新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉岩浆-热液过程:来自电气石化学组成演化的证据

新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号脉不同结构带及其蚀变围岩中电气石化学组成电子探针(EMPA)分析结果显示,蚀变围岩、外接触带和内接触带中电气石为是富钙-铁的镁电气石,电气石化伟晶岩中电气石为富镁-铁的锂电气石,伟晶岩早期结构带(Ⅰ-Ⅳ带)中电气石为黑电气石-锂电气石系列,而伟晶岩晚期结构带(Ⅴ-Ⅶ带)中电气石为锂电气石。蚀变围岩、外接触带和内接触带中电气石以Y位中低Al,高Mg、Ca以及显著低的Al/(Al+Fe)、Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值为特征,主要存在R3++O2-=R2++OH-的置换;伟晶岩内部结构带(Ⅰ-Ⅶ带)中电气石以Y位上极低Mg、Ca,高Fe、Al、Li以及显著高的Al/(Al+Fe)、Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值为特征,主要存在+Al3+=Na++Fe(Mg)2+和Li++Al3+=Fe(Mn)2++Mg2+的置换。蚀变围岩、外接触带和内接触带中电气石化学组成特征指示存在围岩-流体、围岩-熔体相之间的相互作用。伟晶岩早期结构带(Ⅰ-Ⅳ带)中电气石无明显组成分带,为岩浆成因;晚期结构带(Ⅴ-Ⅶ带)中电气石显示振荡环带,形成于岩浆-热液过渡阶段体系。随着伟晶岩由外向里固结,温度逐渐降低,伟晶岩内部结构带中电气石显示Y位上Al、Li、Mn及Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值逐渐增大的演化趋势;内部结构带中电气石几乎不含Mg,指示3号伟晶岩脉岩浆-热液演化是在相对封闭体系中进行的。     

藏南错那洞淡色花岗岩中电气石矿物学和地球化学特征

错那洞淡色花岗岩与错那洞穹隆及周边的铅锌和钨锡铍矿床具有时空上的密切关系.含电气石淡色花岗岩是错那洞高分异淡色花岗岩的代表性岩石.岩相学研究表明,错那洞电气石可分为GT型和PT型两类.本次研究利用电子探针以及LA-ICP-MS分析两种类型电气石的化学组成.结果表明,GT型电气石中Fe/(Fe+Mg)原子比值为0.83～0.87,Na/(Na+Ca)的原子比值为0.93～0.95;PT型电气石中则分别为0.78～0.95以及0.81～0.95,表明二者均为碱性电气石和黑电气石.矿物地球化学特征表明GT型电气石来源于早期岩浆阶段的熔体,PT型电气石则来源于晚期岩浆热液流体.二者的成分变化分别符合低—中盐度流体对应的x-vac-Al(NaR)-1趋势和高Na及高盐度对应的AlO(R(OH))-1 趋势,表明从电气石花岗岩到花岗伟晶岩岩浆结晶环境中Na含量的增加,反映花岗伟晶岩结晶分异演化程度更高.与GT型电气石相比(Sn元素平均含量为23.15×10-6),在PT型电气石中Sn元素明显富集(平均为193.57×10-S),二者均表现出Sn成矿电气石的特征,并且PT型电气石特征更为显著.此外,PT型电气石中Sn-W-Be元素含量(193.57×10-6～0.13×10-6～8.41×10-6)较GT型电气石中(23.16～0.02×10-6)显著富集;Pb+Zn1含量(45.47～2 687.29×10-6,平均为787.55×10-6)也较GT型电气石中显著富集.这一特征指示了错那洞高分异花岗岩形成钨锡铍、铅锌等金属矿床的成矿潜力.     

藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的矿物化学特征及成因意义

讨论了藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的地质产状、矿物学和矿物化学特征。结果表明:(1)在以氧原子数为24.5计算的化学式中,电气石的(Fe+Mg)/Mg比值在2.32~5.37之间,指示花岗岩和伟晶岩中的电气石均为黑电气石系列,而且属镁电气石—铁电气石系列中的较富铁电气石的成员;(2)电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值高达0.70~0.89,与贫Li花岗岩接近,Al-Al50Fe50-Al50Mg50图解和Fe-Mg-Ca图解投点均位于贫Li花岗岩区,属于贫Li花岗岩有关的电气石;(3)TiO2-MnO/CaO-MgO/FeO三元图解可判定属于第Ⅰ类,即MgO和FeO含量同步消长,且较贫Mg富Fe,而MnO和TiO2含量为异步消长,这与电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值所反映的性质相同;(4)地质产状、矿物学及矿物化学揭示的成因信息表明藏南过铝花岗岩中的电气石为酸性侵入体岩浆期后热液成因。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床角岩中黑云母矿物化学特征及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床角岩中黑云母按其产状可区分为原生黑云母和热液黑云母,本文采用扫描电镜对两类产出状态的黑云母进行了观察,采用电子探针(EPMA)对这两类黑云母进行了微区原位成分分析,并根据电子探针数据计算了黑云母的矿物化学式。角岩中的原生黑云母和热液黑云母均属于镁质黑云母,二者都经受了热液流体的改造作用。从原生黑云母到热液黑云母Fe3+和Fe2+分异程度加大,Fe3+含量升高,Fe2+含量降低,指示了岩浆-热液流体逐渐向氧化态过渡。相比于原生黑云母,Cu元素更易于在热液黑云母中富集。角岩型矿石中的Cu含量与热液黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)比值呈正相关,与其Fe3+/Fe2+比值呈负相关,对于热液黑云母所在的角岩型岩矿石样品,其矿化强度或可以黑云母的Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)比值来衡量;而Mo元素在两类黑云母中均广泛分布,不具有选择性赋存的特征。     

