Wavelet analysis of quasi-3-year temperature oscillations in China in last 50 years, and predicted changes in the next 20 years

The wavelet analysis method is used to analyze the annual and winter temperature data of 98 observation stations in China in eight climate zones during the last 50 years （1961-2009）. The periodicities of temperature changes are investigated, and the possible temperature change trends in China in the next 20 years （2012-2029） are also predicted. Our results show that in the inter-annual temperature variability there are pervasive quasi-3- to quasi-4-year cycles, and these cycle changes are relatively steady. The periodic characteristics of the annual temperature changes are clearly different between northern and southern China, and our period superimposition extrapolation shows that both annual and winter temperatures in China will continue to increase in the next 20 years, more so in northern China and in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP） than in the southern region, except in the southwest. If temperatures follow historic increasing linear trends, the overall temper- ature is expected to increase by 1℃ between 2010 and 2029.     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of w...     

Synchronism of runoff response to climate change in Kaidu River Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China

The runoff in alpine river basins where the runoff is formed in nearby mountainous areas is mainly affected by temperature and precipitation.Based on observed annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff time-series datasets during 1958–2012 within the Kaidu River Basin,the synchronism of runoff response to climate change was analyzed and identified by applying several classic methods,including standardization methods,Kendall's W test,the sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test,wavelet power spectrum analysis,and the rescaled range(R/S) approach.The concordance of the nonlinear trend variations of the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff was tested significantly at the 0.05 level by Kendall's W method.The sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with those of annual mean temperature.The periodic characteristics of annual runoff were mainly consistent with annual precipitation,having synchronous 3-year significant periods and the same 6-year,10-year,and 38-year quasi-periodicities.While the periodic characteristics of annual runoff in the Kaidu River Basin tracked well with those of annual precipitation,the abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with the annual mean temperature,which directly drives glacier-and snow-melt processes.R/S analysis indicated that the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff will continue to increase and remain synchronously persistent in the future.This work can improve the understanding of runoff response to regional climate change to provide a viable reference in the management of water resources in the Kaidu River Basin,a regional sustainable socio-economic development.     

未来情境下中国高温的人口暴露度变化及影响因素研究（英文）

Overall population exposure is measured by multiplying the annual average number of extremely hot days by the number of people exposed to the resultant heat. Extreme heat is also subdivided into high temperature(HT) and extremely high temperature(EHT) in cases where daily maximum temperature exceeds 35℃ and 40℃, respectively. Chinese population exposure to HT and EHT over four periods in the future(i.e., 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2060–2081 and 2081–2100) were projected at the grid cell level in this study using daily maximum temperature based on an ensemble mean of 21 global climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario and with a population projection based on the A2 r socio-economic scenario. The relative importance of population and climate as drivers of population exposure was evaluated at different spatial scales including national and meteorological geographical divisions. Results show that, compared with population exposure seen during 1981–2010, the base period, exposure to HT in China is likely to increase by 1.3, 2.0, 3.6, and 5.9 times, respectively, over the four periods, while concomitant exposure to EHT is likely to increase by 2.0, 8.3, 24.2, and 82.7 times, respectively. Data show that population exposure to HT is likely to increase significantly in Jianghuai region, Southwest China and Jianghan region, in particular in North China, Huanghuai region, South China and Jiangnan region. Population exposure to EHT is also likely to increase significantly in Southwest China and Jianghan region, especially in North China, Huanghuai, Jiangnan, and Jianghuai regions. Results reveal that climate is the most important factor driving the level of population exposure in Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, and Jiangnan regions, as well as in South and Southwest China, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. Data show that the climatic factor is also most significant at the national level, followed by the interactive effect between population and climate. The rate of contribution of climate to national-level projected changes in exposure is likely to decrease gradually from ca. 70% to ca. 60%, while the rate of contribution of concurrent changes in both population and climate is likely to increase gradually from ca. 20% to ca. 40% over the four future periods in this analysis.     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of water discharge and sedi- ment load into the sea, which might be related to the periodic variations of El Nino and Southern Oscillation at long-term timescales. Variations of water discharge and sediment load were varying in various timescales, and their periodic variations were not significant during the 1970s-2000s due to strong human disturbances. (2) The long-term variation of water discharge and sediment load into the sea has shown a stepwise decrease since the 1950s due to the combined influences of human activities and precipitation decrease in the Yellow River Basin, and the human activities were the main cause for the decrease of water discharge and sediment load. (3) The water discharge and sediment load into the sea greatly influenced the evolution of the Yellow River Estuary, especially the stretch rate of coastline and the deposition rate of the sub-aqueous topography off the estuary which deposited since 1976.     

