新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究

在文化全球化大背景下,宗教地理研究具有越来越重要的现实意义。国外宗教地理学研究在新文化地理学思潮的影响下,促生出许多新的议题和研究方向。本文依循于人文地理学中地方、景观、现代性和尺度这4 个重要概念,梳理了国外近10 年宗教地理学研究的新进展。发现其研究议题主要集中于日益重视对“非正式神圣”场所的探讨;基于人本主义研究范式下的神圣地依恋研究;随着跨国主义兴起的宗教移民身份和认同研究;宗教文化景观所暗含的政治和象征性意义的解读;宗教的多尺度分析,以及神圣与世俗间的互动分析等等。在总结国外宗教地理研究的新态势的基础上,对宗教的定义、宗教地理学与宗教性地理学的辩证关系、宗教地理学的研究趋势等进行了探讨和反思,以期为中国包括民间信仰在内的广义宗教地理的本土研究提供新的借鉴。     

我国宗教地理学发展大势与前景

宗教地理学是人文地理学中最薄弱的分支学科之一，改革开放以来宗教地理学开始发展，但教学和科研都不尽如人意。国际国内社会发展的形势要求宗教地理学加快发展。本文回顾了我国宗教地理学发展大势，提出了宗教地理学今后教学与研究的主要问题。     

我国宗教地理学发展大势与前景

宗教地理学是人文地理学中最薄弱的分支学科之一，改革开放以来宗教地理学开始发展，但教学和科研都不尽如人意。国际国内社会发展的形势要求宗教地理学加快发展。本文回顾了我国宗教地理学发展大势，提出了宗教地理学今后教学与研究的主要问题。     

二十世纪宗教地理学的发展与现状

一、历史发展自古以来,地理就与宗教有密切联系,这种联系可追朔到古希腊时代。二十世纪是宗教地理学富于变化的时代,但在一些方面仍保留和继续着原有的研究内容。归纳起来,我们可以把这些变化分成几个各具特征的阶段。1.环境决定论阶段宗教地理学中的环境决定论观点是原有观点的承袭。     

地理学的特点

现代地理学强调过程与演变的研究,在定量研究方面取得了显著的进步。但在热衷于建立各种模型时,地理学的特点或性质却被忽视,这在国内尤其明显。认识地理学的本质特点,对于学习地理学、发展地理学科和从事地理学研究非常重要。地理学的特点可概括为4方面:即地理学是“研究行星地球表面的科学”、“研究关系的科学”、“强调位置的科学”和“考察分布的科学”。这4个方面缺少任何一方,都不能反映有别于其他任何学科的地理学自身的特点。     

行为地理学理论与方法的跨学科应用研究

行为地理学围绕空间与行为间的关系这一学科核心,不断完善理论基础、深化研究方法、拓展研究议题,逐渐走向多元化和社会化,发展成为人文地理学的重要分支学科,其理论、方法以及相应的成果也被广泛应用于诸多领域的研究与实践中。论文首先对行为地理学研究在理论、方法和应用方面的跨学科基础进行梳理,进而从城市规划与设计、移动性规划与管理和社会可持续发展与治理3个方面阐述行为地理学与不同学科相结合的应用,试图探讨行为主义思想对于地理学和相邻学科产生的影响,厘清围绕行为地理学开展应用研究的学科交叉脉络,进一步推进行为地理学的跨学科发展,探索未来的研究与应用方向。     

国际社会文化地理学研究发展与启示——基于Social and Cultural Geography论文统计分析

Social and Cultural Geography(简称为SCG)是国际社会文化地理学研究领域的旗帜性刊物。采用文本分析的研究方法,辅助运用Citespace、Histcite等分析软件,在讨论社会文化地理学与文化地理学关系的基础上,从发文作者、研究区域空间、研究热点、研究理论基础、资料收集方法、资料分析及展现形式等方面,对SCG创刊以来所有文章进行了分析与总结。结果发现:SCG作为一个国际性社会文化地理学研究刊物,其载文量持续上升且研究区域与文章来源出现了全球化的趋势。在研究热点方面,由空间、地方、文化等传统话题向物质文化地理学、少数群体及公共政策等方面的转向较为明显,权力、认同、记忆、家、流动性、种族、宗教、性别、音乐、食物、教育等成为新的研究热点。研究方法以定性为主,主要采用访谈、民族志(人种志)、参与式观察与焦点小组等资料收集方法和文本分析、分析性比较、例证法等资料分析手段。在资料佐证形式表达方面,相比于中国,西方社会文化地理学研究中资料表现更趋于多元,文字资料、照片、地图等都是使用较多的佐证资料。希望通过对西方经典杂志相关文献梳理,从研究热点到研究方法的选择等方面能够对中国社会文化地理学研究提供一定启示。     

