黄河下游清水冲刷阶段河床的调整及其对基准面变化的反应

本文采用黄河下游的实测资料,分析了三门峡水库下洩清水阶段,河床的调整及其对基准面的反应。认为在来水来沙条件变化的情况下,河床纵剖面以近于平行的方式调整;横断面形态向窄深式发展;河型的转化主要取决于地貌临界值和粉沙—粘土含量。从长时间看,下游的淤积特性不会发生根本性的变化。     

黄河内蒙河段河床冲淤演变特征及原因

利用黄河内蒙段1962-2000年间4期大断面观测资料,计算了各期河床冲淤和河槽形态指标。发现从1962-2000年间前20年、中间9年及后9年,内蒙河段河槽500m²过水面积下河底高程发生了降低-升高-再升高的过程;河槽漫滩过水面积经历了升高-降低-再降低的过程,2000年只有1982年的大约一半;滩地经历了持续淤积过程,平均抬升0.25m;河槽宽深比值经历了变化不显著-增加-减小的过程。分析结果表明:气候变化、引水、水库拦沙和重点产沙支流来沙变化在河床冲淤和河床形态调整中作用较大;水库对径流的年内调节对1982年后河槽淤积贡献较大;来水来沙变化下河流多要素自动调整是造成河槽形态变化过程复杂的原因。     

引滦工程对湾河下游河道的影响

引滦工程后滦河下游的水文过程发生变化。下游河道产生纵向冲刷，冲刷距离为库下９９－１００ｋｍ。第一个１０年的平均冲刷深度为１．９７ｍ。河床不断粗化，冲刷逐渐向下游延伸。河床横向变化较大，河道拓宽，平均每年增加５６ｍ。河口淤积严重，河床向弯曲型发展。     

调水调沙以来黄河尾闾河道冲淤演变及其影响因素

2002年开始的黄河调水调沙改变了进入黄河口的水沙条件,必然引起尾闾河道地貌的显著调整。根据黄河尾闾河道利津以下的断面实测高程数据,建立基于正交曲线网格的河道DEM,结合河床形态与水沙条件变化,综合研究黄河尾闾河道冲淤的时空演变及其影响因素。结果表明,调水调沙以来尾闾河道冲刷明显,2002—2017年累计冲刷6240万m ³,根据冲淤速率可以分为3个阶段：快速冲刷阶段（2002—2005年）冲刷速率为1443万m ³/a;冲刷减慢阶段（2006—2014年）冲刷速率为139万m ³/a;以及淤积阶段（2015—2017年）,淤积速率为263万m ³/a。其中,调水调沙初始4年尾闾河道的冲刷量占总冲刷量的80%,2006年以后冲刷强度逐渐减弱,甚至转为淤积。从季节上看,主要表现为汛期冲刷,非汛期淤积;从空间上看,越往口门方向,冲刷强度越小。调水调沙改变了入海水沙的年内分配,造成了尾闾河道的持续冲刷,入海流路也发生多次调整。但经过多年冲刷,河床整体下切,加上河口淤积延伸影响,调水调沙对尾闾河道的冲刷效率在持续降低。受河口海域淤积影响,近口门段在经历冲刷后转为淤积,河道纵比降减缓,增加了尾闾的不稳定性。     

引滦工程对滦河下游河道的影响

引滦工程后滦河下游的水文过程发生变化。下游河道产生纵向冲刷，冲刷距离为库下９９－１００ｋｍ。第一个１０年的平均冲刷深度为１．９７ｍ。河床不断粗化，冲刷逐渐向下游延伸。河床横向变化较大，河道拓宽，平均每年增加５６ｍ。河口淤积严重，河床向弯曲型发展。     

黄河内蒙古河段冲淤演变及其影响因素

冲淤平衡的河流具有调整河床变形使之趋向不变形的特性,这种特性必然反映在河床横断面冲淤演变的趋势之中。据此,采用横断面冲淤指标跟踪计算法生成黄河上游巴彦高勒、三湖河口站1976-2006 年的横断面冲淤演变时间序列,对该长期序列的趋势变化和突变特点进行分析后发现：内蒙古河床演变明显存在3 个阶段,即演变相对稳定阶段、河床快速萎缩变形阶段和新的相对稳定阶段,以及孔兑来沙大的年份是横断面冲淤面积趋势改变的时间。大型水库修建后,孔兑来沙对河道横断面冲淤趋势变化的影响更加显著,表明近年来大洪水缺失和孔兑来沙的共同作用是导致河床萎缩的重要根源。90 年代中后期横断面冲淤演变再次发生突变之后,内蒙河段进入到一个新的相对稳定期,河床边界条件已经和来水来沙条件相适应,因此在新的稳定条件下,如何治理内蒙河道的淤积萎缩值得探讨。     

