黄河中游流域地貌形态特征研究

黄河中游流经黄土高原的核心区域,对黄河中游流域地貌形态特征的定量分析可以反映黄河中游流域地貌演化进程以及黄土高原侵蚀地貌形态特征。该文以黄土高原区域30m分辨率的DEM为信息源,首先提取了黄河中游7条典型一级支流及其纵剖面,然后计算了6种量化指标分析其流域地貌形态以及流域地貌演化进程,在此基础上,构建地貌特征综合评价指标反映黄土高原区域侵蚀地貌形态特征。实验结果表明,秃尾河、无定河以及延河发育至深切侵蚀期;窟野河发育至深切侵蚀和均衡调整之间的过渡期;汾河、洛河以及渭河发育至均衡调整期。流域地貌随河流侵蚀循环而相应演化,7条河流所在流域的地貌发育程度从北到南也基本呈现逐渐成熟的趋势。所计算的侵蚀地貌综合评价指标值显示,窟野河、秃尾河、无定河以及延河流域共同构成黄土高原强烈土壤侵蚀区;汾河、洛河以及渭河流域的土壤侵蚀程度较低。     

煤炭开采对水资源影响的定量识别——以陕北窟野河流域为例

陕北地区生态环境脆弱,大规模的煤炭开采又加速了水资源流失,但是很难定量计算其影响程度。以陕北窟野河流域为例,通过机理分析创造性地提出了将煤炭开采对区域内水资源的影响分为三部分:地下水静储量破坏、地下水动储量破坏和采空区积水,分别计算了各部分的水量;并采用邻近流域进行了流量对比分析。结果表明:窟野河流域煤炭开采造成的地下水静储量破坏值为1.38×10~8m~3,采空区形成2.72×10~8m~3的积水,2011年地下水动储量破坏达到了0.62×10~8m~3。以秃尾河流域作为参证流域,计算出窟野河1999-2013年平均还原流量为13.22 m~3·s~(-1),比实测径流量大2.28×10~8m~3。为了减少煤炭开采过程中水资源的损耗量,窟野河流域必须加大对采空区积水和矿井排水的综合利用。     

疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系研究

泥沙是影响河流健康和水环境的重要因素之一，受气候变化和人类活动的影响，流域水文要素和下垫面条件发生了较大变化，尤其是实施大规模的水土保持措施后，部分河流的泥沙含量大幅减少，但在河西内陆河流域发源于祁连山西端的疏勒河流域，受降水条件和人类活动的影响，河流泥沙呈增加趋势。本文应用疏勒河流域实测长系列水文资料，采用水文统计法、差积曲线法、趋势检验法、突变检验法、非线性复相关模型法等方法，分析了流域泥沙时空分布规律及水沙关系，结果表明：疏勒河干流昌马堡站年输沙量为333.5×104 t，至下游潘家庄站减少到223.5×104 t；党河党城湾站年输沙量为76.56×104 t，至下游沙枣园站增加到121.3×104 t；疏勒河干流输沙量主要集中在汛期7～8月，占全年的81.9 %～84.0 %，党河流域输沙量主要集中在4-8月，占全年的92.3 %；流域泥沙变化总体呈增加趋势，突变点1998年以后，年输沙量增加了86.3 %～148.2 %。建立了潘家庄站降水～泥沙、径流～泥沙以及年输沙量～年径流量～年最大洪峰流量关系模型，相关关系较好，相关系数达到0.717～0.858。流域出山口以上对泥沙的影响因素主要是降水，出山口以下主要是修建水库、水电站、引水工程、河道采砂等人类活动影响。随着国家对内陆河流域祁连山和河西走廊的日益关注，以及全国河长制的推行，河流生态健康已经提上日程，研究疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系，对国家实施西部生态安全战略、区域生态环境修复治理、水资源可持续利用等具有重要意义。     

黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化

本文通过黄河头道拐站1950-2009 年水沙年系列进行突变点分析, 识别出1969 年、1986 年、1996 年3 个突变点, 将黄河内蒙古段水文过程划分为4 个时期。在此基础上, 利用内蒙古段6 个水文站长系列日流量、日含沙量及泥沙组成数据, 划分了各站的夏汛洪峰, 并统计分析了分期洪峰的水沙分布特征和洪峰水沙关系, 揭示出夏汛洪峰流量和输沙率逐渐减少的规律:1996-2006 年与1954-1968 年相比, 夏汛洪峰水沙量占全年水沙的比例都减少了约一半, 流量级频率与输沙率乘积的峰值对应的流量也降低了约一半。分析认为, 黄河内蒙古段夏汛洪峰特征阶段性变化既有大型水库的影响, 又有气候变化及人类活动的影响, 而且后者的作用越来越大。分析发现, 20 世纪90 年代以前, 黄河上游水沙变化只是改变了内蒙古段来沙中粗颗粒泥沙的水沙关系, 显示出大流量输送粗颗粒泥沙能力相对增强的趋向;进入内蒙段后, 通过泥沙冲淤调整, 分粒径组泥沙水沙关系变化比较复杂。近期在水沙条件巨大变化下, 河流的输沙特性并没有发生根本变化, 但是无论全沙还是分组沙, 水沙关系曲线变陡, 大流量输送泥沙能力相对增强。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化趋势及其主控因素的贡献率