从地理科学的发展趋势看教育地理学的研究

教育地理学在中国的提出时间虽然不长,但教育地理学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。然而当前地理学者很少涉猎这一研究领域,这与教学地理学应有的地位和作用是十分不相称的。在总结分析地理科学的发展趋势的基础上,通过研读罗明东教授的著作,初步探讨了教育地理学的研究对象、学科性质和研究内容,并提出今后地理学者应该重视教育现象的地域分异规律、区域教育可持续发展及其协调、教育活动对地理环境的影响3个方面的研究,从而在这些方面寻求教育地理学研究上的突破。     

旅游地理学在中国的发展回顾

全面回顾了我国旅游地理学近２０年的来的发展历程,阐述了三个发展阶段的主要特点和所取得成绩,并对旅游地理学主要研究领域的理论和方法进展和旅游地理学教育和人才培养等方面进行了评述,章最后总结了旅游地理学发展的经验,认为地理学的旅游应用拓展,既推动了旅游地理学这门发支学科在中国的形成和发展,也将促进地理学本身的建设和发展。     

灵性与世俗主义、全球主义与民族主义的平衡 ——学校中的认同、融合和公民身份地理

过去十年来,教育地理学逐渐受到研究者的广泛关注。从地理学视角来关注教育问题,不同的研究动机催生了不同的研究方法。首先,通过宏观的政治经济或“外向视角”研究方法来考察教育体制,展现的是更广泛的社会、经济和政治进程;其次,微观的社会文化或“内向视角”研究方法则强调校内空间的社会差异以及家庭和教育空间之间的联系。后者在对教育经验的理解方面,承认孩子和年轻人心声的重要性。本文基于已有的教育地理学研究,以地理学关注较少或尚未关注的国际学校和宗教学校作为考察案例,提出构建一个多尺度框架来分析前者,构建一个关联式框架来解释后者。     

中国宗教版图演变的时空分析

基于中国宗教场所数据,以市为研究单元,以佛教、道教、伊斯兰教和基督教为研究对象,应用数理统计和空间分析相结合的方法,剖析了以宗教场所为代表的中国宗教版图分布的时空变化,揭示了中国主要宗教的分布规律及发展趋势。结果表明：建国后特别是改革开放以来,中国宗教得到了长足发展;中国宗教场所发展不平衡,不同宗教间、不同区域间发展差异较大;不同宗教采取的扩张模式和扩张策略有所不同,主导了宗教空间格局的时空演化,优势宗教区域空间格局变化明显;汉族地区和少数民族地区形成了不同的宗教景观;不同宗教存在过度集聚和急剧扩张现象;不同区域的不同宗教亦呈现了不同的发展模式。     

The Geography of Religious Affiliation in Scotland

Academic study of the relationships between geography and religion constitutes a long‐established subfield of cultural geography. The tradition is particularly strong in the United States where the seminal work of the Berkeley School stimulated a wealth of research on mapping the religious landscapes of North America. Religion has received far less attention within British human geography, due, in part, to the marginal position of religion within cultural geography and, in particular, to the absence of reliable, comprehensive data on religious affiliation. The present research overcomes these ideological and methodological obstacles to advance knowledge of the geography of religion in the United Kingdom. Employing data from the latest Census of Population, embedded within an established tradition of mapping geographies of religion, the research provides detailed analysis of the geography of religious affiliation in Scotland at the advent of the twenty‐first century.     

地理环境和地方文脉中的地理建筑——概念和进展(英文)

In today's world, where re-examination has been given to cultural globalization, the relationship between architectures and specific regions is one of many specific issues. At this time, the study of architecture from the perspective of geography has significant meaning for treasuring regional characteristics and protecting the essence of ethnic culture. The study of geo-architecture includes two aspects: the influence of geographical environment upon architecture and reflexively, architectural responses to geographical environment. In "Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China's Geographic and Historic Context Series"(4 volumes), published by Springer Nature in 2016, the contents of "geo-architecture" has been interpreted from various angles as form, function, semantics and symbol. This book is the first to be entitled "Geo-Architecture", which studies the relationship between geography and architecture from the perspective of geographical environment and historical context in China. The book's research reveals the influences of different geographical scales, such as zone(macro), region(middle) and site(micro) scales, on architecture; it discusses dynamic and systematic thought, including such research elements as "Object-Subject-Time", and it reflects views on pattern and process of cultural landscape. Research on geo-architecture aims to help construct the security pattern of the cultural landscape for the new requirements of a new era, which is used to optimize spacial structure, stimulate heritage conservation and renewal, respect the geographical environment, pay attention to historical culture and sustain emotional memory.     

