大厂锡多金属矿田铜坑-长坡矿床流体包裹体研究

铜坑-长坡锡石硫化物矿床是桂西北大厂矿田中的一个超大型矿床,由浅部的脉状矿体和中-深部的层状矿体组成。文章应用显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析对铜坑-长坡矿床进行了系统的流体包裹体参数和成分的测试。结果显示,铜坑-长坡矿床脉状和层状矿体的流体包裹体具有相同特征,包裹体的类型主要有CO2型和NaCl-H2O型。3个成矿阶段的均—温度分别为：270～365℃,210～240℃和140～190℃。早阶段(Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段)成矿流体成分主要为CO2和H2O,含少量CH4和H2S,密度为0．324～1．093g／cm^3,盐度w(NaCleq)主要集中于1％～7％;晚阶段(Ⅲ阶段)成矿流体成分主要为H2O,且Ca^2 和Mg^2 含量增加,密度为0．893～0．972g／Cm^3,盐度w(NaCleq)主要集中于3％～10％。流体包裹体特征和He、Ar、S同位素组成共同表明,铜坑-长坡矿床脉状及层状矿体具有相同的成矿物质来源和相同的成因,成矿作用与燕山期构造、岩浆热事件有关。基于^3He／^4He比值高和富CO2流体的存在,认为在铜坑-长坡矿床成矿过程中有深部地幔流体的参与。     

扬子陆块北缘冰洞山铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr定年及其地质意义

为探讨冰洞山铅锌矿床成矿物质来源,采用全溶方法和流体包裹体淋滤法对主成矿期闪锌矿进行Rb、Sr同位素分析,获得等时线年龄为507.7~507.8Ma,初始锶同位素组成87Sr/86Sr为0.709193~0.709220。该等时线年龄代表了该矿床的主成矿阶段年龄,说明矿床形成的地质时代为早奥陶世,成矿作用发生于加里东中期。成矿作用时代与闪锌矿初始锶同位素比值特征反映成矿物质或成矿流体由基底岩石和震旦系碳酸盐岩地层共同提供。结合矿床地质特征与区内铅锌矿成矿地质背景,认为加里东期构造运动对扬子地台北缘的铅锌矿床的形成起着重要作用,冰洞山铅锌矿床可能是在加里东期伸展环境中,成矿热液伴随穹窿构造活动,在一定的物理化学条件下沉淀结晶而形成。     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

广西西大明山渌井铅锌矿床成因——流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学和硫同位素约束

渌井矿床是广西西大明山地区内一个典型的脉状铅锌矿床,矿体赋存于寒武纪地层中,主要受断裂构造控制。本文在详细野外调查的基础上,通过对其流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学和硫同位素的系统测定和分析,探讨了成矿流体性质和矿质来源。流体包裹体研究表明,渌井矿床主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型以富液相的气液两相包裹体和纯液相包裹体为主,主成矿期包裹体均一温度为237~281℃(平均值为256℃),对应盐度为3.54%~12.69%(均值为8.39%)。硫化物电子探针分析结果显示,闪锌矿以富集Fe、Cd、In而贫Mn、Ga、Ge等元素为特征,多属于形成温度偏高的含铁闪锌矿类型。硫化物硫同位素研究显示,δ34S值总体变化范围为-1.9‰~4.4‰,呈塔式分布,均值为1.7‰,位于零值附近,暗示渌井矿床硫化物的硫主要来源于岩浆。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体、硫化物矿物化学及硫同位素特征可知,渌井矿床应归属于热液脉型铅锌矿床范畴,在成因上与本区深部的隐伏岩体具有密切的联系,成矿时代可能为燕山晚期。     

东秦岭沙沟银铅锌矿床成矿流体来源的锶同位素约束

沙沟银铅锌矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体,属于受断裂带控制的中温脉状矿床.本文对沙沟含矿石英脉流体包裹体进行了锶同位素分析,并利用前人获得的成矿年龄(145Ma)进行了返算,获得其Isr-145变化于0.72019 ～0.73096之间,平均为0.72726.通过与熊耳地体及邻区相关地质体锶同位素组成对比,认为沙沟银铅锌矿的成矿流体不可能单独来自太华群,也不可能来自太华群与熊耳群或燕山期岩浆岩的混合,而可能是官道口群+栾川群经变质脱水产生的成矿流体与太华群水岩相互作用的结果.     

青城子铅锌矿床成因分析

青城子铅锌矿床是我国北方的大型铅锌矿床,矿区赋矿层位下部产出层状矿体,上部产出脉状及不规则状矿体。经过对矿区矿石及岩石的铅、硫同位素研究表明,层状及脉状矿体成矿物质来源相同,主要来自地层。根据矿区内含硫矿物的组合特征、成矿流体的pH值及含硫矿物δ34S分布特征可以推断矿床成因不属于海相沉积成因。矿石中石英流体包裹体特征表明矿床形成后未遭受区域变质作用,成矿流体的温度180～280℃,流体成分Na+K+,Ca2+Mg2+,K+/Na+为0.66,Ca2+/Mg2+为6.67,(CH4+H2+N2)/CO2值为0.012～0.048,为Na+?Ca2+?Cl-弱还原型溶液,pH值为6.31。流体特征与矿区内的花岗岩相差较大,与变质热液有所差异,经流体的氢氧同位素测定,成矿热液具地热水氢氧同位素特征相似。综合研究表明,矿床的成因与区域变质期后局部地区的的混合岩化作用关系密切,由混合岩化作用分异的气水热液与地下水、层间水等混合后沿早期形成的层间滑脱部位和断裂充填成矿,形成了青城子矿田‘下层上脉’的空间组合。     

