青藏工程走廊多年冻土段植被覆盖度动态快速测量方法研究

植被盖度的变化动态可以在一定程度上反映气候环境的变化,是表征生态环境变化特征的一个直接的主导性指标, 对其测量的准确性可以在很大程度上影响对生态环境变化预报的精度。本研究利用普通照相法结合数字图像处理技术对青藏铁路和青藏公路沿线多年冻土段高寒植被的盖度进行调查研究, 并与传统的目估法、目视解译法进行了对比, 在此基础上对青藏工程走廊多年冻土段植被盖度进行简单评估。结果表明, 无论是青藏铁路沿线还是青藏公路沿线, 用模型处理法和目视解译法得到的植被盖度结果之间相关系数都最高,分别为R2=0.96和R2=0.97;比较结果表明, 用模型处理法比用简单目测法获得的植被盖度更接近实际覆盖度, 说明模型处理法适合应用于青藏工程走廊多年冻土段植被覆盖度动态快速测量。     

Freeze-thaw processes of active-layer soils in the Nanweng'he River National Natural Reserve in the Da Xing'anling Mountains,northern Northeast China

The active-layer soils overlying the permafrost are the most thermodynamically active zone of rock or soil and play important roles in the earth-atmosphere energy system. The processes of thawing and freezing and their associated complex hydrothermal coupling can significantly affect variation in mean annual temperatures and the formation of ground ice in permafrost regions. Using soil-temperature and-moisture data obtained from the active layer between September 2011 and October 2014 in the permafrost region of the Nanweng'he River in the Da Xing'anling Mountains, the freeze-thaw characteristics of the permafrost were studied. Based on analysis of ground-temperature variation and hydrothermal transport characteristics, the thawing and freezing processes of the active layer were divided into three stages:(1) autumn-winter freezing,(2) winter freeze-up, and(3) spring-summer thawing. Variations in the soil temperature and moisture were analyzed during each stage of the freeze-thaw process, and the effects of the soil moisture and ground vegetation on the freeze-thaw are discussed in this paper. The study's results show that thawing in the active layer was unidirectional, while the ground freezing was bidirectional(upward from the bottom of the active layer and downward from the ground surface).During the annual freeze-thaw cycle, the migration of soil moisture had different characteristics at different stages. In general, during a freezing-thawing cycle, the soil-water molecules migrate downward, i.e., soil moisture transports from the entire active layer to the upper limit of the permafrost. In the meantime, freeze-thaw in the active layer can be significantly affected by the soil-moisture content and vegetation.     

青海高寒草甸退化演替中的植被指数

随着气候变化和人为活动干扰,高寒草甸退化已成为青藏高原严重的生态环境问题,精准识别其退化程度并制定相应恢复策略,对实现高寒草甸可持续发展具有重要意义。目前,低空间分辨率MODIS数据为草地遥感监测的主要数据源,但难以满足景观破碎度或异质性较强地区的应用。本研究基于野外调查资料,利用多源遥感数据（MODIS、Landsat、Sentinel-2）研究不同空间分辨率归一化植被指数（NDVI）对高寒草甸退化演替的响应,为准确评估青藏高原高寒草甸退化程度提供依据。结果表明：（1）随着高寒草甸退化,植被群落优势种演化趋势为禾草—矮嵩草—小嵩草—杂草群落;植被高度和生物量先快速下降,然后缓慢下降或趋于稳定,植被覆盖度和NDVI的变化呈相反特征。（2）随着湿地草甸旱化,植被群落优势种从藏嵩草演变为矮嵩草或小嵩草,湿地旱化初期植被高度、生物量和覆盖度平均值略低于原生湿地,NDVI略大于原生湿地,差异不显著。（3）植被高度、覆盖度和生物量与Sentinel-2或Landsat的NDVI相关性均优于MODIS,说明Sentinel-2和Landsat的NDVI对高寒草甸退化演替过程更加敏感,采用该数据能更准确评估高寒草甸退化程度。     

基于Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2协同反演干旱区地表土壤水分--以格尔木河中下游为例

