湘中涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩孔隙结构特征及对比

以湘中坳陷涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩为研究对象,重点选取12块典型泥页岩钻井岩心样品开展有机碳含量、岩石热解、X射线衍射、密度法孔隙度、高压压汞、二氧化碳和氮气吸附等测试分析,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察了泥页岩孔隙特征,通过定性描述和定量测定相结合的方法研究了海陆过渡相泥页岩纳-微米级孔隙结构特征及孔隙发育影响因素.研究结果表明:龙潭组和大隆组泥页岩有机碳含量均较高,热演化程度处在凝析油和湿气生成阶段早期,对应R_o为1.22%~1.43%;泥页岩孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔、有机孔和微纳米缝.龙潭组与大隆组样品在孔隙形态、孔隙大小和影响因素上均有差异:龙潭组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口宽,有机孔形态多为圆形和椭圆形,孔径较大;大隆组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口窄,有机孔形态多为不规则状,孔径较小;龙潭组泥岩和大隆组泥页岩样品有机碳含量与黏土矿物含量呈正相关关系,2套样品的微孔孔隙积体与有机碳和黏土矿物含量均呈正相关性;龙潭组样品介孔+宏孔的孔隙体积与有机碳和黏土矿物含量呈正相关性,与石英+长石含量呈负相关性;大隆组样品中的碳酸盐矿物对其孔隙性有明显影响,大隆组样品介孔+宏孔孔隙体积与有机碳、黏土矿物和石英+长石含量相关性不明显.      

巢湖地区龙潭组过渡相煤系页岩储层发育特征

应用有机碳测试、X射线衍射、氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、液氮吸附及高压压汞等实验技术手段,对巢湖地区龙潭组过渡相煤系页岩储层特征进行了研究。结果表明:龙潭组煤系页岩主体TOC质量分数为0. 5%～12. 5%,垂向向下有机碳含量呈现增长趋势,镜质组反射率Ro为1. 2%～2. 8%,有机质类型属腐殖型;矿物主要由黏土矿物和石英组成,其平均质量分数分别为35%,27%;龙潭组页岩孔隙主要发育有机质孔隙、黏土矿物片间孔隙、矿物溶蚀孔等多种类型;微孔、小孔极为发育,提供了主要的孔隙比表面积与孔体积。龙潭组储层孔隙特征主要受控于沉积环境与成岩作用,黏土矿物组分和有机质的演化控制纳米孔隙发育,三角洲沼泽相、泥坪相与泻湖相是有利于龙潭组煤系页岩储层发育的沉积环境。     

湘中与湘东南岩关阶组和龙潭组页岩气潜力

为了揭示湘中与湘东南坳陷海陆过渡相页岩含气潜力及勘探方向,对该区下石炭统岩关阶组和上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩进行总有机碳含量TOC、镜质体反射率R_ran、干酪根碳同位素、有机质显微组成、X衍射、扫描电镜、孔渗特征和等温吸附等测试。结果表明岩关阶组和龙潭组处于成熟-高成熟期、类型以Ⅲ型为主;龙潭组泥页岩TOC含量普遍较高、而岩关阶组泥页岩TOC含量较低。龙潭组和岩关阶关组泥页岩矿物主要为黏土矿物和石英,部分含有较高的方解石。这两套页岩的孔隙发育较差,主要孔隙类型为有机孔、溶蚀孔和层间裂缝。孔隙度为0.41%~2.76%、渗透率为（0.08~0.98）×10-3 μm2。孔隙度主要受TOC控制,不稳定矿物如长石和碳酸盐岩虽然能提供一定孔隙,但对页岩物性的影响有限。泥页岩的甲烷吸附量普遍在1.67~2.5 cm3/g,2015H-D3井龙潭组泥页岩现场解吸气量普遍大于0.5 cm3/g,最高为2.35 cm3/g,表明湘中和湘东南地区龙潭组具有一定的页岩气潜力,但岩关阶组勘探前景相对较差。      

