“一带一路”倡议的理论论述——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化（英文）

An international consensus is emerging around the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) proposed by the Chinese government, with a growing number of countries seeing it as a way of jointly exploring new international economic governance mechanisms. Meanwhile, with the crisis of neo-liberalism, economic globalization has arrived at a crossroad. In particular, incessant voices speak out against globalization, making the quest for a new way of promoting global development a major challenge. In this context, more and more political elites and scholars consider that the BRI opens up a possible new globalization path, amongst which inclusive globalization warrants exploration. On the basis of a brief analysis of the course and mechanism of global economic expansion and the limitations of neo-liberal globalization, along with the putting into practice of the BRI, this paper outlines some of the core features of inclusive globalization, i.e., inclusive growth with effective and efficient government regulation; inclusive infrastructure development; inclusive development paths chosen nationally that suit national conditions; inclusive participation; and cultural inclusiveness. Although these features are not sufficient to characterize fully inclusive globalization, they do identify some directions for future research, and provide elements of a discursive construction of the BRI.     

“一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化

中国政府提出的“一带一路”倡议正在成为世界上越来越多国家共同探索国际经济治理新机制的一个平台。与此同时,以新自由主义为旗帜的经济全球化已经走到“十字路口”,逆全球化的声音不绝于耳,如何推动全球化进一步发展已成为世界性挑战。在此背景下,越来越多的政治精英和学者认为“一带一路”将引领新型全球化道路,其中一个重要的探索方向就是包容性全球化。本文在简要剖析经济全球扩张的历程及其机制并揭示新自由主义全球化局限性的基础上,结合“一带一路”的实践活动,提出了包容性全球化的核心内涵,包括国家应发挥好“调节者”的角色、解决资本市场“期限错配”的问题、选择适合国情的发展道路、保障各方平等地参与全球化,以及在经济全球化过程中保护文化多元性。尽管这些内涵还不足以精确地定量刻画包容性全球化,但可为后续研究提供一些借鉴的方向,也为“一带一路”建设提供了理论思考的方向。     

“一带一路”建设研究进展

“一带一路”经历了从中国倡议到国际共识的巨大转变,正在成为世界上越来越多国家和政治领袖们探索全球经济治理新模式的平台。伴随这种转变以及“一带一路”建设所取得的成就,“一带一路”研究已经深入到除了基础科学领域外的几乎所有学科。本文根据中国知网（CNKI）数据分析了4年多来“一带一路”研究文献的特征,而后总结了与地理学密切相关的“一带一路”核心议题的研究进展。研究发现：① 自2014年以来“一带一路”研究发文量迅速上升,由2014年的1000多篇飙升到2017年的20000多篇;② 文献比较庞杂,以宏观性、战略性和一般性文献为主,舆论性很高,基于深入研究的高水平学术文献少,还不能很好地支撑“一带一路”建设;③ 对外直接投资、互联互通、“走出去”、全球化、全球治理、命运共同体、人民币国际化等得到的关注较多;④ 地理学在“一带一路”的战略内涵和理论构建、地缘政治经济分析、“中欧班列”、海上航运战略支点、海外投资模式、经贸格局及其经济影响、资源环境问题等方面研究较为深入。最后,本文呼吁加强“一带一路”的理论建构以及建设机制和国别研究,并积极开展中外学者之间“一带一路”研究对话以及合作研究。     

新全球化与中国区域发展战略优化对策

2008年全球金融危机后,特别是2020年伊始全球新冠疫情深度冲击全球,世界面临百年未有之大变局。本文分析了“后危机时期”的全球化发展导向和策略转变,以及全球化脱钩、区域化与本土化、贸易保护主义、地缘摩擦与冲突等新全球化的显著表征,认为全球化发展已发生转折并进入新的周期与阶段。为充分应对新全球化带来的不确定性风险挑战,中国需要客观总结新全球化的主要表征与整体趋势,准确把握新全球化对于全球经济地理和中国区域发展的影响与挑战,顺应全球第五次产业转移深度影响全球经济地理演变的总体趋势,以“一带一路”倡议为契机构建以中国为核心的区域价值链和生产-贸易网络,在顶层战略谋划中兼顾中国区域协调发展的效率与公平,构建以国内大循环为主体,国内、国际双循环相互促进的发展新格局,这既是有效管控和妥善应对新全球化阶段性转折和结构性弱点的必然举措,更是有效统筹国内、国际两个大局,彰显中国全球性大国地位、勇于承担引领全球发展重担的负责任表现。     

Urbanization under globalization: How does the Belt and Road Initiative affect urbanization levels in participating countries