Study on time-spatial changes and sudden characteristic of Winter Mongolia High

Based on the 155 years global monthly mean sea surface pressure data （Jan. 1850-Dec. 2004） from Hadley Centre, the time spatial change and sudden characteristics of the Winter Mongolia High are studied. First, the winter SLP distribution in Asia and the North Pacific are analyzed by the EOF method. Second, main cycle sequences of the Winter Mongolia High are reconstructed by the Singular Spectrum Analysis method, with special emphasis on the interdecadal periodic changes. Finally, the abrupt climate change is examined by the Mann-Kendall method. Results show that the Winter Mongolia High has quasi-biennial oscillation and a 3-4-year cycle of interannual change, also has a decadal variation for the 13-14-year cycle and interdecadal cycles for 20-21 years and 35-36 years. The 20-21-year cycle of WMHI is of the opposite phase to Aleutian Low, while the 35-36-year cycle is of the same phase. Otherwise, a significant abrupt climate change point in 1927 has been detected.     

Effects of urbanization on daily temperature extremes in North China简

The regional changes of daily temperature extremes in North China caused by ur- banization are studied further from observed facts and model estimates on the basis of ho- mogenized daily series of maximum and minimum temperature observations from 268 mete- orological stations, NCEP/DOE AMIP- Ⅱ reanalysis data （R-2）, and the data of simulations by regional climate model （RegCM3）. The observed facts of regional warming on long time scales are obtained by analyzing the indices of temperature extremes during two time periods of 1961-2010 and 1951-2010. For urbanization effect, the contributions to decreases in an- nual and winter diurnal temperature range （DTR） are 56.0% and 52.9%, respectively, and increases in the lowest minimum temperature （TNn） are 35.7% and 26.2% by comparison of urban and rural observations. Obtained by R-2 data with observations for contrast, on the other hand, increase in the number of annual warm nights （TN90p） contributed by urbaniza- tion is 60.9%. And observed facts of regional warming in daily temperature extremes are also reflected in the simulations, but what difference is urbanization progress at rural areas in North China would be prominent in the next few years relative to urban areas to some extent from model estimates.     

Climatic response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width and precipitation reconstruction for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, since 1720

August-June precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1720 for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, by use ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains the variance of 39% in observed precipitation from 1973 to 2008. Some extremely dry/wet signals in historical documents and other precipitation reconstructions in previous studies are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of 1730 to 1746, 1789 to 1812, 1844 to 1903, 1920 to 1930, 1942 to 1961, and 1985 to 1998; while periods of 1747 to 1788, 1813 to 1843, 1904 to 1919, 1931 to 1941, and 1962 to 1984 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demon- strated the existence of significant 24-year, 12-year, and 2-year cycles of variability.     

黄河源区水资源变化及其影响因子

Taking the source region of the Yellow River as a study area and based on the data from Madoi Meteorological Station and Huangheyan Hydrological Station covering the period 1955-2005, this paper analyses the changing trends of surface water resources, climate and frozen ground and reveals their causes. Results show that there exist frequent fluctuations from high to low water flow in the 51-year period. In general, the discharge has shown a de- clining trend in the 51 years especially since the 1990s. The annual distribution shows one peak which, year on year is getting smaller. （1） Precipitation has a significant and sustained influence on discharge. （2） A sharp rise of temperature resulted in the increase of evaporation and the decrease of discharge, which has a greater effect than on ice-snow melting. （3） Frozen ground tends to be degraded markedly. There is a significant positive correlation be- tween the permafrost thickness and the discharge. （4） Evaporation rates are significantly increasing, leading to the decrease of discharge. 70% of the discharge reduction resulted from climate change, and the remaining 30% may have been caused by human activities.     