随着气候变化和人类活动影响加剧,黄河中游多沙粗沙区的水沙变化剧烈,因此研究影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量的驱动因素对预测未来水沙变化具有重要意义。本文选取Mann-Kendall趋势检验法,Pettitt突变点检验法,位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型以及累积量斜率变化率比较法对黄河中游多沙粗沙区15个水文站控制流域1956-2010年的年降水量、年径流量以及年输沙量变化特征及其贡献率进行分析,确定影响黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的主要原因。结果表明：① Mann-Kendall趋势检验在5%的显著性水平下,表明降水量虽呈减少趋势但并不显著,径流量和输沙量则有显著的减少趋势;② Pettitt突变点检验得出所研究区域径流量和输沙量的突变年份在1972年、1985年以及1996年左右;③ GAMLSS模型分析结果同样表明降水的均值不随时间发生变化,但降水的方差有减小的趋势;④ 通过累积量斜率变化率比较法得出,人类活动对窟野河流域径流输沙的影响大于无定河流域。通过分析黄河中游多沙粗沙区径流量和输沙量变化的原因,可为黄河中游多沙粗沙区水资源合理分配提供一定的理论支持。     

SWAT在干旱半干旱地区的应用——以窟野河流域为例

SWAT是一个基于物理机制的分布式流域水文模型,其产流机制中对于地表径流、壤中流、浅层地下径流和深层地下径流的模拟方法比较实用,能够适用于不同气候条件和下垫面条件下的产汇流情况.本文将SwAT应用到黄河中游干旱半干旱区多沙粗沙典型流域之一窟野河流域,模拟了1980～1985年的日流量和月平均流量过程,分析并探讨了SWAT产流机制对水源划分和径流形成过程的影响.结果表明,水量平衡相对误差在10%～20%左右,但Nash-Sutticliffe效率系数都较低.本文对模拟结果进行了初步分析,认为SWAT产流机制不能有效模拟干旱半干旱地区的窟野河流域的壤中流、基流和春汛流量过程,并探讨了SWAT在干旱半干旱地区产流模拟可能存在的问题和值得深入研究的方向.     

黄河中游支流悬移质粒度与含沙量、流量间的复杂关系

本文以黄河中游若干支流为例,研究了宽变幅水沙两相流河流悬移质泥沙的粒度特征。结果表明,宽变幅水沙两相流河流的悬移质泥沙粒度特征与含沙量、流量之间具有复杂的关系。就同一站点而言,随着含沙量和流量的增大,大于0.05mm的粗颗粒泥沙的百分比迅速减小,并达到最小值;当含沙量和流量进一步增大时,其百分比又迅速增大,表现出明显的双值关系。对于小于0.01mm细泥沙而言,情形正好相反。黄河中游不同的支流之间,悬移质泥沙粒度特征与年均含沙量的关系也是复杂的。这些变化图形可以用非高含沙水流与高含沙水流不同的物理力学行为来解释     

近50年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道演变

依据水沙资料和断面资料,对黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道形态近50年演变特征及趋势进行探讨分析。结果表明：在大流量条件下（1966-1993年）,河流横向侵蚀、搬运堆积过程强烈,风沙入黄（河）量大,河道横向摆动频繁,辫状河道发育强烈。当黄河流量减小时（1993-2013年）,河流横向摆动能力减弱,黄河主河槽远离左岸乌兰布和沙漠沙丘,河流输沙能力减弱,汊道泥沙淤积导致心滩边滩相连,河流分汊数量明显减少,辫状河道萎缩,黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河型有向弯曲型河道转变的趋势。     

黄河、长江泥沙特性对比分析*

通过对黄河、长江泥沙的粒度分析、矿物分析及石英包裹体分析,揭示了两大河流泥沙的差异性。黄河悬沙粗于长江而底沙比长江为细。重矿物组合中,黄河泥沙黑云母含量远高于长江,粘土矿物中蒙脱石含量约比长江多一倍。反映了两大河流水动力条件及泥沙源区的环境差异。石英包裹体分析,更反映了两大河流泥沙源区的成因环境,为区分河流泥沙来源提供了一种新的方法。     

藉河流域水沙输移特征及其影响因素分析

本文以1962-1989年水文资料和雨量站资料为基础,分析了藉河流域水沙的季节及年际变化规律,并且对降雨与人类活动导致的年径流泥沙变化影响进行了估算.研究结果表明,藉河流域水沙年内分配极不均匀,7-10月径流量占全年的61.6%,6-9月泥沙量占全年的87.9%;水沙年际变化剧烈,输沙量和径流量的变差系数分别为0.72...     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli .     

The 10th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering——Challenge and adaption of permafrost engineering to a changing climate

Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions,     

Understandings of Relationships between Agriculture and Biodiversity in Kunisaki GIAHS

<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a     

BOOK REVIEWS

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<正>Dear Readers,Please be informed that being approved by the relevant authority of Chinese government,Journal of Resources and Ecology will change publication frequency from quarterly to bimonthly from 2015,with 64 pages per issue,published at the end of January,March,May,July,September and November.Thank you for your attention.Please don't hesitate to let us know if you have any suggestions and questions about this journal.