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) presents the world with a new era of inclusive globalization, which will shape urbanization patterns globally. This study considered the launch of BRI as a quasi-experiment, where we evaluated the BRI’s impact on urbanization by way of difference-in-differences (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) methods. The results showed that the BRI exerted a significantly negative effect on urbanization in its first three years. Its positive effect emerged from the fifth year onwards, indicating that the BRI’s positive effect on urbanization required a period of practical experience. Heterogeneous analysis and placebo test were also conducted to verify the robustness of the model. The effects in low-income countries were revealed to have been much greater than in high-income countries, meaning the BRI had been conducive to promote local urban growth in underdeveloped economies. Finally, the geographical detector model was introduced to discuss the influencing mechanism of urbanization in BRI and non-BRI countries, showing external factors were the prominent driving forces in BRI countries, whereas internal drivers played an important role in non-BRI countries. Our findings indicated that the implementation of the BRI contributed to building global economic growth and supporting a shared future.     

新冠肺炎疫情对经济全球化的影响分析

新冠肺炎疫情是第二次世界大战以来世界面临的最大危机,给世界带来巨大的冲击,包括人们的心理和生活、经济增长与就业、国家治理及世界治理等。这些影响使很多学者、评论家、大众、企业家乃至政府官员产生了非常悲观的情绪,舆论中不乏经济全球化将终结、全球供应链将大规模调整、世界治理格局将彻底改变等言论。本文通过建立“全球化的三角结构”剖析了经济全球化的动力机制,并结合疫情对世界的主要影响,试图揭示后疫情时代经济全球化的走势。我们认为,资本的“空间出路”、技术的“时空压缩”和国家的开放程度是驱动经济全球化的三个基本力量,这三者的变化及其相互作用结果影响着全球化进程。从动力机制看,全球化是一个没有终点且不断变化的历史过程,它不会倒退,而是波动。过去半个世纪以来,世界各国已经被全球化紧密地联系在一起,相互脱钩的代价极其昂贵,没有国家会选择完全脱钩。所谓的逆全球化现象,是全球化发展过程中世界格局变化及各国应对策略调整的结果。新冠肺炎疫情并不能影响全球化的资本和技术驱动力,但是可能影响国家的开放程度。如果疫情持续时间不是很长,经济全球化将很快会回归原有的发展轨迹,继续进行调整。各国也将继续围绕经济全球化进行斗争、妥协、再斗争,直至形成一个相对稳定的状态。因此,经济全球化可能因为应对疫情而踩下急刹车,甚至暂退半步,但很快将继续前行,向着“包容性全球化”的方向发展。     

Chinese overseas industrial parks in Southeast Asia: An examination of policy mobility from the perspective of embeddedness

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

整合:我国城市群经济持续发展的战略性选择

城市群的存在是区域城市化与城市区域化的重要表现，它作为区域城市化高级阶级的现象，是集聚与扩散共同作用的产物。经济全球化与区域经济一体化必然要求重视和加强城市群经济的发展。我国城市群的发展壮大能极大地提升我国的国家竞争力，对我国经济持续稳定发展意义重大。本文在经济全球化，特别我国成功人世将进一步与世界经济体系接轨的发展背景下，展开探讨我国城市群经济整合机制及模式，寻求城市群的持续高效发展。     

新型全球化与流动性背景下知识移民研究：议题与展望

通过CiteSpace可视化分析和文献分析,重点评述当前国外地理学对知识移民研究的主要脉络和议题,发现：① 国外对于知识移民研究相对细化,早期主要是教育地理学对于青年知识留学生迁移的系统研究,以及经济地理学对于知识移民及知识转移与全球城市发展关系的系列研究;② 新世纪以来,社会文化地理和人口地理学者开始关注知识移民的跨国和跨地方流动,并对其过程中的身份认同与经济社会文化资本、跨地方关系网络、流动过程和特征等议题进行了探讨;③ 新型全球化尤其是全球南方国家经济崛起的背景下,知识移民与城市创新发展、以及回流移民（包括北南移民）现象越来越得到学者的重视,移民政策和移民-城市关系成为重要关注点。     

跨国机构与地方共同作用下的城市全球化——德国波恩的案例研究

城市是一个动态发展系统,外生和内生的行动者通过互动促进城市发展。跨国机构作为重要的外生行动者,在一些城市的全球化发展过程中产生了重要的作用。案例城市波恩正是在联邦、州和地方政府的权力和政策安排下,创造了跨国行动者嵌入的制度环境和背景,以联合国机构为主的众多跨国机构通过与政府、企业和居民,以及非人类行动者在建立国际合作的共同诉求下积极转译,产生互动效应,为城市建构了稳固而“无缝”的行动者网络。行动者的不同目的和行为方式在塑造网络的同时,也重新建构了城市空间,空间成为检验网络构建是否成熟的一种重要的表现方式。波恩的城市空间实现了从外交政治功能向国际合作功能的转型;形成以联合国机构为轴心,其他机构点状辐射的轴辐式空间集聚;同时,由于资源、信息和所处地位的不同,波恩不同行动者在网络节点之间产生不均等的权力空间。行动者不断的排斥、冲突、协商和融合的过程,促进了城市空间功能不断完善,也致使以跨国机构为核心的行动者网络逐步成熟。通过引入行动者网络理论（ANT）,本研究把跨国机构作为重要行动者与城市全球化发展相结合,更深入地解析了城市全球化过程中多重行动者的互动过程。     