长江中下游河床沉积物分布特征

对长江中下游武汉至河口段304处河床沉积物样品进行了粒度测量与分析,通过各参数间的模拟、统计及对比,探讨了沉积物粒度、水动力因素及河床地貌三者间的关系。研究结果表明：本区河床沉积物以中、细砂为主,床底搬运十分微弱,河道相对稳定;从上至下沿程有明显的“粗-细-粗-细”粒径变化,主要反映河流动力地貌、动力沉积特征;粒径在河床的沿程分布总体为北粗南细,说明北岸侵蚀,南岸淤积的特点。研究同时也表明,颗粒因河型不同而迥异;颗粒偏态度-峭度在不同河型中表现各异,对区分顺直微弯分汊和鹅头形分汊河道尤为显著。     

沿程淤积与溯源淤积的概念与数学模型

沿程淤积与溯源淤积是有关河床纵剖面调整的一对重要概念,但以前的一些文章对此的认识是互相矛盾的。本文对沿程淤积和溯源淤积的概念作了严格的限定,并给出了数量化的定义——沿程淤积与溯源淤积的数学模型。     

河漫滩地生态系统影响下的河型转化—以红山水库上游河道为例

将地生态学概念与方法用于水库修建后河床调整过程的研究，以老哈河红山水库上游为例阐述了河漫滩地生态系统影响下的河型转化过程，由于水库上游河漫滩地生态系统的变化，导致了河漫滩淤积过程的改变，使河岸组成物质变细，抗冲性增强，因而促使建库前的游荡河型逐渐转化为曲型。     

黄河下游河床纵剖面的调整

该文在分析了黄河下游纵剖面及其横断面的长期变化后,提出了河口延伸情况下河道溯源淤积模型,用比降分析,相关分析及河床质粒度分析等方法,探讨了沿程与溯源两种淤积方式对黄河下游纵剖面调整的影响.用最低能量原理和平衡的概念,分析黄河下游平衡纵剖面的形式,说明黄河下游不能达到平衡的原因及现在黄河达到平衡的条件. 经分析作者提出以下论点:黄河下游主要是沿程淤积,溯源淤积居次要地位,其影响范围在艾山以下.横断面形态变化对纵剖面调整影响不大.     

黄河流域河型转化现象初探

黄河以其高含沙水流以及下游河道的高沉积速率而著称于世。迄今的研究, 主要针对黄河中下游流域的 侵蚀、水文泥沙和河床演变方面的研究, 而对黄河流域主支流发生河型转化的现象关注不够。在黄河的不同河段, 河型的变化频繁, 类型多样, 现象复杂, 是研究者不可回避的科学问题。本文选取黄河上游第一弯的玛曲河段、黄河 上游末段托克托附近河段及黄河下游高村上下河段来研究河型转化的形式及影响因素。玛曲河段沿流向发生网状 河型→弯曲河型→辫状河型的转化现象, 该系列转化呈现出由极稳定河型向极不稳定河型的转化, 这与世界上通 常可以观察到的沿流向不稳定河型向稳定河型转化的情况完全相反。这主要受到地壳的抬升、上下峡谷卡口、水动 力特征、边界沉积物特征及植被的区域分布等因素的控制。托克托附近沿流向发生了弯曲河型→顺直河型转化的 现象, 这是较稳定河型向极稳定河型的转化, 主要受到边界沉积物、水动力等因素的控制。高村上下河段沿流向发 生的辫状河型→弯曲河型转化的现象, 是由极不稳定河型向较稳定河型转化的现象, 河道边界沉积物及水动力是 其主要控制因素, 人工大堤只是限制了河道摆动的最大幅度, 对河型的性质影响不大, 但其上游河段修筑的水库导 致下泻的水流在辫状河段的侵蚀能力增强而使其边界沉积物粗化, 并将泥质物大量沉积在弯曲河段, 客观上促进 了河型的转化。     

黄河中游龙口—天桥段封冻期的河床演变

本文根据黄河河曲段六个封冻期的原型观测资料,对该冰塞河段冰期的河床演变及水内冰花在冰塞下的堆积——冰塞演变,进行了分析研究。总结出冰塞河段的河床演变特点与冰塞演变的相互关系,得出了河床冲淤及水内冰堆积计算的经验关系式及河床冲淤平衡的临界水力参数。文中还对有关冰期输沙的若干问题进行了讨论。     