大兴安岭南段白音查干Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb矿床电气石矿物学特征及对岩浆-热液演化过程的启示

内蒙古西乌旗白音查干矿床是大兴安岭南段锡矿带内最典型、规模最大的Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb矿床。电气石在成矿岩体花岗斑岩和围岩地层中均广泛发育，依据其产状可分为四类：Ⅰ团斑状电气石；Ⅱ热液角砾岩胶结物中电气石；Ⅲ热液脉状电气石；Ⅳ弥散状电气石。在详细的岩相学基础上，利用电子探针点分析和面扫描分析对不同产状和结构的电气石进行了详细的成分分析。结果显示，花岗斑岩体深部的团斑状电气石（Ⅰa类）以自形、环带发育为特征，至少可见三期生长环带：核部电气石（Ⅰa-1）极高的Fe/（Fe+Mg）和Al值暗示其岩浆成因；边部电气石（Ⅰa-3）较富Mg，且与热液矿物共生，是从早期热液流体中沉淀形成的；幔部电气石（Ⅰa-2）的结构和成分显示其形成可能与不混溶的富B-Fe-Na的熔体或流体有关。因此，电气石从核部到边部的生长记录了从晚期岩浆到早期热液阶段的演变过程。花岗斑岩体中上部的团斑状电气石（Ⅰb类）环带不发育，其与热液矿物共生的组合及成分暗示其形成更倾向于与热液过程相关，可能是岩浆顶部聚集的早期流体释放之后被固结岩浆"圈闭"的残余流体结晶的产物。随后，大规模释放的富B流体形成了大量以电气石为主要胶结物的热液角砾岩（Ⅱ类）、成矿前电气石-石英阶段脉系（Ⅲa类）及伴随围岩蚀变而形成的弥散状电气石（Ⅳ类）。对Ⅱ类和Ⅲa类电气石内存在的生长环带分析显示，成矿前可能存在多个脉冲期次且成分有差异的流体的叠加作用。同时，电气石从早期到晚期向富Mg方向的演化，及成分明显受围岩地层影响的现象，暗示岩浆热液流体与围岩地层发生的水岩反应可能在金属成矿过程中起了重要作用。此外，本研究显示，不同产状电气石的结构和成分信息能够有效记录矿床内岩浆-热液转变及热液演化过程的众多细节信息，为深入理解成矿过程提供了依据。     

广西银屏富B花岗岩及其晶洞中电气石的化学组成特征以及对岩浆-热液演化的指示

利用EMPA对广西花山A型花岗岩最晚期岩相-细粒花岗岩及其晶洞中电气石进行矿物学、地球化学研究.结果表明,细粒花岗岩中电气石与晶洞中电气石化学组成非常一致,以高Fe (2.78～3.44 apfu)﹑低的总Al (5.62～6.20 apfu)﹑极低Mg (0.05～0.12 apfu)﹑不含Li、F、Cl等特征.在Fe-Mg图解中,其化学组成近于端元黑电气石.Al3 =Fe3 和R R2 =R3 □是所研究的电气石中两个主要的置换反应;岩浆电气石和热液成因电气石均位于Al-Fe-Mg三角图解中黑电气石-镁电气石线之下,表明电气石结构中存在明显的Fe3 ,预示岩浆是在相对高的氧逸度条件下分异演化的.细粒花岗岩中普遍发育几厘米到几十厘米尺度的晶洞以及大量电气石在晶洞中沉淀,暗示A型的花山花岗岩形成演化过程中未发生大规模含水流体相出溶,代之的是蒸汽相分离.由于不存在岩浆-热液体系的演化过程,在银屏细粒花岗岩内及周边地区可能不是寻找锡石-石英脉型矿床的理想靶区.     