末次间冰段以来北极及北半球其他地区气候变化

Based on temperature reconstruction and proxy data from 14 sites in the Northern Hemisphere, this paper focused on comparing the cycles of temperature variations between the Arctic and other areas, including Atlantic, Europe, China, Asia, Pacific, Indian Ocean, and America during the transition from the last Interstade to the Last Glacial Maximum, from the Last Glacial Maximum to megathermal period in Holocene and the transition of the Little Ice Age （LIA） by the methods of Singular Spectrum Analysis （SSA） and Maximum Entropy Spectrum （MES）. The results showed that environmental changes in the Arctic are most similar to that in the North American and better similar to Asia, Atlantic and Pacific, the least similar to Indian Ocean and Europe. The 1500-year oscillation of temperature existed both in Arctic and Europe.     

January to August temperature variability since 1776 inferred from tree-ring width of Pinus tabulaeformis in Helan Mountain

Tree-ring standardized chronologies are developed by 78 cores collected from the eastern and western Helan Mountain. Statistical analysis shows that both the STD and RES chronologies correlate negatively with the temperature of different periods of early half year, especially with January to August mean (JA) temperature, which means that JA temperature is one of the predominant limiting factors of tree growth in the Helan Mountain. Based on this analysis, we reconstructed JA temperature, and the explained variance is 43.3% (F=21.422, p<0.001). The comparatively high temperature periods in the reconstruction were: 1805?1818, 1828–1857, 1899–1907, 1919–1931 and 1968–1995; and the comparatively low temperature periods happened in 1858–1872, 1883–1895 and 1935–1953. Ten-year moving average curve shows three slow uplifting trends: 1766–1853, 1862–1931 and 1944–1995. Each tem-perature increase was followed by a sudden temperature decrease about 10 years, that is to say, the JA temperature in the Helan Mountain is characterized by slow increase and sudden decrease. The 70- and 10.77-year periodicities detected in the temperature series correspond to the Gleissberg (80-year) and Schwabe (11-year) periodicities of solar activity respectively, the 2.11–2.62 years cycles are considered to be influenced by QBO (Quasi-Bie- nnial-Oscillation) and the local environmental change.     

油松树轮记录的1776年以来贺兰山地区气温变化

利用贺兰山东西坡78个油松树芯样本建立了标准年表,分析发现1~8月平均气温是树木宽度生长的重要限制因子之一,且有明确的树木生理学意义。在此基础上模拟重建了贺兰山地区1776~1999年1~8月平均气温,重建序列的解释方差为43.3% (F = 21.422,p < 0.001)。重建中相对高温的年份有：1805~1818, 1828~1857, 1899~1907, 1919~1931, 1968~1995;相对低温的时段为：1858~1872,1883~1895,1935~1953。重建气温10年滑动曲线表现出3个明显的气温缓慢上升阶段 (1766~1853,1862~1931,1944~1995),每个升温期之后随之而来的是10年左右的快速降温,即贺兰山1~8月气温有缓慢升温而后又快速降温的特点。功率谱分析表明1-8月气温存在70、10.77、2.62、2.19、2.11年的准周期。     

树轮记录的腾格里沙漠东缘1775-2005年降水变化

 利用采自腾格里沙漠东缘的贺兰山油松树轮样本,建立树轮宽度年表。通过相关普查发现,贺兰山油松树轮宽度差值年表与腾格里沙漠东缘当年5月至7月的降水存在显著的正相关,相关系数为0.606（P<0.001）。利用贺兰山北部的树轮宽度差值年表,可较好地重建腾格里沙漠东缘近231 a来当年5月至7月的降水变化,交叉检验表明,降水重建结果稳定可靠。通过与腾格里沙漠南缘地区树轮降水重建序列对比分析,发现腾格里沙漠边缘区的树轮重建降水的干湿阶段变化具有良好的同步性,并对西北地区极端干旱历史事件有良好响应。     

Precipitation variability in Hulunbuir,northeastern China since 1829 AD reconstructed from tree-rings and its linkage with remote oceans

Precipitation is the main factor limiting the radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in the Hulunbuir region, northeastern China. We used tree-ring width data to reconstruct precipitation from prior August to current July during the 1829–2009. The reconstruction was verified by the jackknife method, and accounts for 60.49% of the actual precipitation variance during their common period (1951–2009). Over the past 181 years, the climate in the Hulunbuir region has experienced distinct dry–wet alternations at the decadal scale. The Hulunbuir area experienced seven wet periods and seven dry periods, and there was no significant long-term increase or decrease in precipitation. The reconstructed precipitation sequence for Hulunbuir was largely consistent with the precipitation sequence of Helan Mountain and Baiyinaobao in China. Multi-taper method spectral analysis found periodicities of 18.6, 7.2, 4.0, 2.7–2.8, 2.4 and 2.2 years in 0.05 significant level and 10.2, 8.9, 5.0 and 2.0 years at 0.1 significant level. Our reconstructions are significantly correlated with the intensity of the East Asia Summer Monsoon, El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation.     