黔西北地区龙马溪组页岩气储层孔隙特征及其储气意义

中国南方下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩有机质含量高且热成熟度高,是重要的页岩气储集层位。本文以黔西北地区习页1井与桐页1井的岩心样品为研究对象,研究龙马溪组页岩的孔隙特征及孔隙发育的影响因素,并对其储气性能进行综合的分析与评价。通过扫描电镜的大量观察可知,该区龙马溪组页岩内发育的孔隙多为纳米(nm)量级,包含矿物基质孔(可分为粒间孔和粒内孔)、有机质孔以及微裂缝等多种类型的孔隙,其中有机质孔最为发育。通过测试可知,该区页岩的总有机碳(TOC)含量平均为3.80%,热成熟度(Ro)平均为2.73%,有效孔隙度平均为1.56%;主要组成矿物为黏土矿物与碎屑矿物(石英、长石等),黏土矿物含量平均为32.42%,碎屑矿物含量平均为43.97%;BET比表面积平均为16.98m2/g,BJH总孔体积平均为0.013 7mL/g,孔隙的平均孔径为33.75nm。通过分析可知,TOC含量为孔隙发育的主要影响因素,样品的有效孔隙度与TOC、碎屑矿物含量呈线性正相关关系,与黏土矿物含量呈线性负相关关系。另测得样品对甲烷气体的饱和吸附量平均为2.42m3/t,饱和吸附量与TOC含量呈强烈的正相关性,TOC含量为吸附性能的主控因素;饱和吸附量与有效孔隙度、碎屑矿物含量、BET比表面积以及BJH总孔体积均呈明显的正相关性,而与黏土矿物含量的相关性不显著。     

豫西地区山西组—太原组页岩孔隙结构及其影响因素——以ZXY1井为例

页岩孔隙结构是储层评价的关键,对页岩气的勘探、开发以及页岩储层改造等都具有十分重要的意义。本文以ZXY1井太原组—山西组页岩为例,利用低温氮吸—脱附实验、X衍射、扫描电镜等实验手段研究页岩孔隙结构及其影响因素。结果表明,太原组—山西组页岩孔隙复杂,发育有机孔、微裂缝和多种无机孔;孔隙孔径主要为2~50 nm,以介孔为主,其次为微孔;孔容和比表面几乎全部由微孔和介孔提供。有机质、黏土矿物及其组合对孔隙结构影响分析表明,孔容与TOC含量、孔容与黏土矿物含量、比表面积与TOC含量、比表面积与黏土矿物含量均具有较为显著的正线性相关关系;TOC含量和黏土矿物含量数值乘积与孔容、比表面积表现为非常显著的正线性相关关系;TOC含量和黏土矿物含量双参数回归孔容与比表面积,相关系数高,误差较小。综合分析认为,有机质和黏土矿物对孔隙结构的影响并非简单正线性相关关系,而是复杂的正向关系。     

黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩的孔隙类型、结构对于页岩气资源评价与开采具有重要意义,为了进一步认识页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,利用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验对黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩微观孔隙类型、结构进行了研究,结果表明,研究区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层的储集空间类型多样,主要包含粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。页岩孔隙以介孔为主,介孔是页岩气的主要储集空间;孔隙结构以墨水瓶状孔和平行板状孔为主。探讨了影响页岩孔隙发育的主要因素,有机碳含量、热演化程度和矿物成分含量均对页岩孔隙的发育有影响,而且并非单相性的,是相互制约的。研究剖面石英含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度呈良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔发育程度的相关性不明显;黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度的相关性不明显,而与宏孔的发育程度呈负相关关系;有机质孔隙正处在其发育高峰期,对于页岩孔隙具有重要贡献,且随成熟度增加而增加。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界山西组页岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组发育一套厚度大且有勘探潜力的陆海陆过渡相页岩。应用岩芯观察、X衍射、扫描电镜和显微镜观察以及高压压汞等方法,对该盆地中部山西组页岩的岩石学、矿物学、页岩储集空间、孔隙结构和物性特征进行分析研究。结果表明:研究区山西组页岩以黑色泥岩、黑色页岩夹纹层或薄层状深色粉砂岩为主,页岩主要由黏土矿物和石英两类矿物组成,二者平均含量分别为59.6%和36.9%。页岩宏观和微观裂隙发育,显微镜下统计的显微裂缝平均面密度达到116.6/m。除了发育与矿物和成岩作用有关的矿物孔隙外,页岩中有机显微组分发育较多的有机质孔。页岩孔隙度平均为0.77%,渗透率平均为0.06×10-3 μm2。山西组页岩总有机碳（TOC）、镜质体反射率（R_o,%）和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙度的主要因素,具有正相关性,而石英含量与页岩孔隙度呈一定的负相关关系。山西组页岩中裂缝的普遍发育提高了页岩的渗透率,有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析表明山西组页岩气储层地质条件一般,开发难度较大,但在裂缝发育、物性较好的层位和地区仍具有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

