基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.     

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city: an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally a     

珠江三角洲地区城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调研究

Urban resilience is an emerging research topic of urban studies, and its essence is described by the ability of cities to resist, recover, and adapt to uncertain disturbances. This paper constructs a "Size-Density-Morphology" urban ecological resilience evaluation system, uses a coupling coordination degree model to measure the degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2015, and conducts an in-depth discussion on its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show the following.(1) From 2000 to 2015, the urbanization level of cities in the study area generally increased while the level of ecological resilience declined. The coupling coordination degree between the two systems decreased from basic coordination to basic imbalance.(2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological resilience of cities presented a circular pattern that centered on the cities at the estuary of the Pearl River and increased toward the periphery.(3) Ecological resilience sub-systems played variable roles in the coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience. Specifically, size resilience mainly played a reverse blocking role;the influence of morphology resilience was generally positive and continued to increase over time;the effect of density resilience was positive and continued to decline and further became negative after falling below zero. The main pathways for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of future urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta include: leading the coordinated development of regions with new urbanization, improving ecological resilience by strictly observing the three areas and three lines, adapting to ecological carrying capacity, and rationally arranging urban green spaces.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China and prediction of future trends

Climate change resulting from CO_2 emissions has become an important global environmental issue in recent years.Improving carbon emission performance is one way to reduce carbon emissions.Although carbon emission performance has been discussed at the national and industrial levels,city-level studies are lacking due to the limited availability of statistics on energy consumption.In this study,based on city-level remote sensing data on carbon emissions in China from 1992–2013,we used the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency to evaluate urban carbon emission performance.The traditional Markov probability transfer matrix and spatial Markov probability transfer matrix were constructed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China for the first time and predict long-term trends in carbon emission performance.The results show that urban carbon emission performance in China steadily increased during the study period with some fluctuations.However,the overall level of carbon emission performance remains low,indicating great potential for improvements in energy conservation and emission reduction.The spatial pattern of urban carbon emission performance in China can be described as"high in the south and low in the north,"and significant differences in carbon emission performance were found between cities.The spatial Markov probabilistic transfer matrix results indicate that the transfer of carbon emission performance in Chinese cities is stable,resulting in a"club convergence"phenomenon.Furthermore,neighborhood backgrounds play an important role in the transfer between carbon emission performance types.Based on the prediction of long-term trends in carbon emission performance,carbon emission performance is expected to improve gradually over time.Therefore,China should continue to strengthen research and development aimed at improving urban carbon emission performance and achieving the national energy conservation and emission reduction goals.Meanwhile,neighboring cities with different neighborhood backgrounds should pursue cooperative economic strategies that balance economic growth,energy conservation,and emission reductions to realize low-carbon construction and sustainable development.     

长三角地区产业转型的大气污染效应——基于空间溢出视角

The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the region is highly important for formulating policies to promote the high-quality development of urban industries. This study uses the spatial Durbin model(SDM) to analyze the local direct and spatial spillover effects of industrial transformation on air pollution and quantifies the contribution of each factor. From 2008 to 2018, there was a significant spatial agglomeration of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions(ISDE) in the YRD, and every 1% increase in ISDE led to a synchronous increase of 0.603% in the ISDE in adjacent cities. The industrial scale index(ISCI) and industrial structure index(ISTI), as the core factors of industrial transformation, significantly affect the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the YRD, and the elastic coefficients are 0.677 and-0.368, respectively. The order of the direct effect of the explanatory variables on local ISDE is ISCI>ISTI>foreign direct investment(FDI)>enterprise technological innovation(ETI)>environmental regulation(ER)> per capita GDP(PGDP). Similarly, the order of the spatial spillover effect of all variables on ISDE in adjacent cities is ISCI>PGDP>FDI>ETI>ISTI>ER, and the coefficients of the ISCI and ISTI are 1.531 and 0.113, respectively. This study contributes to the existing research that verifies the environmental Kuznets curve in the YRD, denies the pollution heaven hypothesis, indicates the Porter hypothesis, and provides empirical evidence for the formation mechanism of regional environmental pollution from a spatial spillover perspective.     

