熊耳群火山岩系金银多金属矿床热水成矿作用

在华北板块南缘熊耳群火山岩系地层内部，已发现金、银多金属矿床多处，但对其成因机制的解释，不同学者往往存在不同认识。笔者通过对已知矿床产出地质特征、成矿热水流体特征和来源以及矿化、蚀变围岩系统研究后提出熊耳期后火山热液是控制金、银多金属矿床形成的主要因素，成矿作用以热水流体的沉积、充填作用为主，主成矿期应为熊耳群火山活动后期等新认识。     

地质流体自然类型与成矿流体类型

水是地球上特征的地质流体 ,大部分矿床是在水热流体参与下形成的 ,但并不是所有流体都参与成矿。根据水的主要存在环境把水分为地质流体和成矿流体类型。各种环境广泛存在的水所构成的地质流体 ,又可细分为大气降水、盆地建造水、海水、岩浆水和变质水各种类型。研究认为成矿流体的形成主要与地质作用有关 ,是地质流体在特定环境特定演化阶段形成的特征产物。成矿流体则可划分为高温硅钾卤水、中温碳酸盐卤水及低温硫酸盐卤水。高温硅钾卤水中硅钾组分含量与温度、盐度成正相关关系 ,并且其中富含F-、B2 O3组分。这些特征与成矿作用中的高温钾化、硅化、萤石化及电气石化蚀变及热水沉积特征是一致的 ,高温成矿流体在演化过程中依次可以演变为中温或低温成矿流体。中温成矿流体以碳酸盐型流体为主 ,以富含Mn2 +,Fe2 +,Mg2 +的碳酸盐化合物为特征。低温成矿流体一般为硫酸盐型卤水 ,主要是Ba2 +,Sr2 +,Ca2 +的硫酸盐化合物 ,在海陆相各环境中广泛存在。大洋底部成矿流体是特殊环境下的地质流体类型 ,具有更广泛的温度区间 ,可以是从高温到中低温的系列流体类型 ,并且具有特殊地球化学组成。一般形成高温硅钾卤水与岩浆作用或变质作用有关 ,由于充分的水岩交代作用 ,可以获得较高的温度及足够的溶质组分 ;     

区域成矿流体的形成与演化

成矿流体是富含挥发份、碱金属的含矿卤水 ,其中碱金属来源于岩浆热液、变质热液、海水及通过水岩作用从岩石中萃取等 ;而挥发份来源于地幔、水岩作用与有机质分解作用。成矿流体中的硫也是多来源的 ,硫的活度与氧逸度有关 ,高温还原环境H2 S的活度降低 ;成矿流体的同位素分馏与水岩作用强度有关 ,控制同位素分馏的基本因素是温度及水岩比值。根据成矿流体的成分及物理化学性质 ,可以分类为高温硅钾卤水、中温碳酸盐卤水及低温硫酸盐型卤水。成矿流体没有固定的来源 ,在一定地质条件下 ,任何来源的热水流体都可以形成成矿流体。控制成矿流体形成的主要地质作用是岩浆作用、变质作用、地热增温作用及构造作用等。文中根据地质作用类型对区域地质流体进行划分 ,可分为岩浆作用区域成矿流体 (以高温硅钾卤水为主 ,可以有高温到中低温的流体分带 ) ,沉积作用区域成矿流体 (以中低温碳酸盐及硫酸盐型卤水为特征 ) ,大洋盆地区域成矿流体 (与岩浆岩区域成矿流体类似 ,有高温到低温的流体分带 )和变质作用区域成矿流体 (变质程度不同而有不同的流体类型混合 )。     

东秦岭钼、金多金属矿区域成矿系统与成矿预测

以区域成矿理论为基础,将东秦岭构造带划分为华北古陆南缘、北秦岭造山带、南秦岭造山带和扬子古陆等4个构造单元,其间商丹缝合断裂带分割南北秦岭造山带,形成华南古陆和华北古陆的分界,区内断裂构造及燕山期岩浆岩发育。研究区位于台地边缘,具有基底和盖层二元台地沉积结构,基底太古宇太华岩群变质岩和盖层熊耳群火山岩及燕山期岩浆岩构成区内重要的矿源岩。根据东秦岭地区的地球化学特征分析,矿源岩的基本特征是亏损铜,而钨和钼、铅和锌、金和银则分别在不同的物源岩中富集。研究区内矿产资源丰富,以热液成因钼、金多金属矿床为主,根据成矿流体成因及其与地质作用的关系,划分为3个成矿系统,即岩浆热液作用成矿系统、火山热液作用成矿系统及构造热液作用成矿系统,其分别与燕山期岩浆热液、熊耳期火山热液及中生代构造热液活动有关。根据燕山期岩浆岩、熊耳期火山机构及中生代的区域构造性质,分别预测了研究区内重点成矿区域。     

河南嵩县南部地区成矿地球化学特征

河南嵩县南部地区位于豫西东秦岭成矿带上,区内广泛分布熊耳群火山岩系,马超营大断裂从其南部通过,南部有燕山期花岗岩基.对区内地层、构造、岩浆岩地球化学特征的分析表明该区为低背景成矿;熊耳群鸡蛋坪组地层和安山岩、凝灰岩有利于成矿;成矿元素在断裂尤其是次级断裂中富集;燕山期岩体周边形成一个高温异常带;地球化学场表现为“一线两环两面”的特征.指出沿马超营断裂带和燕山期花岗岩基外围,熊耳群鸡蛋坪组安山岩、凝灰岩是寻找金、银、铅、锌、钼矿的有利地区.     