滇东曲靖地区下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩储层特征研究

下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩是南方页岩气勘查开发重点关注的层位之一,但滇东地区下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色页岩储层研究程度较低。样品采自2014年新钻的曲页1井,对下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色泥页岩进行全岩和粘土矿物X衍射分析、TOC、岩石物性、比表面积等测试和扫描电镜实验,综合分析了滇东曲靖地区筇竹寺组泥页岩储层特征及孔隙类型。结果表明:滇东曲靖地区下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩矿物组成主要是石英(44.75%)、粘土矿物(25.47%)、长石(16.44%);发育粒间孔、粒内孔和有机孔3种类型孔隙;有机质孔隙发育,以中孔为主,具有一定的页岩气勘探开发潜力;页岩储层自上而下孔隙体积有逐渐变小的趋势,但在井深400 m~500 m发育高孔隙体积;泥页岩储集性能的重要指标——孔隙度主要受有机质含量及发育程度的制约。     

贵州丹寨南皋下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构特征研究对页岩含气性评价具有重要意义。以上扬子东南缘南皋剖面下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层为例,应用场发射环境扫描电子显微镜观察了页岩纳米级孔隙微观形态,通过低温氮气吸附法测定了页岩的氮气吸附等温线,并结合X-衍射矿物定量分析和有机碳含量测定,探讨了纳米级孔隙发育的控制因素。研究结果表明:矿物成分主要为黏土矿物(伊利石和少量绿泥石)、石英、长石、重晶石和石膏等。石英含量相对较高且沿剖面向上降低,wB平均为53%;相反,黏土矿物含量较低且沿剖面向上增加,wB平均为34%;碳酸盐矿物较少,仅在顶部可见。页岩主要发育粒内孔、粒间孔、裂缝和有机质孔4种孔隙类型,其中前两者较为常见。根据氮气吸附-脱附曲线、孔径分布特征、孔体积和比表面积可将样品划分为4类黑色页岩,孔隙以似片状颗粒组成的非刚性聚合物的槽状孔为主,前3类黑色页岩的孔径分布呈双峰形态,第4类黑色页岩的孔径分布呈单峰形态,最可几孔径分别为d≈0.9nm和d≈3.5nm。孔体积在0.002 8~0.024 3cm3/g之间,平均为0.014 7cm3/g,比表面积在1.056 8~28.825 0m2/g之间,平均为17.541 8m2/g,4类黑色页岩微孔频率分布依次减小,而介孔和宏孔频率分布逐渐增加,即微孔性逐渐变差,至第4类黑色页岩几乎只有宏孔孔隙。有机质丰度和矿物组分控制丹寨南皋牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的孔隙发育,其中有机质有利于孔隙发育且有机质微孔是孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者;石英有利于孔隙发育,而黏土矿物则降低黑色页岩的孔隙性;它们均主要通过控制微孔和介孔的发育来控制黑色页岩的孔隙发育。     

陆相页岩储层特征及其影响因素:以四川盆地上三叠统须家河组页岩为例

以我国四川盆地上三叠统须家河组页岩为重点研究对象,在大量岩心、露头样品分析化验基础上,开展陆相页岩储层孔隙特征研究。采用高压压汞法、液氮吸附法、脉冲式渗透率法等多种手段相结合测定页岩储集物性,表明须家河组具有一定的储集性能,孔隙度为0.95%~4.77%,平均为2.73%。运用岩心观察、薄片观察、场发射扫描电镜等直接观察手段与高压压汞、氮气等温吸附等实验系统研究须家河组页岩的储集空间特征,明确纳米级基质孔隙是须家河组储集空间的主体,包括原生残余孔、颗粒间孔、溶蚀孔和有机质孔,孔径2~100nm,50nm的孔隙占83.9%,有机质孔隙局部发育。影响须家河组页岩储层特征的主要控制因素包括TOC含量、黏土矿物含量以及有机质热演化程度。     