1958-2017年长江流域气候变化的时空特征与热点区域

The Yangtze River Watershed in China is a climate change hotspot featuring strong spatial and temporal variability;hence, it poses a certain threat to social development. Identifying the characteristics of and regions vulnerable to climate change is significantly important for formulating adaptive countermeasures. However, with regard to the Yangtze River Watershed, there is currently a lack of research on these aspects from the perspective of natural and anthropogenic factors. To address this issue, in this study, based on the temperature and precipitation records from 717 meteorological stations, the RClim Dex and random forest models were used to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of climate change and identify mainly the natural and anthropogenic factors influencing climate change hotspots in the Yangtze River Watershed for the period 1958-2017. The results indicated a significant increasing trend in temperature, a trend of wet and dry polarization in the annual precipitation, and that the number of temperature indices with significant variations was 2.8 times greater than that of precipitation indices. Significant differences were also noted in the responses of the climate change characteristics of the sub-basins to anthropogenic and natural factors;the delta plain of the Yangtze River estuary exhibited the most significant climate changes, where 88.89% of the extreme climate indices varied considerably. Furthermore, the characteristics that were similar among the identified hotpots, including human activities(higher Gross Domestic Product and construction land proportions) and natural factors(high altitudes and large proportions of grassland and water bodies), were positively correlated with the rapid climate warming.     

CHENGTU-A STUDY IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Location and Historical Development Chengtu, the capital city of western Szechwan, is located on the lower part of the Min and Tu alluvial fan (Fig.1) which has an area of about 6,000 sq.km., and is the most fertile irrigated fields of the western China. The autbor discusses the location and site of the city to compare with other cities on the alluvial fan, and finds that the selection and development of Chengtu as a capital city is due chiefly to the reason that it is situated at the terminus point o...     

中国山地范围界定的初步意见

中国山地的范围一直缺乏可操作的、准确的量化方法,从而导致对山地及其内部资源、环境、人口和发展问题认识的不全面.同时,准确界定山地范围是实施数字山地战略的一项基础性工作.在前人研究的基础上,采用两种方案确定中国山地范围.方案一:将满足以下两种情况的国土界定为山地,1)海拔≥3 000 m;2)海拔≥1300～3 000 m,同时相对高差>200 m或坡度>25°.根据此标准计算,中国山地面积为4 000 265 km2,占中国陆地面积的41.67%.方案二:根据UNEP-WCMC的标准,将满足下述情况的国土定义为山地,1)海拔≥2 500 m;2)海拔≥1 500～2 500 m,坡度≥2°;3)海拔≥1 000～1 500 m,坡度≥5°或相对高差≥300 m;4)海拔≥300～1 000 m,相对高差≥300 m.根据此标准计算,中国山地面积为4 426 130 km2占中国陆地面积的46.11%.按两种方法计算所得的分省山地面积中,前5名都是西藏、青海、新疆、四川和云南.将两种方案计算的山地面积按高程划分为六级:①300～1 000 m(含300 m),②1 000～1 500 m(含1 000 m),③1 500～2 500 m(含1 500 m),④2 500～3 500 m(含2 500 m),⑤3 500～4 500 m(含3 500 m),⑥≥4 500 m.根据两种方案的定义,海拔3 500 m以上的山地面积相等;除了方案-在300～1 000 m间山地较方案二多324 508 km2外,其余几个级别山地的面积均为方案二大于方案-的山地面积,其中2 500～3 500 m间多133 432 km2,1 500～2 500 m间多336 186 km2,1 000～1 500 m间多282 273 km2.     

