不同气候区灌丛沙堆形态及土壤养分积累特征

灌丛沙堆是干旱、半干旱区绿洲边缘常见景观类型,在绿洲风沙防护及生物多样性保护方面有重要意义。本文对中国西北干旱区不同气候区常见的柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）、泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）灌丛沙堆形态和养分积累特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：柽柳灌丛沙堆高度、面积和体积显著高于泡泡刺和柠条锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆,泡泡刺灌丛沙堆高度、面积和体积最小。3种灌丛的存在都显著增加了沙堆土壤有机质含量,使灌丛沙堆成为“肥岛”,其中柽柳灌丛沙堆“肥岛”效应最明显。柽柳灌丛沙堆土壤有机质、全碳、全氮和凋落物含量显著高于泡泡刺和柠条锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆。主要原因是柽柳枝条茂密,拦截面积大且凋落物量大,因此沙物质拦截和养分积累能力强于其他两种灌丛。另外,不同气候区沙源和气象条件的差异也可能导致灌丛沙堆形态及养分累积特征不同。     

基于倾斜摄影技术的戈壁灌丛沙丘形态反演及其对粉尘释放研究的意义

灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m³,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m³。     

Changes in morphology and soil nutrient patterns of nebkhas in arid regions along a precipitation gradient

Nebkhas, discrete mounds of sand and vegetation, are a common landscape feature critical to the stability of desert ecosystems and supported by limited precipitation. Nebkha morphology and spatial pattern vary in landscapes, but it is unclear how they change along precipitation gradients in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study we determined morphology and soil nutrient patterns of nebkha from different regions of northwestern China. The objective of this study was to understand zonal differences among nebkhas and how morphological characteristics and soil nutrient patterns of nebkha change along a precipitation gradient in northwestern China. Our results shows that mean annual precipitation(MAP) had significant effects on morphological characteristics of nebkhas such as height, area, and volume which significantly decreased with an increase in MAP. MAP had significant positive effects on shrub cover and species richness of nebkha. Soil nutrients such as soil organic matter(SOM), total carbon(TC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) in the 0-10 cm layer increased with an increase of MAP, and soil nutrient content within nebkhas was higher than in inter-nebkha areas.We concluded that nebkhas are "fertile islands" with an important role in ecosystem dynamics in study regions. Further,MAP is a key factor which determined zonal differences, morphological, and soil nutrients patterns of nebkhas. However,disturbance, such as animal grazing, and planted sand-stabilizing vegetation accelerated the degeneration of nebkha landscapes. We recommend implementation of protective measures for nebkhas in arid and semi-arid areas of China.     

民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆演化阶段及其空间格局

通过野外调查,分析了民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带不同地下水位埋深的3个白刺灌丛沙堆样方内灌丛沙堆水平投影面积与高度的关系、灌丛沙堆的空间分布及空间自相关关系,确定各个样方白刺灌丛沙堆的演化阶段,并分析了地下水位、沙源及植被生长对灌丛沙堆发展的影响。结果表明,白刺灌丛发育阶段灌丛沙堆的水平投影面积和高度之间为线性关系;稳定阶段白刺灌丛沙堆高度与水平投影面积为幂函数关系;退化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆高度和水平投影面积为二次函数关系。不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆的空间自相关尺度为5 m,且3个样方之间自相关尺度没有显著差异。     

新疆策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带地表沙物质理化性质空间差异

植被盖度、地形等会对荒漠区风沙土壤理化性质产生影响.对策勒自流沙前沿沿主风向到绿洲边缘的柽柳沙堆顶部、流动沙丘顶部、裸露平沙地3种地貌部位表面沙物质理化性质分析,结果表明:流动沙丘顶部沙物质平均粒径3.47～2.6 Φ,明显粗于裸露平沙地和柽柳沙堆顶部沙粒,从流沙前沿到绿洲边缘沙物质有细化趋势,流沙前沿平沙地上沙粒平均粒径比绿洲边缘裸露平沙地沙粒平均粒径粗0.44 Φ;在空间上沙物质分选系数差异不大,分选性都为中等偏上-中等;平沙地和流动沙丘顶部沙粒偏度为-0.06～0.06,相对于平均值分布近对称.柽柳沙堆顶部沙粒偏度分布在0.05～0.25,大都属于极细偏;流动沙丘顶部和平沙地沙粒都表现为中等峰态,柽柳沙堆顶部沙粒大多表现为窄峰态.柽柳沙堆顶部大部分沙物质pH为酸性,其余地貌部位沙粒都表现为碱性,3种地貌单元含盐量与地形高低关系较密切.不同地貌部位地表沙物质总盐量表现为:柽柳沙堆顶部 > 裸露平沙地 > 流动沙丘顶部,流动沙丘顶部沙粒含盐量最少,越靠近绿洲柽柳沙堆顶部沙粒总盐量愈高.     