Fluvial processes of the downstream reaches of the reservoirs in the Lower Yellow River

Evolution of the river channel downstream of reservoirs is a complex process that is closely related to the operational mode of the reservoirs and the channel boundary conditions. Numerous studies have been carried out on the fluvial processes of downstream reservoirs. However, only a few of them have focused on the relationship between runoff-sediment conditions and channel pattern indicators. Also, the impacts of river training works on fluvial processes are seldom dealt with. In this paper, the evolutionary processes of three sections in the Lower Yellow River, including Tiexie-Yiluo River mouth reach, Huayuankou-Heigangkou reach and Jiahetan-Gaocun reach, were analyzed for variations in the channel boundary line and the mainstream between 1960 and 2015. Channel pattern indicators such as sinuosity, mainstream wandering range and width/depth ratio were analyzed based on field measurements obtained by the Hydrological Department of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission. The effects of river training works on the channel evolution are then described. Since 1960, numerous medium- and large-sized reservoirs have been built on the Yellow River, including Longyangxia Reservoir, Liujiaxia Reservoir and Xiaolangdi Reservoir. These reservoirs impound the runoff from upstream and retain the sediment, which changes the runoff and sediment conditions in the downstream reach. As a consequence, annual runoff and the frequency and peak of flooding have all decreased. As a result, the flow dynamics and their action on the river channel are also reduced, which changes the dynamic state of the river course. The discrimination results obtained using the single parameter discrimination rule and the discrimination equation show that the degree of wandering is weakened in the reaches studied. The variations in the channel pattern indicators show that the sinuosity increases and the wandering range decreases with a reduction in the total annual volume of water. However, the degree of wandering has little relationship to the sediment concentration. In addition, river training works play an important role in controlling the river course. Due to improvements in the river training works, the river course has become more stable under the same runoff and sediment conditions. A new discrimination rule that takes into account the impacts of the river training works is proposed. The discrimination results were found to fit well with the actual river pattern, which shows that the discrimination rule is applicable to the Lower Yellow River. The results show that the runoff and sediment conditions are the most important factors in the evolution of the river course. The river training works have at the same time limited the wandering range of the mainstream and played an important role in the fluvial processes. Both factors combined lead to the stabilization of the river.     

水库修建后黄河下游的河床演变（英文）

Evolution of the river channel downstream of reservoirs is a complex process that is closely related to the operational mode of the reservoirs and the channel boundary conditions. Numerous studies have been carried out on the fluvial processes of downstream reservoirs. However, only a few of them have focused on the relationship between runoff-sediment conditions and channel pattern indicators. Also, the impacts of river training works on fluvial processes are seldom dealt with. In this paper, the evolutionary processes of three sections in the Lower Yellow River, including Tiexie-Yiluo River mouth reach, Huayuankou-Heigangkou reach and Jiahetan-Gaocun reach, were analyzed for variations in the channel boundary line and the mainstream between 1960 and 2015. Channel pattern indicators such as sinuosity, mainstream wandering range and width/depth ratio were analyzed based on field measurements obtained by the Hydrological Department of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission. The effects of river training works on the channel evolution are then described. Since 1960, numerous medium- and large-sized reservoirs have been built on the Yellow River, including Longyangxia Reservoir, Liujiaxia Reservoir and Xiaolangdi Reservoir. These reservoirs impound the runoff from upstream and retain the sediment, which changes the runoff and sediment conditions in the downstream reach. As a consequence, annual runoff and the frequency and peak of flooding have all decreased. As a result, the flow dynamics and their action on the river channel are also reduced, which changes the dynamic state of the river course. The discrimination results obtained using the single parameter discrimination rule and the discrimination equation show that the degree of wandering is weakened in the reaches studied. The variations in the channel pattern indicators show that the sinuosity increases and the wandering range decreases with a reduction in the total annual volume of water. However, the degree of wandering has little relationship to the sediment concentration. In addition, river training works play an important role in controlling the river course. Due to improvements in the river training works, the river course has become more stable under the same runoff and sediment conditions. A new discrimination rule that takes into account the impacts of the river training works is proposed. The discrimination results were found to fit well with the actual river pattern, which shows that the discrimination rule is applicable to the Lower Yellow River. The results show that the runoff and sediment conditions are the most important factors in the evolution of the river course. The river training works have at the same time limited the wandering range of the mainstream and played an important role in the fluvial processes. Both factors combined lead to the stabilization of the river.     