“一带一路”贸易网络与全球贸易网络的拓扑关系

共建“一带一路”倡议致力于建设开放型经济、确保自由包容性贸易。本文基于社区发现法、拓扑网络可视化等方法,对比分析“一带一路”贸易网络与全球贸易网络的拓扑关系,明确其贸易在全球的地位,以期为“一带一路”自由包容性贸易体系建设提供科学支撑。研究发现：①全球贸易网络可以识别出5个组团,其核心节点分别是中国、美国、德—荷—法—英等欧洲发达国家、俄罗斯、印度—阿联酋。②“一带一路”沿线可以识别出3个主组团及2个次组团,其中,亚欧大组团以中国为核心、俄罗斯为次核心,南亚—西亚组团以印度、阿联酋、沙特阿拉伯为核心。③在全球贸易网络中,大部分沿线国家仍被中国、俄罗斯、印度—阿联酋等核心节点所吸引,且与“一带一路”沿线的贸易联系较强;中东欧国家主要被德—荷—法—英等西欧国家核心节点所吸引,是“一带一路”低渗透国家;部分东南亚国家虽然被吸纳到以中国为核心的亚澳—南非组团,但与“一带一路”贸易联系还需加强。     

Tracking embodied carbon flows in the Belt and Road regions

In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter- country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road (BR), and the spatial distribution of production- and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers’ responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production- based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.     

The trade network of the Belt and Road Initiative and its topological relationship to the global trade network

Unimpeded trade is one of the cooperation priorities in the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. On 15 May 2017, the Joint Communique of the Leaders Roundtable of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation reaffirmed the participants’ shared commitment to build an open economy and ensure free and inclusive trade. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is not only China's new action to drive its open and global development, but also a platform for an increasing number of countries to explore free and inclusive trade and promote a universal, rule-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trade system. It is therefore important to examine the topological relationship between the BRI and global trade networks. More specifically, this article first analyzes the community structure of trade networks using a community detection algorithm, and then estimates the topological relationship between different trade communities. The findings of this article are as follows. First, this research identified three trade communities and two sub-communities in the BRI trade network, in which China is the core, Russia is the sub-core of the biggest trade community, and India, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are cores of the second trade community (South Asia-West Asia). Second, it identified five trade communities in the global trade network, centred on China, USA, Russia, India-United Arab Emirates, and Germany- Netherlands-France-Britain and other European developed countries. Third, the topological analysis indicated that in the global trade network, most BRI countries are attracted by the core nodes of the BRI regions, such as the China, Russia and India-United Arab Emirates core nodes, and have strong trade contacts with BRI countries. Most Central-East European countries are mainly attracted by Germany-Netherlands-France-Britain and other developed European countries with a low penetration of BRI trade. Although some Southeast Asian countries are incorporated into the Asia-Australia-South Africa community with China as the core, they still need to strengthen trade linkages with BRI countries.     

90年代经济全球化的新特点及原因探析

经济全球化进入９０年人呈现出下的特点：各国交易额增加;投资规模扩大;跨国企业并购热潮;亚洲和拉美经济崛起;出现经济波动和金融危机;地区化与全球化平行发展;知识经济的到来;全球化发展不平衡。其成因有：世界政治格局多极化;发达国家采取了市场自由策略;电信技术的普及;跨国公司海外经营,世界贸易组织的影响;发展中国家采取外向型和地区化发展战略等。     

经济全球化、全球金融危机与中国——基于金融地理学的视角

2008—2009年的全球金融危机对西方发达国家尤其是英美经济体的影响是深远的,反映在经济、政治和社会的各个层面。相关学科的学者从不同的视角对金融危机的爆发作出了解释。论文尝试从金融地理学的角度分析经济全球化与全球金融危机之间的关系并探讨危机对中国的影响。首先,研究考察了经济全球化背景下新的国际劳动力分工的形成,指出了金融危机的传导机制,并描绘了金融危机对世界经济地理塑造的空间差异。对中国来说,全球金融危机是外部性的,西方发达国家的经济衰退和消费收缩直接影响了中国的出口,但危机并没有动摇中国的金融体系。其次,解释了为什么全球金融危机没有动摇中国的金融体系。制度的空间异质性、市场经济制度的多样性、政府积极的宏观调控和中国以银行主导的金融体系都是重要因素。第三,金融危机之后中西方金融地理学家对中国问题的兴趣逐渐增加,文章总结了最新的研究进展并指出其存在的不足之处。最后,在西方金融地理学最新研究进展的基础上,对中国金融地理学的学科构建提出了建议。     