Nanoscale Pore Characteristics of the Upper Permian Mudrocks from a Transitional Environment in and around Eastern Sichuan Basin,China

Nanoscale pore characteristics of the Upper Permian Longtan transitional mudrocks and their equivalent strata Wujiaping Formation marine mudrocks in and around the eastern Sichuan Basin was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption experiments. The results indicate that the Upper Permian mudrock is at a mature stage with total organic carbon (TOC) values ranging between 0.47% and 12.3%. The Longtan mudrocks mainly contain vitrinite, and their mineral composition is primarily clay. In contrast, the Wujiaping mudrocks are dominated by sapropelinite and solid bitumen, and their mineral compositions are mainly quartz and a notably high amount of pyrite. The FE-SEM reveals that clay mineral pores and microcracks are the common pore types in the Longtan mudrocks. The specific surface area and pore volume depend on the clay content but are negatively correlated with the TOC. The generation of nanometer pores in the Longtan mudrocks is caused by high clay mineral contents. Meanwhile, the Wujiaping mudrock mainly contains OM pores, and the pore parameters are positively correlated with the TOC. The OM pore development exhibits remarkable differences in the Longtan and Wujiaping mudrocks, which might be related to their sedimentary facies and maceral fractions. Vitrinite and inertinite appear as discrete particles in these mudrocks and cannot generate pores during thermal maturation. Sapropelinite often contains many secondary pores, and solid bitumen with large particles, usually with several pores, is not the major contributor to the pore system of the investigated mudrock.     

Characterization of a Lacustrine Shale Reservoir and the Evolution of its Nanopores: A Case Study of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China

The Songliao Basin is one of the most important petroliferous basins in northern China. With a recent gradual decline in conventional oil production in the basin, the exploration and development of unconventional resources are becoming increasingly urgent. The Qingshankou Formation consists of typical Upper Cretaceous continental strata, and represents a promising and practical replacement resource for shale oil in the Songliao Basin. Previous studies have shown that low-mature to mature Qingshankou shale mainly preserves type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ1 organic matter, with relatively high total organic carbon(TOC) content. It is estimated that there is a great potential to explore for shale oil resources in the Qingshankou Formation in this basin. However, not enough systematic research has been conducted on pore characteristics and their main controlling factors in this lacustrine shale reservoir. In this study, 19 Qingshankou shales from two wells drilled in the study area were tested and analyzed for mineral composition, pore distribution and feature evolution using Xray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(N2-GA), and thermal simulation experiments. The XRD results show that clay, quartz, and feldspar are the dominant mineral constituents of Qingshankou shale. The clay minerals are mostly illite/smectite mixed layers with a mean content of 83.5%, followed by illite, chlorite, and kaolinite. There are abundant deposits of clay-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation in the study area, within which many mineral and organic matter pores were observed using SEM. Mineral pores contribute the most to shale porosity;specifically, clay mineral pores and carbonate pores comprise most of the mineral pores in the shale. Among the three types of organic matter pores, type B is more dominant the other two. Pores with diameters greater than 10 nm supply the main pore volume;most are half-open slits and wedge-shaped pores. The total pore volume had no obvious linear relationship with TOC content, but had some degree of positive correlation with the content of quartz + feldspar and clay minerals respectively. However, it was negatively correlated with carbonate mineral content. The specific surface area of the pores is negatively related to TOC content, average pore diameter, and carbonate mineral content. Moreover, it had a somewhat positive correlation with clay mineral content and no clear linear relationship with the content of quartz + feldspar. With increases in maturity, there was also an increase in the number of carbonate mineral dissolution pores and organic matter pores, average pore diameter, and pore volume, whereas there was a decrease in specific surface area of the pores. Generally, the Qingshankou shale is at a low-mature to mature stage with a TOC content of more than 1.0%, and could be as thick as 250 m in the study area. Pores with diameters of more than 10 nm are well-developed in the shale. This research illustrates that there are favorable conditions for shale oil occurrence and enrichment in the Qingshankou shale in the study area.     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