新疆西昆仑切列克其铁矿成因——地球化学及流体包裹体证据

新疆切列克其铁矿位于西昆仑造山带南带,矿体呈层状、似层状产于志留系温泉沟组地层中。在对矿床地质特征进行研究的基础上,开展了详细的岩矿石地球化学及流体包裹体研究,探讨了切列克其铁矿的成因。切列克其铁矿经历了2期成矿作用:早期为海底热水喷流成矿作用,是主要成矿期,主要形成层状、纹层状和条带状矿体,硅质条带中流体包裹体均一温度为140~160℃,盐度为4.79%~5.09%Na Cl eqv,成矿流体为低温低盐度流体;晚期为岩浆热液成矿作用,该期成矿作用造成了菱铁矿的活化迁移,形成了细脉状菱铁矿石,通过对含菱铁矿石英脉中包裹体的研究,可见气液两相、含子矿物三相和富气相3种类型包裹体,成矿流体包括中高温高盐度流体和中低温低盐度流体。     

粤北大宝山多金属矿床成矿流体的He-Ar-Pb-S同位素示踪

大宝山多金属矿床是粤北地区典型的巨厚型及细脉带型矿化的多金属硫化物矿床.层状和脉状黄铁矿的氦氩同位素表明:3He/4He的R/Ra值为0.60～4.13,40Ar/86Ar=327～411,反映该成矿流体是大气饱和水(海水)与地幔流体混合作用的结果.铅和硫同位素都揭示了层状(块状)和脉状矿体可能来自不同时期的成矿流体.其中层状矿体为泥盆纪海底火山喷发沉积作用所致,脉状矿体可能来自燕山期岩浆热液充填叠加形成,古大陆碎屑物质和部分有机质的还原对后期成矿流体具有较大的影响作用.     

贵州都匀撒朗重晶石矿床流体包裹体及H-O-C同位素地球化学研究

贵州都匀撒朗重晶石矿床位于江南造山带西南段都匀陆缘盆地区之都匀南北向构造变形区,矿体主要呈层状、似层状、脉状或囊状产于层间破碎带及构造交汇部位,受构造控制明显.本文在野外矿床地质调查的基础上,进行了流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和群体包裹体成分及H-O-C同位素研究,结果显示:撒朗重晶石矿床的成矿流体为具有中低温(95～240℃)、峰值温度(140℃)为低温、低盐度(均值4.9％～9.1％NaCleqv)、中等密度(均值0.95～0.97 g/cm3)特征的Ca2+-Na+-Cl--SO42-类型水;重晶石流体包裹体水H同位素组成为-48‰～-38‰、O同位素组成为0.55‰～12.05‰,显示成矿流体水来源于大气降水或与围岩水岩反应后的演化大气降水;矿石中与重晶石共生的方解石C同位素组成为-1.9‰～-1.0‰、O同位素组成(SMOW标准)为20.40‰～21.01‰,指示碳来自于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解;矿床的形成晚于围岩,是在围岩地层形成之后,为后期构造及热液活动使其中的成矿物质活化迁移并在相应构造部位富集而形成.     

安徽冬瓜山层状铜矿床成矿机制及热液叠加改造作用时代研究

在燕山中晚期(约140～135Ma),扬子板块北缘处于碰撞晚期与碰撞后的伸展构造背景,铜陵地区发生了大规模岩浆侵入,导致早期形成的喷流沉积层状矿床或矿胚层发生热液叠加改造作用。作为典型矿例之一,冬瓜山矿床的矿体主要呈层状赋存于泥盆系顶部砂岩至石炭系灰岩之间。与热液叠加改造作用有关的岩浆岩为青山脚石英闪长岩-石英闪长斑岩,全岩Rb-Sr同位素年龄为135.6±1.4Ma。热液交代形成的主矿化期石英脉中流体包裹体具有高温和高盐度特征,Rb-Sr同位素年龄为134±11Ma,氢、氧同位素显示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆。综合同位素年龄和矿床地质及流…     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Mine-water chemistry: the good, the bad and the ugly

 Contaminative mine drainage waters have become one of the major hydrogeological and geochemical problems arising from mankind's intrusion into the geosphere. Mine drainage waters in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom are of three main types: (1) saline formation waters; (2) acidic, heavy-metal-containing, sulphate waters derived from pyrite oxidation, and (3) alkaline, hydrogen-sulphide-containing, heavy-metal-poor waters resulting from buffering reactions and/or sulphate reduction. Mine waters are not merely to be perceived as problems, they can be regarded as industrial or drinking water sources and have been used for sewage treatment, tanning and industrial metals extraction. Mine-water problems may be addressed by isolating the contaminant source, by suppressing the reactions releasing contaminants, or by active or passive water treatment. Innovative treatment techniques such as galvanic suppression, application of bactericides, neutralising or reducing agents (pulverised fly ash-based grouts, cattle manure, whey, brewers' yeast) require further research. Received: 13 August 1996 · Accepted: 3 January 1997