摘要：土壤水分是全球水循环的重要组成成分,对研究土壤水分的空间分布、农作物长势和产量 、气候变化、水资源时空分布等有着重要意义 。本文利用Sentinel（哨兵）系列主动微波雷达卫星SAR（Sentinel-1）结合光学卫星（Sentinel-2）对格尔木中下游低矮植被覆盖下的地表土壤水分进行反演研究, 探讨不同极化组合方式和水云模型前后的土壤水分含量反演方法的适用性。结果表明：其中VV (VV Polarization) 极化对比VH (VH Polarization) 极化更加适用该区域,VV极化结合归一化水指数 (NDWI）反演地表土壤水分精度达到42.6%,拟合精度最高,VH极化仅为22.6%;利用水云模型去除植被覆盖后对地表土壤水分的反演精度有所提升,其中,VV极化精度提高约3.5%,VH极化提高1.5%;Sentinel系列卫星影像对于干旱区的土壤水分的反演具有较好的适用性。本文旨在探索一种适用于该研究区乃至柴达木盆地土壤水分实现大面积实时监测的可靠依据和手段。     

2000—2015年中蒙俄经济走廊东段冻土时空变化及植被响应

中蒙俄经济走廊东段位于欧亚大陆多年冻土区东南缘及森林线南界接近区,冻土及生态环境脆弱。本文基于MERRA-Land陆面模式离线运行产品分析了中蒙俄经济走廊东段2000—2015年间冻土冻融的时空变化模式,以及冻土变化对返青期和全年不同阶段植被生长状态的影响。研究表明：2000—2015年间研究区多年冻土及季节冻土均持续退化,时间上主要表现为冻土提前解冻、延迟冻结;空间上主要表现为多年冻土南界的多年冻土退化和季节冻土下限抬升,及连续多年冻土南界的活动层加厚。解冻始日是森林地区植被返青的主控要素,林下冻土解冻对土壤含水量的增加及沼泽湿地的隔热蓄水功能影响了森林地区植被的生长。但随着多年冻土南界森林及林下泥炭地演替为草甸和农田,多年冻土退化,进一步促进林下沼泽湿地的消失。探讨冻土退化与生态环境之间的协同关系,有助于识别气候变暖和人类活动叠加影响下的冻土退化脆弱区以及生态环境敏感区。     

A full-scale field experiment to study the thermal-deformation process of widening highway embankments in permafrost regions

As one of the widely used upgrading way in road engineering, the widening embankment(WE) has suffered evident differential deformation, which is even severer for highway in permafrost regions due to the temperature sensitivity of frozen soil and the heat absorption effect of the asphalt pavement. Given this issue, a full-scale experimental highway of WE was performed along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH) to investigate the differential deformation features and its developing law. The continuous three years' monitoring data taken from the experimental site, including the ground temperature and the layered deformation of WE and original embankment(OE), were used to analyze the thermal-deformation process. The results indicate that the widening part presented the remarkable thermal disturbance to the existing embankment(EE). The underlying permafrost was in a noteworthy degradation state, embodying the apparent decrease of the permafrost table and the increase of the ground temperature. Correspondingly, the heat disruption induced by widening led to a much higher deformation at the widening side compared to the original embankment, showing a periodic stepwise curve. Specifically, the deformation mainly occurred in the junction of the EE and the widening part, most of which was caused by the thawing consolidation near the original permafrost table. In contrast, the deformation of EE mainly attributed to the compression of the active layer. Furthermore, it was the deformation origination differences that resulted in the differential deformation of WE developed gradually during the monitoring period, the maximum of which reached up to 64 mm.     

基于Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2协同反演干旱区地表土壤水分——以格尔木河中下游为例

土壤水分是全球水循环的重要组成成分,对研究水分的空间分布、农作物长势和产量、气候变化、水资源时空特征等有着重要意义.利用Sentinel(哨兵)系列主动微波雷达卫星SAR(Sentinel-1)结合光学卫星(Sentinel-2)对格尔木中下游低矮植被覆盖下的地表土壤水分进行反演研究,探讨不同极化组合方式和水云模型前后...     

Characteristics of permafrost degradation in Northeast China and its ecological effects: A review