美丽中国与国土空间规划关系的地理学思考

The concept of‘Beautiful China'is a new goal of ecological construction in the new era of socialism and aims to meet the needs of people as they strive for a better life.National land spatial planning is one major component of the Chinese state's overall planning for various spatial types.The concept of‘Beautiful China'is thus a leading goal of Chinese development in the second centenary.The background of this concept aims for‘ecological beauty'as well as the combined beauty of‘economy-politics-culture-society-ecology.'The construction of‘Beautiful China'therefore necessitates a differentiated evaluation index system that is built on the basis of local conditions.This concept is intimately related to land spatial planning and the idea of Beautiful China guides an important direction for this planning which itself provides an important mechanism and spatial guarantee for construction.The establishment of land spatial planning nevertheless needs to strengthen further discussion of the regional system of human-land relationship,point axis system,main functional division,sustainable development,resources and environmental carrying capacity as well as new urbanization,and the rural multi-system.The aim of this paper is to summarize current thinking in land spatial planning,scientifically analyze the natural geographical conditions,the socioeconomic development,the interrelationship of the land space,plan the goal,vision and path of land space,encourage the public to participate in and carry out dynamic evaluation,build an intelligent system platform for land and spatial planning to realize the goal of‘Beautiful China'from a geographical perspective.And they can also present key ideas relating to the compilation and implementation of land spatial planning.     

Definition and analysis of the circulation indices of polar vortex at 10 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere

A set of circulation indices are defined and calculated to characterize monthly mean polar vortex at 10 hPa geopotential height chart in the Northern Hemisphere,including area-(S),intensity-(P) and center position (λc,φc)-indices by use of 1948-2007 NCEP/NCAR 10 hPa monthly height data.These indices series are used to investigate the seasonal variation and interannual anomaly of polar vortex,along with the relations with global warming,ozone anomaly and Arctic Oscillation (AO).The results show that (1) there is anticyclonic (cyclonic) from Jun.to Aug.(from Sep.to Mar.).The change of spring circulation pattern is slower than that of autumn.(2) S can be replaced by P due to the interannual synchronal variations of the intensity and area for polar vortex.The interannual (interdecadal) variations of P are significant in Jan.(Jul.).(3) The anomalies of system center position in Jan.are more evident than that in Jul.(4) The variations of mean temperature at mid-stratosphere in the vicinity of pole zone in Jan.are different from that in Jul.,but they are synchronal with the corresponding P and not significant correlation with the trend of global warming.However,the relationship between P and total O3 in Jul.are obvious.(5) There is so notable correlation between P and AO that P can represent AO.     

Bio-geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in Hotan River Basin, Xinjiang

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamarix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground, and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub,which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages: growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrepant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.     

新疆和田河流域柽柳沙堆的生物地貌发育过程

柽柳沙堆是我国干旱区分布最为广泛的灌丛沙堆类型之一。在实地考察新疆和田河流 域柽柳生态地理特征、测量223 个柽柳沙堆形态, 并在两个野外观测点上实测4 个沙堆的风沙流剖面, 结合室内风洞实验段风速8 m/s 条件下模拟沙堆风流场结构等综合分析方法, 本文探讨了柽柳沙堆的生物地貌学特征及其发育过程。结果表明: 研究区柽柳的生态类型属于以胡杨林与灌木林下土壤为基础的吐加依土生境类型, 这个生境类型可以进一步划分为三个亚生境, 这些亚生境反映了柽柳沙堆不同发育阶段的生态环境特征。由于柽柳灌丛的寿命长、木质化枝干的刚性较强、根株萌发力强耐风蚀沙埋, 可对地面风沙流运行产生强烈扰动, 其风速剖面有别于芦苇沙堆和骆驼刺沙堆, 风流场结构有利于聚集风沙, 因此风沙依托柽柳灌丛堆积发育而成的柽柳沙堆平均坡度较大、沙堆存活与发育的周期也较长     