黄河内蒙古不同河型段对洪水过程的响应特征

黄河内蒙古河段的河道淤积近年来有所加重,一些人寄望于人造洪峰冲沙来降低河床。本文根据典型年份的最大洪水的流量—水位过程线变化特征,揭示黄河内蒙古不同河型段对这些洪水的响应机制,得出黄河内蒙古河段洪水的流量—水位过程线类型有线形、顺时针环线、逆时针环线3类单一关系和线形+逆时针环线、逆时针环线+线形、"8"字形+线形、嵌套状逆时针环线以及交叉线形5类复合关系。这些关系总体上可以反映洪水过程中河床是侵蚀还是沉积、何时侵蚀何时沉积、以及冲淤是否具有反复性。黄河内蒙古冲积性河段的河道对同一次洪水过程的响应沿程表现出分化现象,其中辫状河段以河床侵蚀下降为特征,弯曲河段以河床明显沉积升高为特征,而顺直河段以少量沉积或冲淤平衡为特征。不同河型段的河道对洪水的响应趋势与洪水动能的沿程减小相适应,洪峰含沙量沿程减小是该趋势的具体体现。人造洪峰冲沙难以逆转上述淤积趋势,对防治洪灾帮助有限。     

游荡性河流演变规律研究进展及其河型归属探讨

游荡性河道在中国广泛分布,其中以黄河下游上段最为典型,但关于游荡性河型的归属问题尚存在很大争议,国际上多将游荡性河流归属为辫状河型。本文以黄河下游游荡性河道为典型案例,系统总结了游荡性河流的演变特征、主要影响因素和形成机理,并从定义、成因、特征及河道形成过程方面,将游荡与辫状河型的异同点进行对比分析。得到以下启示：游荡性河型是一种重要的河道型态,与辫状河型在许多方面存在较明显差异。特别是游荡河型主要发育于能量小于输沙需求的环境,因而形态呈现不稳定特性,但辫状河型不仅出现在能量较多的环境,而且也常在能量较小的环境中出现,因而一部分具有稳定形态,另一部分则表现出不稳定的特性,因此,有必要对游荡性河道和辫状河道给予区分。最后对未来研究进行了展望,提出应重视河型形成的内在机理,对能量理论进行发展及深化,进一步系统性评价游荡性河道与辫状河道的异同性,以解决游荡性河道的河型归属问题。     

黄河龙门—三门峡段河漫滩组成物质的粒度特征

本文分析了河漫滩组成物质的粒度组成特征，并与河床南粒径级配与悬移质粒和戏级配进行了比较，研究了河漫滩度及物质组成的河槽几何形成的影响。     

1986-2015年小浪底水库运行前后黄河下游主槽调整规律

基于黄河下游1986-2015年的水沙和沿程实测大断面数据等资料,统计分析了小浪底水库运行前后下游主槽断面形态参数（河宽、水深、河相系数）的调整过程。结果表明：1986-1999年小浪底运行前主槽持续淤积萎缩,主槽河宽和水深均减小,河宽与水深调整强度高村以上段河宽大于水深、断面河相系数明显减小,高村以下段河宽小于水深、河相系数小幅增加;2000-2015年小浪底水库运行后主槽持续冲刷,主槽河宽和水深增加,沿程各段水深调整强度均大于河宽,河相系数减小;各段断面形态调整方式淤积期表现为艾山以上游荡段和过渡段既有横向萎缩又有垂向淤高、艾山以下弯曲段以垂向淤高为主,冲刷期游荡段和过渡段为横向展宽和垂向冲深、弯曲段以垂向冲深为主;河宽淤积期减小速率明显大于冲刷期增加速率,水深淤积期减小速率略小于冲刷期增加速率,经过一轮淤积和冲刷后,断面形态向窄深方向发展;主槽断面形态调整规律与水沙条件密切相关,断面河相系数除游荡段淤积期与流量呈正相关、与含沙量呈负相关外,游荡段冲刷期、过渡段和弯曲段淤积与冲刷不同阶段,河相系数与流量呈负相关,与含沙量呈正相关。     

河型及其转化的判别

本文分析了影响河型的内外营力,建立了河型与河流能量、河岸不稳定系数、流域形状系数和地壳相对升降强度间的相关关系式。以汉江和黄河下游为例,用水力参数和河床形态指标,判别河型的转化趋势。