毛乌素沙地西南缘灌丛沙丘沉积物的粒度和元素特征

对毛乌素沙地白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙丘沉积物粒度和元素特征进行了采样分析.结果表明:灌丛沙丘沉积物来源单一,几乎全部由丘间地物质组成,其粒度和元素特征与丘间地物质极其相似;相对而言,灌丛沙丘沉积物比丘间地物质含有更多粗颗粒物,主要因丘间地可做跃移运动的中沙和细沙更易被灌丛阻挡而堆积;灌丛沙丘沉积物中大部分元素含量比丘间地物质低,主要因这些元素易被淋溶迁移到丘间地富集;灌丛沙丘发育以来,虽然其沉积环境存在波动,但相对稳定,未发生过显著变化.     

南昌市厚田沙地蔓荆灌丛沙堆的形态与沉积特征

为探究亚热带湿润地区河湖周边发育的灌丛沙堆形态与沉积特征,以南昌市厚田沙地为研究区,对其优势种蔓荆（Vitex trifolia）所形成的灌丛沙堆开展野外调查,通过对不同部位的沉积物进行采样与分析,研究沙堆形态、沉积特征及其与植被特性之间的关系。结果表明：蔓荆灌丛沙堆形态大多为盾形,水平尺度大,高度矮,坡度缓。沙堆沉积物以中沙为主,分选性较差,呈正偏和窄峰态分布,沙源来自附近平沙地和丘间地,为近源沉积。平均粒径从迎风坡底部至背风坡底部呈现为先变细后变粗的趋势,体现了灌丛沙堆的防风滞沙功能和对沙粒的重新分选作用。灌丛与沙堆的各形态参数（灌丛高度除外）均存在高度的正相关性（P＜0.01）,说明各形态参数在沙堆发育过程中得以协调发展。受植被类型和区域环境的影响,与干旱-半干旱地区直立生长且分支少的灌丛形成的椭球形或圆锥形沙堆形态不同,蔓荆匍匐生长且高度较矮的形态常形成低矮且范围较大的灌丛沙堆。亚热带湿润地区风力资源不丰富及厚田沙地沙源不足使沉积物主要来源于附近平沙地与丘间地,但不同坡位沉积规律与干旱-半干旱地区相同。     

荒漠草原带沙源及灌丛对灌丛沙堆形态的影响

灌丛沙堆是干旱区一种典型的景观类型,经常出现在靠近流沙地带。在地处荒漠草原带的宁夏盐池北部的流沙边缘就发育有典型的白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆。本文对不同沙源距离和灌丛生长状况下的白刺灌丛沙堆形态特征进行了研究。结果表明:荒漠草原带白刺灌丛沙堆的高度0.2～4.8 m,90.05%的高度小于3.0 m;体积0.11～805.17 m³,6.08%的体积小于150 m³;面积0.86～333.3 m²,72.26%的小于50 m²。灌丛沙堆长轴长和短轴长、高度和面积、高度和体积、面积和体积间都存在很好的幂函数关系,随着灌丛沙堆高度的增加,其面积和体积也增加。沙源对白刺灌丛沙堆的分布特征有显著影响,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积和沙源距离都有很好的抛物线形关系。白刺灌丛的生长状况对灌丛沙堆的形态特征也有明显的影响,即白刺灌丛生长状况越好,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积也增大。     

沙质草原灌丛沙堆研究综述

灌丛沙堆是干旱、半干旱及半湿润荒漠地区风沙流遇到灌丛阻拦而堆积形成的一种地貌形态。普遍的研究表明灌丛沙堆是伴随人类不合理的土地利用和环境的变化而出现,是土壤风蚀和土地退化的标志,也是沙漠化的一种表现形式。灌丛沙堆在我国分布范围很广,但目前研究还不够深入。笔者主要阐述了国内外对灌丛沙堆形态、沉积物、演变及其环境意义等几个方面研究所取得的进展及其存在的争议,并提出了灌丛沙堆研究的发展趋势,以期引起国内对灌丛沙堆研究的关注。     