和田河流域灌(草)丛沙堆的形态特征与发育过程

灌 (草)丛沙堆形态是由区域植物、风力和沙源相互作用塑造的一种动力平衡形态。本文在对新疆和田河流域灌 (草)丛沙堆野外考察、形态测量和统计分析的基础上,探讨了该区灌 (草)丛沙堆的形态变化规律和不同发育阶段的特征,结果表明:各种灌 (草)丛沙堆的长度、宽度与高度之间存在着较好的相关性,但不同种类灌 (草)丛沙堆以及同一类型沙堆在不同发育阶段的形态特征存在一定差异;基于沙堆形态特征的数学模型分析,并结合区域生态环境和风沙环境特点,可把灌 (草)丛沙堆发育划分为各形态指标协同变化的增长阶段,以植物动力影响为主、长宽尺度均衡发展、坡度较大的稳定阶段,以及沙堆长度相对缩短、各形态指标关系趋于复杂的风蚀衰退阶段。     

Plant life in the Umm as Samim,Oman – A case study in a major inland sabkha

The Umm as Samim is a vast salt flat of central Oman, in which many wadis which flow south-westwards from the central sector of the northern mountains converge. Most of the area is devoid of vegetation due to extraordinary salinity (sabkha). Significant plant growth is possible chiefly on miniature dunes, called nabkhas, which enable the plants to prosper in an otherwise harsh environment.The site conditions are depicted by mapping of miniature dunes and vegetation, accompanied by an account of morphometric parameters, i.e. height of nabkha, height of plant growth, and status of plant life. Within the chosen sample plot, 12.3% of the sabkha is covered by nabkhas. The total plant cover amounts to 5.0%, but only 3.1% of it is alive, while 2.0% is dead or lifeless.Two nabkhas were longitudinally excavated to examine the salinity of soil samples in relation to dune structure and root and shoot system position. The salinity analysis was done via electrical conductivity (EC_{1:5 extract}). Extremely high EC values were found on current or former sabkha surfaces and on the periphery of nabkhas, whereas central nabkha parts and bottom soil offer more favourable salinity values for plant and root growth.     

新疆主要柽柳属植物(Tamarix L.)的生态类型划分与生境相似性研究

研究了新疆柽柳属植物的生态类型和生境相似性。根据水、盐两个环境因子,将新疆柽柳属植物的生境划分为高水位-低盐组、中高水位-中低盐组、高水位-中盐组、高水位-高盐组、低水位-低盐组和低水位-中盐组六个生境类型组。其下,按照土壤类型又划分成次一级共十个生境类型。此外,分析了新疆十种柽柳属植物生境相似性,使用聚类分析从土壤类型学角度又将新疆柽柳属植物初步确定出河谷河滩沙砾质新积土型、盐化草甸土型、风沙土型、典型盐土型和泛生境型五个基质生态类群。     

额济纳绿洲沙漠化对柽柳群落影响的研究

柽柳群落是黑河下游额济纳绿洲重要的荒漠河岸林，有河滩和沙地两个亚群系。通过对该区域的考察和对植物群落、土壤的取样分析，表明了在绿洲因水资源短缺而发生环境恶化的过程中，两个亚群系均产生了群落衰退，包括群落种类组成趋向柽柳单一种群，当年生物量占现存生物量比率下降，枝条枯死率上升，而群落盖度、植丛高度、丛幅等无显著变化，因此评估沙漠化的指标应以枝条枯死率为主。土壤表层盐分、有机质和机械组成在河滩系列变化较缓，沙地系列较强烈。在水资源持续短缺情况下，柽柳群落演替的最终结果是柽柳全部死亡后直接演变成裸地和流沙。柽柳群落是额济纳绿洲面积最大的群落类型，因而也是阻止、延缓绿洲沙漠化的最后防线，应注意保护和抚育。     

艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆风沙沉积记录的气候环境演化

选择位于西风区的新疆艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆为研究对象,利用光释光测年初步建立风沙沉积的时间序列,分析了风沙沉积粒度和地球化学元素两个环境代用指标的古气候意义,并通过区域对比和综合分析,初步建立区域风沙气候环境演变序列。结果表明:研究区灌丛沙堆主要发育于晚全新世,缺失早中全新世的风沙沉积。晚冰期以来,艾比湖地区的风沙气候环境演变经历了一系列冷湿（凉湿）-暖干（温干）的变化过程,其中暖干（温干）时期气候干旱,风力强劲,湖滨阶地主要发生风蚀过程,不利于灌丛沙堆的发育。晚全新世以来,艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆发育较普遍,风沙沉积至少记录了3次相对干旱期和3次相对湿润期。灌丛沙堆记录的风沙气候环境演化序列与北疆其他全新世沉积记录有较好的一致性,基本遵循晚次冰期以来气候变化的西风模式,同时也受到局地风沙地貌环境的影响。     