大兴安岭中南段铜多金属矿床成矿系统

在区域地质背景分析和典型矿床研究的基础上,通过对大兴安岭中南段铜多金属矿床成矿地质特征的分析,阐明了该区铜多金属矿床的空间分布、容矿围岩、与成矿有关岩体和成矿时代,运用区域成矿学研究方法将该区铜多金属成矿初步划分为燕山期斑岩热液、印支—燕山期动力热液和晚华力西—燕山期热水喷流沉积叠加后期热液3个成矿系统。研究表明,本区应重视在侏罗世—白垩世火山岩区寻找大型铜多金属矿床,加强在已知矽卡岩型或热液脉型矿床的深部和外围寻找斑岩型矿床。     

深部找矿新进展对矿床成矿模式研究的意义

一些典型矿床具有以下成矿模式：赣南钨矿的“五层楼+地下室”模式,云南老厂铅锌银多金属矿床的VMS(火山成因块状硫化物)铅锌矿与斑岩钼矿同位叠加模式,四川省盐源县平川铁矿火山沉积(?)-次火山气液充填-交代矿床系列模式,江苏省南京市梅山式铁矿叠加后期火山-次火山热液金矿床的成矿模式,内蒙古毕立赫金矿斑岩-构造蚀变岩-浅成石英脉型矿化成矿系列模式(?),云南个旧锡矿热水沉积叠加岩浆期后热液成矿模式。近年国内对矿山深部和外围找矿的新发现具有重大的经济社会效益,对它们的成矿模式研究意义进行了总结。     

河南嵩县钾长石石英脉型钼矿成矿流体地球化学

河南嵩县纸房钼矿是在中元古界火山岩中顺层产出的钾长石英脉型钼矿,矿化石英脉呈似层状、透镜状密集平行排列,厚0.35～5.0 m,与围岩整合产出。矿化石英脉可以划分为3期,早期无矿石英脉呈致密块状,中期石英脉是钼矿化石英脉,晚期属于无矿化石英-碳酸盐细脉。地球化学研究显示成矿物质主要来自火山热液,成矿年龄与熊耳期火山喷发期后的时间一致。成矿流体成分、液相成分特征值及氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体属于在高温地质作用条件下形成中高温混合流体,流体包裹体显示为中高温热液沸腾和不混溶成矿,成矿压力为28×10⁵ ～68×10⁵ Pa,属于低压浅成火山机构热液充填成矿。     

个旧锡矿区域地壳演化与成矿探讨

个旧锡多金属矿床是驰名中外的特大型矿床，过去认为是燕山晚期“花岗岩岩浆期后气液矿床”。但通过探讨区域上前震旦纪地壳演化、震旦纪-早古生代地壳演化、泥盆纪-三叠纪地壳演化以及侏罗纪-第四纪地壳演化，以及与成矿之间的关系，发现个旧矿区至少经历了印支中晚期海底基性火山-沉积成矿、印支中晚期海底喷流热水沉积成矿、燕山晚期花岗岩叠加改造成矿以及喜山期陆相表生沉积成矿作用，厘定了个旧锡矿区的印支中晚期海底基性火山．沉积Sn-Cu-Zn(Au)矿床系列、印支中晚期海底喷流-沉积Sn-Cu-Pb-Zn矿床系列、燕山晚期花岗岩叠加改造Sn-Cu-W-Be-Bi-Pb-Zn-Ag矿床系列、喜山期陆相表生沉积砂矿矿床系列等4大矿床系列及12种矿床类型。     

华北地台北缘西段主要成矿系统分析

研究了华北地台北缘地质演化、构造分区, 从南到北依次为乌拉山-色尔腾山-大青山陆内隆起区、东升庙-渣尔泰山陆内裂陷区、狼山-石哈河陆缘隆起区、霍各乞-白云鄂博陆缘裂陷区、白乃庙-白银都西隆起裂陷带、温都尔庙-爱力格庙裂陷带、苏左旗-锡林浩特槽内隆起区.分析了陆缘基底建造和裂谷沉积建造, 划分出裂谷裂陷期和沉降期沉积.研究了成矿系统, 以成矿物质来源的同一性和继承性划分出3个成矿系统: (1) 变质岩金矿成矿系统, 以绿岩建造为物源基础, 有多种矿床类型组合, 主要产于古陆隆起带的变质岩区. (2) 海相火山细碧岩及喷流沉积成矿系统, 主要产于裂谷裂陷期形成的火山岩建造中, 与火山活动岩浆同期的热水喷流有关, 有铜、铅、锌多金属矿床. (3) 碱性-碳酸岩及喷流叠生成矿系统, 产于白云鄂博裂谷早期碱性-碳酸岩火山岩中, 其中伴随高温硅钾热水喷流沉积, 形成稀有-稀土-铁叠生矿床.主、东矿床新生代以来经受了强烈风化剥蚀, 并有冲积富集现象.      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997