Dynamics of nebkhas superimposed on a parabolic dune and their effect on the dune dynamics

We report here on a bare barchan dune in Israel that converted over the last 60 years to a shrub-covered parabolic dune due to changes in land use. Thirty nebkhas (sand mounds) that were formed by sand trapped around shrubs growing on the dune were monitored during winter of 2004–2005. The rates of erosion or deposition were measured at five points in the nebkhas by erosion pins. All nebkhas were shown to undergo erosion or deposition activity. Nebkhas on the windward slope of the dune experienced primarily erosion. Those on the lee slope grew slowly by the light accumulation of sand. The largest nebkhas were found on the dune crest; they built up through the accumulation of sand that was eroded from the windward slope. There were no significant differences between the rates of erosion/deposition of the five study points placed in each nebkha. However, there were significant differences between the rates of erosion/deposition of the nebkhas on the three dynamic segments of the dunes (windward, crest and lee). A change in dune dynamics was observed by the emergence of shrubs on the crest. These shrubs trapped sand and increased the crest height. The sand trapped on the crest was not deposited on the lee side. In that case, the dune becomes narrower, higher, with a concave shape (of the windward slope), during the transformation from a barchan to a parabolic dune.     

灌丛沙丘形成演化及环境指示意义研究的主要进展

干旱半干旱区风沙活动较强烈, 风沙地貌十分发育, 环境演变过程对气候变化响应敏感。由于缺乏高分辨率载体, 在这些地区进行环境变化重建的手段及获得的结果相对贫乏。但是在这些区域发育的灌丛沙丘是风沙堆积体, 其形成演化记录了相对丰富的区域环境演变信息。本文综述了目前在灌丛沙丘形态学特征、发育过程、以及其在区域环境变化重建中的意义等方面的研究进展。我们认为, 灌丛沙丘形成演化研究在揭示干旱区环境演变过程方面有重大的意义, 但还没有形成系统的体系, 这一方面的研究仍有较大的空间。     

Nebkha （coppice dune） formation and significance to environmental change reconstructions in arid and semiarid areas

Environments in arid and semiarid regions are extremely sensitive to climate changes.High wind activity in these regions has resulted in an extensively developed arid geomorphology,but past environmental changes are poorly understood because of the absence of relatively high-resolution proxies.The accumulation characteristics of nebkhas,which have developed extensively in these regions,can be used as a method of reconstructing environmental changes.Here we summarized recent advances in research on the formation,development,and sediment characteristics of nebkhas and their significance to environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions.Based on the studies of our colleagues,we suggested that research on nebkha formation can provide distinct clues about environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions;however,continued studies are needed.     

柽柳灌丛沙堆三维流场随背景植被变化的风洞实验

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙漠-绿洲过渡带广泛分布的柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地植物为原型,依据风沙运动相似理论,制作5组背景植被盖度灌丛沙堆模型,在风洞中进行风流场变化规律模拟实验。结果表明:柽柳沙堆三维流场结构可划分为6个区域,即沙堆前减速区、沙堆迎风坡加速区、沙堆两侧急流区、沙堆背风侧强涡流区、沙堆后尾流恢复区和沙堆上空混合加速区。灌丛沙堆对流场结构影响范围为沙堆前10H到沙堆后14H区段,旁侧影响宽度不超过沙堆宽度的3/4,垂直方向上主要影响灌丛沙堆总高度相对应的下方区域,最大不超过灌丛沙堆总高度的2倍。风速变化不构成对流场结构的影响,但背景植被变化对流场结构影响明显。随着植被盖度增大,沙堆前减速区和沙堆后尾流恢复区范围扩大,两侧急流区和背风侧涡流区范围缩小。背景植被的出现明显降低了其所在高度层的风速,柽柳沙堆各分区地表加速率均随背景植被盖度呈指数规律下降,当植被盖度在16%时加速率变化趋于平缓。从维护绿洲安全的角度出发,根据风沙动力学原理可将16%视为灌丛沙堆科学保育中可能的临界背景植被覆盖值。     