Latitudinal permafrost in Northern Northeast(NNE)China is located in the southern margin of the Eurasian continent,and is very sensitive to climatic and environmental change.Numerical simulations indicate that air temperature in the permafrost regions of Northeast China has been on the rise since the 1950s,and will keep rising in the 21st century,leading to extensive degradation of permafrost.Permafrost degradation in NNE China has its own characteristics,such as northward shifts in the shape of a"W"for the permafrost southern boundary(SLP),discontinuous permafrost degradation into islandlike frozen soil,and gradually disappearing island permafrost.Permafrost degradation leads to deterioration of the ecological environment in cold regions.As a result,the belt of larch forests dominated by Larix gmelinii has shifted northwards and wetland areas with symbiotic relationships with permafrost have decreased significantly.With rapid retreat and thinning of permafrost and vegetation change,the CO2 and CH4 flux increases with mean air temperature from continuous to sporadic permafrost areas as a result of activity of methanogen enhancement,positively feeding back to climate warming.This paper reviews the features of permafrost degradation,the effects of permafrost degradation on wetland and forest ecosystem structure and function,and greenhouse gas emissions on latitudinal permafrost in NNE China.We also put forward critical questions about the aforementioned effects,including:(1)establish long-term permafrost observation systems to evaluate the distribution of permafrost and SLP change,in order to study the feedback of permafrost to climate change;(2)carry out research about the effects of permafrost degradation on the wetland ecosystem and the response of Xing'an larch to global change,and predict ecosystem dynamics in permafrost degradation based on long-term field observation;(3)focus intensively on the dynamics of greenhouse gas flux in permafrost degradation of Northeast China and the feedback of greenhouse gas emissions to climate change;(4)quantitative studies on the permafrost carbon feedback and vegetation carbon feedback due to permafrost change to climate multi-impact and estimate the balance of C in permafrost regions in the future.     

Analysis about the influence on the thermal regime in permafrost regions with different underlying surfaces

In the last several decades, the underlying surface conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have changed dramatically, causing permafrost degradation due to climate change and human activities. This change severely influenced the cold regions environment and engineering infrastructure built above permafrost. Permafrost is a product of the interaction between the atmosphere and the ground. The formation and change of permafrost are determined by the energy exchange between earth and atmosphere system. Fieldwork was performed in order to learn how land surface change influenced the thermal regime in permafrost regions. In this article, the field data observed in the Fenghuo Mountain regions was used to analyze the thermal conditions under different underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results show that underlying surface change may alter the primary energy balance and the thermal conditions of permafrost. The thermal flux in the permafrost regions is also changed, resulting in rising upper soil temperature and thickening active layer. Vegetation could prevent solar radiation from entering the ground, cooling the ground in the warm season. Also, vegetation has heat insulation and heat preservation functions related to the ground surface and may keep the permafrost stable. Plots covered with black plastic film have higher temperatures compared with plots covered by natural vegetation. The reason is that black plastic film has a low albedo, which could increase the absorbed solar radiation, and also decrease evapotranspiration. The ＂greenhouse effect＂ of transparent plastic film might effectively reduce the emission of long-wave radiation from the surface, decreasing heat loss from the earth＇s surface, and prominently increasing ground surface temperature.     

三江源生态保护和建设一期工程生态成效评估

基于生态系统结构--服务动态过程趋势分析,针对生态保护与建设工程预期目标,构建了由生态系统结构,质量,服务及其变化因素构成的生态成效评估指标体系,研究发展野外观测,遥感监测和生态过程定量模拟一体化的监测评估技术体系,评估了三江源生态保护和建设一期工程的生态成效.结果表明:工程实施8年以来,三江源区宏观生态状况趋好但尚未达到1970s比较好的生态状况,草地持续退化趋势得到初步遏制但难以达到预期"草地植被盖度提高平均20%~40%"的目标,水体与湿地生态系统整体有所恢复,生态系统水源涵养和流域水供给能力提高,区域水源涵养量达到了增加13.20亿m³目标;重点工程区内生态恢复程度好于非工程区,除了气候影响以外,工程的实施对促进植被恢复具有明显而积极的作用;然而,草地退化局面没有获得根本性扭转,工程实施尚未遏制土壤水蚀增加趋势,一期工程局部性和初步性特点突显出三江源区生态保护任务的长期性和艰巨性.     

黑河流域中游荒漠典型区域植被生物量及其影响因素

以黑河流域中游荒漠区地表植被和土壤水分2008—2016年长期定位监测数据为依据,深入分析了试验区植被高度、盖度、密度和土壤水分变化对植被地上生物量的影响,确定了各相关因子的贡献率,为黑河流域荒漠化区生态治理提供数据支撑。结果表明：龙首荒漠区9年间的生物量变幅85.8—214.6 g·m^-2,2015年的群落平均盖度和生物量最大,分别为33.7%和214.6 g·m^-2,群落密度对生物量的年际变化贡献大,贡献率27%,群落高度、10—20 cm层次土壤水分对生物量的年际变化贡献次之,贡献率14%;西洞荒漠区生物量变幅55.1—109.8 g·m^-2,群落盖度、植株密度和高度等生物因子对其生物量的年际变化影响较小,而0—40 cm层次土壤含水量的变化对西洞荒漠区生物量年际变化的贡献较大,为20%以上。     