博尔塔拉河流域过去461 a夏季温度的重建和分析

 根据采自天山北坡西段博尔塔拉河流域树木年轮样本,建立了该流域的树木年轮年表序列。通过相关普查得出,该年表与夏季（7-8月）月平均温度存在明显的负相关关系,且具有明确的树木生理学意义。用然布尔萨依（t+2）,铁里门萨依（t+1）和阿合峡特（t+2）三个差值树轮年表可较好地重建该流域461 a来该时段的月平均温度,并通过交叉检验可知所构建的方程是稳定可靠的。通过分析发现,博尔塔拉河流域461 a来夏季月平均温度经历了27个偏暖阶段,存在11 a、12 a、13 a、22 a、27 a、40 a、72 a、93 a、94 a、95 a、146 a和147 a的周期变化； 461 a来博尔塔拉河流域夏季月平均温度序列在1696年、1838年、1842和1962年发生过气温突变。     

贺兰山银川段不同重现期山洪灾害风险与影响区划研究

为评估贺兰山银川段山洪灾害风险程度及其影响,利用高分辨率数字高程模型（DEM）、行政区划、水系和自动气象站历史降水数据,以及居民点、学校、桥梁等社会经济信息资料,采用FloodArea模型模拟与ArcGIS空间叠加统计分析相结合的方法,分析研究了贺兰山银川段不同重现期山洪灾害风险分布特征,及其对人口、土地利用和国内生产总值（GDP）的影响。结果表明：（1）贺兰山银川段10~100 a一遇山洪灾害低、中、高风险区面积分别为109.5~276.3 km²、45.0~231.0 km²、13.4~204.3 km²,同一风险等级的山洪灾害区划面积随着重现期增大呈显著增大趋势。（2）贺兰山10 a和20 a一遇山洪灾害风险区主要位于海拔1 130~1 450 m的山洪沟及其两侧区域,50 a一遇山洪灾害风险区主要集中在山洪沟下游和山前海拔1 130~1 180 m的冲击扇区,100 a一遇山洪灾害风险区覆盖整个山前海拔1 120~1 350 m的区域和冲击扇区。随着重现期增大,贺兰山山洪灾害风险区具有向上游（下游）区域扩展较慢（更快）的显著特征。（3）银川市受贺兰山10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a一遇山洪灾害影响总人口分别为7.30×10⁴人、9.87×10⁴人、1.65×10⁵人和2.39×10⁵人。随着山洪重现期增大,受灾害影响总人口呈显著增加趋势,低、中、高风险区受影响人口增速分别在-12.4%~20.5%、 48.6%~91.8%、163%~300%之间。（4）农田、草地受贺兰山山洪灾害影响最大,二者合计占受影响土地总面积的比例在82.1%~86.9%之间;其次是建设用地和耕地,两者占受影响土地总面积的比例在4.4%~9.1%和1.1%~4.6%之间,是银川市贺兰山山洪灾害防御的重点区域。（5）银川市受贺兰山10 a、20 a、50 a、100 a一遇山洪灾害中、高风险区影响的GDP合计分别为1.12×10⁹元、2.00×10⁹元、4.70×10⁹元、8.74×10⁹元;发生超50 a一遇山洪灾害时,沿山农业和工业产业、基础公共设施等会遭受较大经济损失。     

青海沙利克山祁连圆柏千年树轮宽度序列的变化特征

利用功率谱、奇异谱和小波分析等方法对在青海沙利克山建立的两条祁连圆柏 (Sabi naprzewalskiiKom )千年树轮宽度序列进行了变化特征的分析 ,发现在低频变化上都存在2 0 0年的最显著周期和百年左右的显著周期 ;各种周期存在不同的演变特征 ,2 0 0年周期在15～ 17世纪最为盛行 ,百年左右的周期变化自 18世纪初以来较为突出。 15世纪下半叶是轮宽序列千年来最突出的低值期 ,它主要体现了 2 0 0年周期的变化 ,而 2 0世纪后期的高值区则主要是百年左右周期变化的作用。轮宽序列的低频变化与太阳活动的长期变化之间存在较好的对应关系 ,说明祁连圆柏年轮宽度序列所指示的气候低频变化可能受太阳活动的影响。     

