high temperature process（HTP） was more in the southwestern part,but less in northeastern part of East China.Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July,and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July.In the first 5 years of the 21st century,the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations,both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October,the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

华东地区夏季高温期的气候特征及其变化规律

基于华东气象站点1961-2005 年逐日最高地面气温资料, 分析了华东高温日数和高温 日平均最高气温的时空动态变化特征。结果表明: 过去45 年间, 华东年均高温日数为15.1 天, 高温日平均最高气温为36.3 ^oC, 高温以12~15 年为显著振荡周期, 在20 世纪80 年代为 弱负距平, 而在其他时期都为正距平。华东高温日数呈北少南多的空间分布, 高温日平均最 高气温以安徽、浙江和江西较高, 高温过程数是东北部少, 西南部多。高温日数和高温过程 数是以7 月最多, 高温日平均最高气温也是以7 月最高。在21 世纪最初5 年, 站点高温日数 和高温日平均最高气温增加, 4-10 月高温都为正距平, 各级高温过程数总体最多, 各级高温 过程日平均最高气温也最高。     

华北地区高温日数的气候特征及变化规律

基于1960～2009年华北地区90个台站逐日最高气温数据,采用趋势分析等方法分析近50 a华北地区高温日数的时空变化特征。结果表明,近50 a华北地区高温日数以海拔高度800 m等值线为界呈现南多北少的分布特点,南部主要呈减少趋势,北部主要呈增加趋势。同时它显现出明显的"多-少-多"年代际变化特征,与1960年代相比,2000年代高温日数在7月稍增加,5和8月有所减少。近50 a华北地区累计高温过程频次呈微弱的减少趋势,南北部高温过程集中的年代和月份也有所不同。     

1961—2017年华北地区高温日数及高温热浪时空变化特征

利用华北地区85个气象站1961—2017年逐日最高气温资料，统计分析了华北地区高温日数及高温热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 华北地区年高温日数整体呈增加趋势，自20世纪90年代中期之后年均高温日数明显增多；高温多出现在华北地区的南部和西部，华北地区大部分站点的高温日数呈增加趋势。② 就气候平均态而言，高温初日有略提前趋势，高温终日则明显推迟；空间上，绝大多数台站的高温终日呈推迟的趋势，其中京津冀中北部地区尤为明显。③ 累计高温热浪次数、轻度和中度热浪次数均整体增加，并在1990年左右明显由少变多，重度热浪次数增加趋势更为显著；1987年之后，平均每次高温热浪事件的高温有效积温明显增加，表明高温热浪的平均强度增大。④ 不同等级高温热浪总频次的空间分布特征相近，高频次区域均集中在内蒙古西部、山西西南部和河北南部；热浪累计频次的变化趋势在内蒙和山西以增多为主，在京津冀地区以减少为主。除山西南部和河北南部的个别站点以外，绝大多数站点的热浪平均持续天数和平均高温有效积温的变化呈增多增强趋势。总体来看，华北大部分区域自20世纪90年代以来，高温日数及热浪事件明显增强，同时存在明显的空间差异，研究结果将有助于进一步认识华北高温的区域性特征。     

中国西北近50 a来气温变化特征的进一步研究

 利用国家气象信息中心最新整编的西北地区135站1960—2005年逐月资料,通过对该地区温度变化特征的分析,在前人研究成果的基础上,进一步揭示出了近50 a来西北地区气温变化的一些新特征: ①西北地区的年和各季节均表现为一致的增温趋势,但陕西南部在夏季出现降温的趋势。冬季和秋季,从塔里木盆地西侧到河套地区,在35°—40°N的带状区域内是增温趋势最强的区域。西北区域整体年平均气温的变化幅度达0.37℃/10a,冬季增温可达0.56℃/10a。无论是年或四季平均的增温率,西北地区都比全国平均的要高。②西北地区冬季和年的平均气温在20世纪80年代中期以后开始表现为明显上升趋势;但春季、夏季和秋季均到了20世纪90年代中期以后,才开始出现气温明显上升的趋势。③西北地区年气温异常首先表现为全区一致的变化型,然后依次为南北相反变化型和陕南气温变化与其他地区不同的独特性。且整体一致型变化近50 a来呈加强态势,而陕南与西北其他地区气温非同步变化的趋势在逐渐缩小。④西北地区近50 a来年气温可分为南疆-高原区、北疆区、西北东部区3个主要空间异常气候区。且从长期倾向来看,南疆-高原区和北疆区有明显的上升变化倾向,西北东部区则表现为波动式的上升趋势。     