科学地理学的理论基础及其研究内容与学科性质

在科学与技术是不同的知识形态,科学史研究的地理思潮转向,地理学向“软”的一面转向并关注社会,科学史研究的地理思潮倾向于关注“社会→地理→科学”关系的历史解释,地理学家在科学史的地理解释思想上的贡献等理论基础上,拙文主要阐述科学地理学这一新学科在建构“科学—地理—社会”关系体系上的独特性:①建构关注过去的、现在的及未来的“社会→地理→科学”关系;②践行“以任务带动学科”和“任务学科并重”的地理学发展方略,主要建构“科学→地理→社会”关系;③聚焦于科学活动因素的区域性,注重区域相关性分析方法论。基于这种独特性和地理学方法论精髓,科学地理学研究的内容体系包括:①科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构;②科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构与地理环境、经济、技术、社会、文化等结构要素的时空结构及其相互关系;③科学研究及其组织与传播对自然景观、社会景观、文化景观等的影响;④科学研究及其组织与传播对“人地关系地域系统”演进的影响。科学地理学的理论基础、建构“科学—地理—社会”关系的独特性和研究内容决定了科学地理学的交叉性、综合性和区域性,这与地理学特征是一致的,促进着现代地理学微观上的“深”化发展和宏观上的“综合”发展。     

Born of geographical environment,coloring for regional context: Concept and progress of geo-architecture

In today’s world, where re-examination has been given to cultural globalization, the relationship between architectures and specific regions is one of many specific issues. At this time, the study of architecture from the perspective of geography has significant meaning for treasuring regional characteristics and protecting the essence of ethnic culture. The study of geo-architecture includes two aspects: the influence of geographical environment upon architecture and reflexively, architectural responses to geographical environment. In “Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context Series” (4 volumes), published by Springer Nature in 2016, the contents of “geo-architecture” has been interpreted from various angles as form, function, semantics and symbol. This book is the first to be entitled “Geo-Architecture”, which studies the relationship between geography and architecture from the perspective of geographical environment and historical context in China. The book’s research reveals the influences of different geographical scales, such as zone (macro), region (middle) and site (micro) scales, on architecture; it discusses dynamic and systematic thought, including such research elements as “Object-Subject-Time”, and it reflects views on pattern and process of cultural landscape. Research on geo-architecture aims to help construct the security pattern of the cultural landscape for the new requirements of a new era, which is used to optimize spacial structure, stimulate heritage conservation and renewal, respect the geographical environment, pay attention to historical culture and sustain emotional memory.     

20世纪80年代以来中国经济地理学的微观研究进展（英文）

Micro-perspective studies on economic geography in China can be classified into geography of the enterprise, geography of the rural household, and small-scale studies on economic activities. Literature on geography of the enterprise includes spatial expansion of the enterprise, industrial location, firm's networks, industrial relocation, industrial clusters, and the relationship between industrial organizations and the environment. Studies on geography of the rural household(GRH) include the theoretical framework of GRH, the locations of rural economic activities, and the interrelation between rural households and geographical environment. Small-scale studies focus on human-land interaction from a land plot perspective, relations between specialized villages and the environment, and regional sustainable development research at site-specific scale. Micro-perspective studies on economic geography attempt to search for the basic unit of economic-geographical landscape, exploring the geographical process and the formation mechanism of geographical phenomena. The exploration of these three perspectives anticipates new approaches to economic-geographical studies with China's special background.     

中国自然地理学综合研究的回顾与展望（英文）

Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950 s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities:(1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes;(2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change;(3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system;(4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective;(5) integration of multi-source data and model development;(6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and(7) important global issues and relevant international programs.     

Integrated studies of physical geography in China: Review and prospects

Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities: (1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes; (2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change; (3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system; (4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective; (5) integration of multi-source data and model development; (6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and (7) important global issues and relevant international programs.     

计算机网络信息空间(Cyberspace)的人文地理学研究进展与展望

探讨由于计算机网络技术迅猛发展而带来的网络虚拟信息空间的地理研究、尤其是人文地理学研究这一崭新问题的研究意义，对国内外研究现状进行较广的综述，并提出近期研究的目标、研究的基本内容、研究方法、近期研究的重点问题。