基于统计学方法的页岩孔容预测

页岩气储集空间与储层矿物特征关系密切,以四川盆地东缘龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用矿物组成、微量元素、地球化学等测试结果,结合低温氮气吸附法和高分辨率成像技术,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了页岩孔容预测方程,并分析孔隙分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,龙马溪组中部和底部页岩组分含量差异较大,生物成因的自生石英发育是龙马溪组底部石英含量高的主要原因;页岩纳米级孔隙以2~5 nm为主,对孔容贡献率介于64.2%~70.1%;建立的页岩组分含量与孔容的预测模型高度显著。脆性矿物孔、黏土矿物片间孔及其粒内孔是富黏土矿物页岩的主要孔隙类型,孔隙呈微缝状,小于2 nm孔隙不发育;有机质含量是富有机质页岩孔容大小的主控因素,有机质孔的面孔率介于8.8%~12.5%;有机质含量及成熟度是小于2 nm微孔发育的主控因素,大于50 nm孔隙的发育则受控于黏土矿物、石英及长石含量。      

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China

The organic-rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine-continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine-continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE-SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine-continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.     

湘西北下古生界海相页岩储层特征与含气性分析

基于野外地质和钻井资料,结合相关实验测试结果,对湘西北地区下古生界海相页岩储层特征进行了深入研究,并探讨了页岩甲烷含气性及影响因素。结果表明：牛蹄塘组黑色页岩以深水陆棚斜坡相沉积为主,厚度范围为50~250 m;龙马溪组为闭塞海湾沉积,底部黑色页岩发育。两组页岩有机质类型均属于Ⅰ型,有机碳含量平均为3.57%和1.16%,热演化程度较高,平均达2.61%和2.08%。受沉积环境和成岩作用影响,两组页岩均具有高石英、低黏土、少量碳酸盐矿物的组成特征。页岩储集空间可划分为3大类：矿物基质孔、有机质孔、微裂缝。受有机质和黏土矿物等因素影响,页岩内部孔隙结构参数各不同,但主体上孔径小于50 nm的微孔和中孔提供了大部分比表面积和孔体积,为气体存储主要场所。牛蹄塘组页岩甲烷最大吸附量平均为1.98 cm3/g;龙马溪组页岩甲烷最大吸附量较低,为1.16 cm3/g。其中有机质与黏土矿物对页岩甲烷吸附量均有一定的贡献,而过高的成熟度和含水量可导致页岩吸附能力下降。     

四川广元上寺剖面上二叠统大隆组有机质分布特征与富集因素

四川盆地上二叠统大隆组富有机质硅质泥岩是页岩气勘探的一套重要目的层系.利用扫描电子显微镜和元素地球化学等方法探究大隆组有机质类型、分布特征及富集因素,对该地区非常规油气勘探具有指导意义.根据扫描电镜图片,上寺剖面大隆组有机质按形态可分为形态有机质、弥散有机质和沥青.三者成因不同,形态有机质是选择性保存的结果,以离散状分布在所有岩性样品中;弥散有机质是大隆组有机碳总量(total organic carbon,TOC)的主体,主要分布在硅质泥岩样品中,硅质灰岩样品中极少,体现了粘土矿物的吸附作用;沥青是可溶有机质运移进入孔、缝系统,经高热演化后形成的块状有机质,主要分布于硅质灰岩和灰岩样品中.该剖面地球化学数据显示缺氧沉积环境有利于有机质保存,但海洋表层生产力才是控制TOC含量变化的主要因素.研究表明,晚二叠世海平面上升导致上寺剖面大隆组表层生产力增加及底层海水缺氧,该组富有机质黑色硅质泥岩段高TOC是沉积环境与矿物吸附共同作用的结果,同时也反映了原生有机质保存情况.更好的理解泥质烃源岩中有机质赋存类型有助于烃源岩评价及非常规油气勘探开发工作.