1961~2000年中国区域气温较差分析

利用1961~2000年的观测资料,分别对中国不同区域的月、季和年平均气温日较差,以及月较差、季较差和年较差的变化趋势进行了分析。研究表明,月平均日较差以及季平均日较差均有显著的下降趋势,其中春夏两季的变化趋势最为明显,冬季次之,秋季下降趋势最弱;年平均日较差也显示了较强的下降趋势。月较差显著减小趋势主要发生在冬末和春季;季较差以夏季的变化最显著,其他几个季节都没有明显的下降趋势;但是年较差有很显著的减小。从地域上看,月、季和年平均日较差以东北和新疆的下降趋势最显著,最弱的是华北地区。总体上看,月、季平均日较差北方较南方的下降趋势明显。月较差的减小趋势在北方比南方显著;季较差的下降趋势主要表现在夏季,又以内蒙古到西南一带以及华北地区最显著;年较差东部比西部的下降趋势显著。     

陇东地区近51 a气温时空变化特征

 基于陇东地区15个气象站点1957—2007年的月平均气温、日平均气温资料,结合GIS空间分析技术和数理统计理论,对其气温变化进行定量化分析,阐述其时空演变特征。结果表明,陇东地区多年平均气温较高的地方在中部地区,西部地区平均气温较低,主要是受地形影响;年均气温总体呈上升趋势,春、冬季的增温趋势最为明显,这与全球气温变化及中国气温变化总体趋势一致;年均气温变化的第一主周期为13 a,四季平均气温变化的第一主周期分别是25 a、25 a、13 a和7 a;年均气温的突然升高开始于20世纪80年代中期,四季平均气温的突然升高分别始于90年代中期、90年代初、80年代末和90年代初。     

巴音布鲁克近58a气候变化特征分析

对巴音布鲁克站点1958—2015年的月降水量、降水日数和平均气温进行集合经验模态分解得到其变化趋势，利用Mann Kendall和累计距平法诊断突变点，并采用Morlet小波和R/S法分析其周期特征和未来变化趋势。结果显示：（1） 巴音布鲁克各月降水量1月、6月和11月增多趋势显著，2月、7月和12月呈“凸”字形变化，减少趋势显著。（2） 降水日数1月和9月呈显著减少趋势，2月和6月呈显著增加趋势，3月和11月呈“凸”字形变化，5月、7月和8月呈不同幅度的“凹”字形变化。（3） 各月平均气温基本呈上升趋势，尤其以5月、7月和10月升温最显著。（4） 年降水量、年降水日数和年平均气温分别在1999年、1993年和1997年发生突变，年降水日数增多早于年降水量增多和年平均气温升高的时间，从90年代中期开始气候由干冷逐渐向暖湿转型。（5） 年降水量、年降水日数和年平均气温的主周期分别为41 a、9 a和30 a。（6） 未来年降水量将增多，年降水日数将减少，年平均气温将升高，极端降水发生的频次将增大，易引发洪涝灾害。     

国家基本/基准站地面气温资料城市化偏差订正

城市化偏差是中国地面气温观测记录中最大的系统性偏差,订正该偏差可为大尺度气候变化监测和研究提供准确的基础资料。论文介绍了用于单站地面月平均气温序列城市化偏差订正的一个方法,并利用该方法订正了685个国家基本/基准站1961—2015年地面年及月平均气温序列中的城市化偏差。采取自东往西迭代订正的方法,即从东往西逐经度订正,订正完的目标站也可作为参考站。首先,规定目标站的参考站在300 km范围内,并利用2站的去线性趋势年均气温的相关系数作为标准,规定相关系数最大且通过信度水平为0.005显著性检验的4个候选参考站作为该目标站的参考站;然后,对各个参考站年均气温与其对应目标站年均气温求相关,并以其平方为权重计算各参考站月和年均气温的平均值序列,即为各目标站年和月平均地面气温参考序列;其次,利用目标站气温序列趋势及其参考序列趋势之差作为总的订正值,订正目标站气温序列中包含的城市化偏差。较大的城市化偏差出现在华北地区、华中部分地区、东北北部、西南及西部部分地区,介于0.1~0.3 ℃/10 a;在中国西北部分地区、西藏西部及南部、东北南部、华南沿海、华东及华中个别站存在负偏差;对整个中国而言,相对城市化偏差为19.6%。以北京、武汉、银川、深圳作为华北、华中、西北和华南地区的大城市代表站,发现其在过去55 a的相对城市化偏差分别为67.0%、75.4%、32.7%和50.3%,与前人针对单站评估城市化影响的结果基本一致,说明论文的订正方法较为合理。论文介绍的城市化偏差订正方法,可用于订正中国等快速城市化地区地面气温观测资料的系统偏差,订正后的气温数据在很大程度上消除了城市化因素引起的不确定性。