民勤绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林的时空变化及其驱动因素

柽柳属植物不仅是耐盐碱、耐干旱植物,同时也是最优良的防风固沙植物之一,曾在改善和维持民勤沙区生态环境中发挥了重要作用。在近40多年来,伴随民勤环境旱化,绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林呈现出退化过程,并表现出旱生、超旱生植物增加,林带变窄,柽柳高度降低,柽柳种群及其群落盖度降低和防风固沙功能减弱等特征。目前,坝区、泉山区和湖区柽柳荒漠林均出现退化,其中坝区退化最为严重,残余宽度仅有30~75 m,依靠农田灌溉外溢水生存,是民勤绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林发展的最终阶段。分析柽柳荒漠林时空变化的驱动因素,认为地表水消失是时空变化的诱导因素,地下水位下降和林地土壤水分减少是时空变化的主导因素,在地下水位下降到10 m的临界水位以下之前,地下水位起到主导作用;而下降到10 m以下之后,土壤水分起到主导作用。     

天山南麓山前平原土壤盐分空间异质性对植物群落组成及结构的影响

将轮台天山南麓山前平原中下部自北至南分为4个地貌带:洪水剥蚀带、溢出带、三角洲带及两河交汇区带。并以土壤电导作为积盐程度的指标,分析了天山南麓山前平原4个地貌带土壤盐的分布特征:溢出带和三角洲带土壤盐分含量高,两端洪水剥蚀带和两河交汇区带盐分含量低。物种多样性及物种组成分析结果表明,自北至南物种多样性及物种数量都在下降,洪水剥蚀带主要为柽柳群落、琵琶柴群落,溢出带主要为柽柳群落、盐节木群落、盐角草群落,三角洲带及两河交汇区均为柽柳群落。通过相关性分析,土壤盐分与群落物种多样性相关性不显著。但是,土壤盐渍化的变化明显影响到植物群落物种组成的变化、群落类型的空间分布和演替。     

荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落小气候特征研究

在内蒙古额济纳旗运用微气象学方法以多路传感器同步观测的方式对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林小气候进行了观测。对我国极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落内的小气候特征与空旷地的差异进行了初步的探讨,并分析了产生这些差异的原因。结果表明:荒漠河岸林具有独特的小气候作用。具有改变太阳辐射、调节近地层地表及地下温度、缩小温差、降低风速、增加土壤湿度和提高空气湿度等重要生态作用。(1)胡杨和柽柳群落均起到了改变太阳辐射的作用,林冠层顶部的太阳总辐射量月平均值分别为341.72MJ·m^-2、345.14MJ·m^-2,林冠遮蔽使胡杨和柽柳林内总辐射比林外分别减少49.8%、49.3%;(2)生长季胡杨和柽柳林内的气温均低于林外,胡杨林平均比对照低1.62℃,柽柳林平均比对照低0.83℃,而且森林覆盖率越高降温作用越明显;群落上层气温高于群落下层,气温随高度增加而增加;(3)林内平均大气相对湿度均高于林外,胡杨林生长季比对照平均高8.5%,柽柳林平均比对照大4.2%。胡杨林地空气相对湿度各月值高于柽柳林地,平均湿度比柽柳高4.33%;(4)柽柳林月平均土壤温度(19.43℃)高于胡杨林地(18.20℃);(5)林内风速低于林外,胡杨林地平均风速为0.33m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.7m·s^-1;柽柳林平均风速为0.72m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.31m·s^-1。胡杨林比柽柳林对风的阻挡作用强。