Sedimentary cladoceran assemblages and their functional attributes record late Holocene climate variability in southern Finland

We examined long-term relationships between Cladocera and limnogeological and climate variables in a late Holocene lake sediment sequence to assess cladoceran responses to climate change and reconstruct past climate variations in southern Finland, near the Baltic Sea coast. Elemental composition, organic matter, and inferred water quality variables were used to constrain paleoenvironmental (until 4500 cal BP) conditions and human impact. Fossil Cladocera assemblages, ephippia, and body size trends were utilized to estimate mean July air temperature (T _Jul) variability, open-water season length, and water-temperature regimes. Results revealed stable cladoceran communities, dominated by Eubosmina, until 500 cal BP, followed by major assemblage changes including increases in Chydorus cf. sphaericus, Alonella spp., and Bosmina longirostris. Pb and Cu concentrations were associated temporally with increasing human impact and warming climate during the past few centuries, and were the most significant factors in explaining cladoceran community changes, based on redundancy analysis. A Cladocera-based T _Jul reconstruction estimated elevated temperatures for the end of the Holocene Thermal Maximum, a cooler period during ~3000–2000 cal BP, slightly increased temperatures during 1200–800 cal BP corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), and lower temperatures during the Little Ice Age (LIA), 800–200 cal BP. The reconstruction also suggests that significant climate warming took place during the twentieth century. Cladocerans mostly associated with warm periods included B. longirostris and Pleuroxus uncinatus, whereas Alona affinis, A. quadrangularis, and C. cf. sphaericus were associated with colder climate. Compared to a reference Chironomidae-inferred T _Jul reconstruction from the same region, discrepancies were apparent in amplitude of temperature change, as the temperature variability in the cladoceran-based record was muted until ~200 cal BP. During the LIA, increased ephippia and body size agreed with the temperature reconstruction, but suggested a severely shorter open-water season and reduced water temperatures compared to the preceding late Holocene episodes, even though the cladoceran T _Jul showed quite similar temperatures for these periods. Our results suggest that fossil cladoceran assemblages, ephippia, and morphological attributes respond sensitively to long-term climate fluctuations and this record reflects well the major climate events of the late Holocene and provides realistic paleoclimatic estimates for maritime southern Finland.     

利用树木年轮重建嫩江上游近200 a来1~3月径流量

嫩江是东北地区最重要的河流之一,了解嫩江长期水文变化规律,对嫩江流域林业、农牧业生产具有重要意义。通过对嫩江上游4个地点兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）树轮年表与气候水文数据分析,发现4个地点的平均年表与1~3月平均径流量有着极显著关系。因此,基于树轮宽度重建了嫩江上游1804年以来1~3月平均径流量,重建方程解释了43.9%的径流变异,经检验证明重建结果可靠。重建嫩江径流变化表明：1804年以来,嫩江流域上游1~3月份径流经历了6个偏枯和7个偏丰阶段。同时,嫩江上游径流量存在60、4.3~4.0、3.4~3.2、3.1~2.9和2.3 a的变化周期。在19世纪初至20世纪初嫩江1~3月流量的变化幅度较小,而20世纪中后期变化幅度较大。另外,重建结果与黑龙江省历史记载的旱涝时期比较吻合。     

天山北坡西部树木年轮对气候因子的响应分析及气温重建

利用博尔塔拉蒙古自治州三个采点的树轮宽度年表,通过相关和响应面分析的方法,分析三个树木年轮宽度对气候因子的响应。分析表明,三个年表与博州地区的年平均最低气温和7月降水量呈较显著的正相关,且呈现相同的响应,仅在气温偏低时,三个年表响应不一致。通过分析,选择年最低气温作为重建对象,具有明显的树木生理学意义。利用树轮年表重建了博州1576—2002年的年最低气温,通过逐一剔除检验,发现重建值稳定可靠。在427 a中,存在2~3 a和40~50 a左右的周期性振荡,1631年、1832年 、1920年和1961年左右发生过突变。