NATIONALISM,COSMOPOLITANISM, AND GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATIONS

In this article I set nationalism and cosmopolitanism into sharp contrast with one another as inherently incompatible geographical imaginations. I begin by briefly denaturalizing nationalism and the nation‐state. I then turn to the philosophy and political agenda of cosmopolitanism, an ideology simultaneously very old and new, which offers a more inclusive and empathetic alternative to nationalist xenophobia. In the third section I argue that contemporary globalization has laid the ontological foundations of a cosmopolitan world order. Next, I explicate nationalism's and cosmopolitanism's competing visions of the definition and meaning of “community.” I summarize major objections to cosmopolitanism and offer a defense of it. In the following section I focus on the implications of cosmopolitanism for contemporary geography, including relational spatialities of empathy and caring. Finally, I suggest that contemporary globalization is gradually putting into place the legal and institutional apparatus for cosmopolitan global governance and democracy.     

中国在东南亚的海外经贸合作园区——以嵌入性视角检验政策移动性（英文）

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

“一带一路”贸易网络及其与全球贸易网络的拓扑关系分析（英文）

Unimpeded trade is one of the cooperation priorities in the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. On 15 May 2017, the Joint Communique of the Leaders Roundtable of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation reaffirmed the participants' shared commitment to build an open economy and ensure free and inclusive trade. The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) is not only China's new action to drive its open and global development, but also a platform for an increasing number of countries to explore free and inclusive trade and promote a universal, rule-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trade system. It is therefore important to examine the topological relationship between the BRI and global trade networks. More specifically, this article first analyzes the community structure of trade networks using a community detection algorithm, and then estimates the topological relationship between different trade communities. The findings of this article are as follows. First, this research identified three trade communities and two sub-communities in the BRI trade network, in which China is the core, Russia is the sub-core of the biggest trade community, and India, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are cores of the second trade community(South Asia-West Asia). Second, it identified five trade communities in the global trade network, centred on China, USA, Russia, India-United Arab Emirates, and Germany-Netherlands-France-Britain and other European developed countries. Third, the topological analysis indicated that in the global trade network, most BRI countries are attracted by the core nodes of the BRI regions, such as the China, Russia and India-United Arab Emirates core nodes, and have strong trade contacts with BRI countries. Most Central-East European countries are mainly attracted by Germany-Netherlands-France-Britain and other developed European countries with a low penetration of BRI trade. Although some Southeast Asian countries are incorporated into the Asia-Australia-South Africa community with China as the core, they still need to strengthen trade linkages with BRI countries.     

中国城市群发育的新型驱动力研究

城市群是国家参与全球竞争和国际分工的全新地域单元,城市群发育对于推进城市化进程、增强综合国力具有显著作用,研究城市群发育驱动力具有重要价值.伴随着不断加强的全球化、信息化进程,中国城市群逐渐发育起来,在此过程中出现五个新型驱动力.通过对中国23个城市群的综合比较分析发现:经济全球化驱动中国城市群与国际接轨,对外开放程度...     

经济全球化变革下的世界经济地理与中国角色

经济全球化浪潮下的世界经济地理格局和中国角色演变一直以来都是学术界关注的热点问题,然而当前学界偏重从国家经济模式和国际贸易角度来解释这种格局的变化,而较为缺乏基于生产组织视角的经济地理解释。因此,本文从经济地理视角出发,解析经济全球化浪潮下世界经济地理格局变动与中国角色的演变。本文揭示了在三次全球化浪潮的冲击下,世界经济地理格局从“核心—边缘”到“链式重构”再到“网络不均衡”的演变过程,以及经济全球化的驱动力如何从“贸易全球化”转变为“生产全球化”,继而朝“多元全球化”演进。本文还论述了中国如何通过战略耦合模式的动态调整实现从经济全球化的参与者到变革者的转变。本文认为这种角色转变,改变了西方发达经济体对后发经济体的预设发展路径,以及经典的产业梯度转移理论所预测的空间秩序,为全球化格局的变动带来新的重构动力与可能。最后,本文结合此次新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情全球爆发带来的影响对未来经济全球化发展存在的可能路径进行分析,并从经济地理学视角为中国未来经济全球化发展道路选择提供了参考建议。