尼龙网方格沙障风沙流携沙粒度的空间分异特征

为了探究塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地尼龙网方格沙障对风沙流携沙粒度的空间分异作用,于2015年4-6月,选取裸沙地和尼龙网2种下垫面,利用方口集沙仪和全方位集沙仪分别收集风沙流中垂直高度层中2~100 cm和16个方位的输沙量,利用BT-2001激光粒度分布仪对沙样进行粒度组成分析。结果表明：沙粒的粒度频率曲线形态表现为单峰分布特征,与下垫面沙粒组成有关。在垂直方向上,沙粒的平均粒径在L1（裸沙地）、L2（沙障前部）处随着高度的增加沙粒平均粒径减小,L3（沙障中部）处平均粒径先增加后趋于稳定;风沙流进入沙障后,分选性变差,偏度增大,峰度减小;L1和L2处沙粒随平均粒径的减小,分选性变差、细尾越来越明显、沙粒粒径分布范围变窄,且L1处分选系数、峰度和偏度与沙粒平均粒径在双变量图上的变化率大于L2处。在水平方位上,沙粒的平均粒径在T1（裸沙地）-T2（沙障前部）-T3（沙障中部）的过程中先增后减,在T2处,分选性最好,偏度系数和峰度最小;3个观测点的粒度参数与平均粒径没有明显的相关关系。     

Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud

Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: c_z=ae^−bz, where c_z is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase.     

Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation

Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter w_i is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of w_i is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions.     

黑河下游地区柽柳沙丘的气候与环境记录

对黑河下游地区柽柳沙丘沉积剖面进行AMS¹⁴C定年及沉积物粒度和Hg含量的综合分析,探讨了该区域从18世纪中期到21世纪初的气候与环境变化。结果表明:沙丘沉积物以细沙为主,粒度频率分布曲线呈明显的单峰形态,反映了单一的风力沉积作用;>100 μm的粗颗粒含量变化很好地指示了该区域冬季风的强弱变化,并记录了小冰期末期以来气候转暖的过程以及现代暖期中两个相对寒冷时期——20世纪10-20年代和50-60年代。沙丘沉积物中Hg主要来源于人类的工业活动,剖面Hg含量存在3个峰值,分别对应18世纪末的西班牙美洲地区银矿开采、19世纪中后期的北美淘金热、二次世界大战及战后经济复苏。此外,剖面中有两个样品Hg含量异常升高,其原因可能是1815年和1883年印尼的两次大规模火山喷发而引起的全球Hg沉降增加。     

西藏定结地区爬坡沙丘粒度特征分析

通过对西藏定结地区典型爬坡沙丘表层沉积物的形态参数、粒度组成和粒度参数等进行分析，揭示其粒度特征。结果表明：（1）爬坡沙丘表层沉积物以细砂和中砂为主，极细砂含量较少，同时含有少量粉砂和粗砂，不含粘土成分。（2）沙丘平均粒径范围1.98~2.41 Ф，分选系数变化范围为0.45~0.75，属中等分选，偏度变化范围为0.01~0.12，呈近对称至正偏分布，峰度变化范围为0.94~1.01，呈中等尖锐峰态。（3）从样品PPSQ1~PPSQ6，随着高度和距离的增加，沙丘表层沉积物平均粒径先变细后变粗，分选不断变好。（4）爬坡沙丘表层沉积物主要来源于河漫滩。（5）与雅鲁藏布江、东昆仑山地区爬坡沙丘对比可知，定结地区的沙丘粒径较粗，分选较好，主要是物源及风力分选作用的共同结果。     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

两种白刺叶片及沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的比较

在植物叶片氮、磷化学计量学研究中,氮磷比常作为判断土壤养分限制性的指标,其适用范围从海洋、湖泊等水生生态系统扩展到陆地生态系统。以生长在民勤绿洲的毛瓣白刺(Nitraria praevisa)和唐古特白刺(N. tangutorun)为研究对象,分别测定叶片N、P含量以及沙堆各层土壤有机质、N、P含量,以探讨两种白刺叶片及其沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的关系。研究结果表明:①白刺叶片的N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;②两种白刺沙堆各项土壤养分指标差异极显著(P<0.01);③毛瓣白刺沙堆土壤的N含量在0～20 cm土层存在富集现象,唐古特白刺沙堆土壤的有机质、N、P含量在20～40 cm土层存在富集现象;④在水分为最主要的限制性因子的荒漠生态系统中,能否以叶片N∶P作为判定营养元素限制性的标准,值得进一步探讨。