2000-2015年毛乌素沙区植被覆盖度变化趋势

毛乌素沙区是中国生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,土地沙漠化严重,近年来国家和地方政府实施了一系列生态保护与建设工程。利用2000-2015年MODIS13Q1 NDVI产品、年平均气温、年降水量数据,采用回归分析方法和显著性检验,对毛乌素沙区植被覆盖度变化趋势及其对气温、降水变化的响应进行了分析研究。结果表明：（1）毛乌素沙区植被覆盖度总体由东向西呈减少趋势,大部分区域植被覆盖度在30%以下,沙地腹地依然明显存在极低植被覆盖的流沙区。（2）21世纪以来毛乌素沙区植被覆盖度总体呈增加趋势,但空间差异明显。中东部大部分地区及腹地流动沙带之间植被覆盖度呈显著、极显著增加趋势;西部西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原区植被覆盖度变化不显著;植被覆盖度变化显著或极显著减小的地区极少,呈点状零散分布。（3）毛乌素沙区植被覆盖度对气温和降水响应的敏感性存在空间差异,且存在时滞性差异。东部黄土高原过渡区和西部西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原区植被对降水和气温的响应敏感,植被覆盖度的变化与气温和降水因子呈显著相关关系;毛乌素沙地主体区植被覆盖度变化与当年总降水量和年平均气温相关性不强,但与时滞降水的相关系数显著增大,可能与毛乌素沙地土壤质地和植被类型对降水的分配与利用方式有关。     

Estimating interaction between surface water and groundwater in a permafrost region of the northern Tibetan Plateau using heat tracing method

Understanding the interaction between groundwater and surface water in permafrost regions is essential to study flood frequencies and river water quality, especially in the high latitude/altitude basins. The application of heat tracing method,based on oscillating streambed temperature signals, is a promising geophysical method for identifying and quantifying the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Analytical analysis based on a one-dimensional convective-conductive heat transport equation combined with the fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing method was applied on a streambed of a mountainous permafrost region in the Yeniugou Basin, located in the upper Heihe River on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that low connectivity existed between the stream and groundwater in permafrost regions.The interaction between surface water and groundwater increased with the thawing of the active layer. This study demonstrates that the heat tracing method can be applied to study surface water-groundwater interaction over temporal and spatial scales in permafrost regions.     

近30年来青藏高原西大滩多年冻土变化

结合1975年已有勘探资料,对青藏高原多年冻土北界西大滩进行了雷达勘探。勘探发现,近30年来青藏高原多年冻土北界发生较大规模的多年冻土退化,多年冻土面积从1975年的160.5 km²退化成现在的141.0 km²,缩小约12%;开始出现多年冻土的最低高程为4 385 m,比1975年升高了25 m。近30年来研究区的气候变化是造成北界多年冻土退化的主要原因。相同气候背景下,多年冻土腹部地温有升高,但在30年尺度上不会发生明显的退化。本次冻土区域调查的结果可为检验冻土－气候关系模型的可靠与否提供依据。     

基于Sentinel-2遥感时间序列植被物候特征的盐城滨海湿地植被分类

滨海湿地是具有重要功能的特殊海陆过渡带生态系统,精准获取滨海湿地植被时空分布信息具有重要意义。传统的湿地遥感观测研究集中于高空间、高光谱分辨率影像分类,往往受限于数据成本和覆盖范围,仅适用于小区域湿地监测。Sentinel-2A/B卫星影像时空分辨率高且免费共享,为大区域滨海湿地动态监测提供了可能。本文采用2018年Sentinel-2影像,提出像元级SAVI时间序列及双Logistic植被物候特征拟合重构模型,采用随机森林算法进行盐城滨海湿地植被分类,探讨Sentinel-2遥感时间序列植被物候特征分类方法的适用性。结果显示,分类总体精度达87.61%,Kappa系数为0.8358,分类结果与湿地实况相吻合,比常规单一时相分类精度总体提高19.57%。植被判别物候特征参数可为影像数据缺失或不足的滨海湿地分类提供不同植被的判别依据。研究表明,基于像元级时间序列植被物候特征的分类方法能实现植被群落混生带的精准分类以及对“异物同谱”植被的有效区分,对大区域滨海湿地植被分类具有很好的适用性,有效提高了滨海湿地植被分类精度。     

基于多时相Landsat影像的中亚地区植被覆盖遥感监测

针对中亚地区的强生态脆弱性、高敏感性特征,有必要开展广域、长期的植被覆盖监测以匹配“绿色丝绸之路”的可持续发展目标。鉴于此,联合Landsat 5和Landsat 8卫星数据集,利用Google Earth Engine（GEE）地理空间数据云计算平台,估算了中亚地区1993—2018年间共12期的植被覆盖度。结果表明：（1）中亚地区植被覆盖总体水平较低,但也具有较为显著的空间异质性。（2）中亚地区1993—2018年间多数区域植被覆盖趋势较为稳定,哈萨克斯坦丘陵、费尔干纳盆地等区域植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,乌拉尔河流域和锡尔河流域等区域植被覆盖趋势为负。（3）植被覆盖度时序特征上,中亚地区1993—2018年间总体植被覆盖度累积增加3%,其中吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦植被覆盖分别增加3.96%和5.86%。（4）裸土区呈退缩趋势,面积总计减少25.9×10⁴ km²,低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区范围在呈现出的振荡式增加。研究结合遥感大数据和地理云计算对中亚地区进行区域尺度的植被覆盖动态监测,能对中亚地区生态评估和演替分析提供技术支持和定量数据。     

哨兵卫星Sentinel-1A数据特性及应用潜力分析

Sentinel-1A是欧空局"哥白尼计划"发射的首颗对地观测卫星,其搭载的C波段SAR传感器有效地延续了ERS-1/2和ENVISAT ASAR对地观测任务。简要介绍了Sentinel-1A卫星的特点和轨道参数,并与ERS-1/2和ENVISAT ASAR进行了对比。详细介绍了Sentinel-1A的成像模式(SM,IW,EW,WV)以及每种模式下数据产品(Level-0,Level-1,Level-2)的特征。最后分析了Sentinel-1A数据在不同领域的实际应用,为其在对地观测中的广泛应用提供了参考。     

Permafrost in Qinghai Province: Characterization and impact on transportation construction

Through a long-term summary of highway construction in the permafrost regions of Qinghai Province, the formation conditions and distribution characteristics of permafrost and their impact on transporta...     

2000—2020年中国荒漠化潜在发生范围区林草覆被时空变化特征

干旱地区林草植被生长动态变化是研究荒漠化形成发展和演变过程的重要依据。本文基于改进方向性像元二分模型构建的2000—2020年中国荒漠化潜在发生范围区（PEDC）年植被覆盖度数据集,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall时间序列趋势变化检测方法,分析了2000—2020年PEDC,特别是林草覆盖区的植被生长状况时空变化特征。研究结果表明：① 2000—2020年,PEDC平均植被覆盖度为0.284,改进的植被覆盖度估算结果能够较好地反映研究区植被覆盖状况,估算精度为86.98%。PEDC植被生长状况不断趋好,其中干旱区表现最为突出,显著增加区域达到了48%,而亚湿润干旱区平均增长量最大为0.1。② 林草生态恢复工程措施效果显著,但植被恢复是个长期缓慢的过程,特别是林草面积的恢复。2000—2010年林草面积增加较少（0.002%）;2010—2020年增加较多（0.371%）。③ 2000—2020年PEDC林地植被改善最明显,草地则较为稳定,植被覆盖度显著性增加区域分别为76.4%和71.8%。其中林地植被覆盖度在亚湿润干旱区增长量最大为0.15,而整个研究区草地增长了0.06。本文更深入地掌握PEDC林草覆盖区长时间序列植被生长状况,为进一步制定和实施各项生态工程提供重要信息参考。     

Research progress in cold region wetlands, China

China has some of the most abundant wetland resources in the world. Cold region wetlands cover more than 60% of the total natural wetlands in China and play an indispensable role in global climate regulation, water holding, uptake and emission of greenhouse gases, and biodiversity conservation. Because cold region wetlands are sensitive to climatic and environmental changes, it is important for ecological conservation and environmental management to summarize and analyze current research progress on these specific ecosystems. This paper reviews the focus of present studies on the typical cold region wetlands in the northeast region and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China from several aspects as follows: types and distribution, responses of permafrost to climatic changes, uptake and emission of greenhouse gas, eco-hydrological processes, and vegetation succession. Our conclusions are: global warming has a long-term and serious impact on cold region permafrost; emission of greenhouse gases has great temporal and spatial heterogeneity; and hygrophytes in the cold region wetlands have been generally replaced by xerophytes, although it is still unclear whether the vegetation diversity index has increased or decreased. Based on this review, some key topics for future study are recommended as follows: (1) the response of degeneration of cold region permafrost at various spatial and temporal scales; (2) prediction of wetland degeneration tendency by coupling weather, soil, and hydrological models; (3) evaluation of carbon storage; (4) the actual response mechanisms of greenhouse gases to climatic changes; and (5) development of water requirement calculation methods tailored to the unique ecosystems of cold region wetlands.