闽东南含石榴子石Ⅰ型花岗岩的矿物学特征及成因

闽东南沿海晚中生代变质带内出露的I型花岗岩、细晶岩和伟晶岩中常包含岩浆成因的石榴子石和原生白云母.其中石榴子石以富Mn,Fe和贫Mg,Ca为特征,锰铝榴石分子可达40%～50%;花岗岩中的黑云母具有明显高的MnO和Al2O3含量(分别是0.84%～1.25%,16.04%～18.03%);原生白云母以高Fe和低Al,Na为特征.温压计算表明富铝矿物形成于750～600℃和0.3～0.2 GPa的条件下.岩相学特征和地球化学模拟也都表明这些富铝矿物结晶较晚.长英质矿物早于黑云母和石榴子石结晶与岩浆侵位浅(结晶压力低)相关.相图分析指出弱过铝质和高的Mn/(Mg+Fe)比值(＞ 0.060)是本区花岗质岩石形成石榴子石的关键化学因素.Mn/(Mg+Fe)＞0.060的岩浆可以形成bt+grt或bt+grt+ma组合;而Mn/(Mg+Fe)＜0.055的岩浆只可能形成bt或bt+ms组合;grt+ms组合是岩浆强烈演化的最终产物.除了黑云母成分存在差异,本区I型花岗岩的石榴子石和原生白云母成分都与S型花岗岩的相似,所以,它们不能被简单地用于判断花岗岩的成因类型.     

云南南秧田钨矿床电气石的成分和硼同位素特征及成矿意义

南秧田矿床是滇东南地区最大的以钨为主的金属矿床。文章以含电气石花岗片麻岩、无矿电气石石英脉和白钨矿矿化电气石石英脉样品为研究对象,结合地质特征、电气石元素地球化学及B同位素,对电气石成因开展研究。研究显示三类电气石均属于碱性电气石中的镁电气石,以富Mg及Y位中无Al或低Al为特征,具有相对高的FeO/(FeO+MgO)比值(平均0.53);其稀土元素(REE)配分曲线与晚白垩世花岗岩稀土元素配分曲线相似;δ~(11)B值集中在-14‰,与地壳平均值非常接近,这些特征表明其与岩浆期后热液成因的电气石特征一致。电气石石英脉中广泛的钨矿化表明晚白垩世岩浆期后热液对矿区主矿体的叠加富集作用明显,据此提出距晚白垩世花岗岩体数百米至一千米的中源距离为有利矿化区,为矿区外围及深部勘查评价指明了找矿方向。     

江西永平铜矿区花岗岩热液蚀变与岩石成因:矿物化学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

永平铜矿床是位于华南钱塘江-信江断裂坳陷带中的一个大型铜矿床.矿区内出露的岩浆岩主要有似斑状黑云母花岗岩体和少量石英斑岩脉,黑云母花岗岩岩体内及接触带发育斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜钼钨多金属矿化.对岩体中黑云母的电子探针成分分析表明,似斑状黑云母花岗岩中黑云母具有富镁贫铁高钛的特点,Fe/(Fe Mg)为0.21～0.33,TiO2含量为2.12%～4.28%;而石英斑岩脉中黑云母更加富镁贫铁,Fe/(Fe MS)为0.10～0.15,TiO2含量为2.43%～3.86%.黑云母的化学组成表明花岗质岩浆形成时的氧逸度很高,与长江中下游地区其他含铜花岗质岩体相吻合.永平花岗岩体遭受了较强的热液蚀变作用,部分黑云母蚀变为绿泥石.石英斑岩中绿泥石具有富铁贫镁低钛的特征(Fe/(Fe Mg)=0.72～0.76;TiO2=0.02%～0.06%),其形成温度为139～224℃.而似斑状黑云母花岗岩中绿泥石相对贫铁富镁高钛(Fe/(Fe Mg)=0.36～0.44;TiO2=0.05%～0.36%),形成温度稍高,为229～346℃,与该矿床流体包裹体研究获得的成矿温度(220～400℃)基本吻合.Sr-Nd-Hf同位素综合研究表明,永平似斑状黑云母花岗岩具有变化较大且相对较高的εHf(t)值(-0.1～-10.3)和εNd(t)值(-5.83～-7.95),反映岩石具有明显的壳幔混合成因特征.而石英斑岩的εHf(t)值(-8.4～-12.5)和εNd(t)值(-9.93～-10.2)均稍低于似斑状黑云母花岗岩,反映其形成过程中幔源物质贡献相对较小.永平岩体的地壳端元很可能就是该区中元古代基底地层重熔的产物.     

湘东锡田燕山期A型花岗岩黑云母矿物化学特征及其成岩成矿意义

黑云母的化学组成特征对揭示花岗岩的源区特征、形成环境、后期热液作用以及成矿元素富集特征具有重要的指示意义.对与锡田钨锡多金属矿床成矿作用密切相关的锡田燕山早期花岗岩黑云母和长石成分进行了系统的电子探针分析.分析结果表明,黑云母具有富铁贫镁、高铝低钠的特征,其MgO和FeOT含量分别为0.12%~1.35%和15.47%~23.24%,类似于高铁黑云母;其含铁指数Fe/(Fe+Mg)较高,集中在0.87~0.99,属于铁叶云母;其长石主要以正长石和钠长石为主.这些特征暗示了寄主岩石源区以壳源为主.结合相关区域地质资料,表明锡田燕山早期花岗质岩浆具有较高的温度和较低的氧逸度.黑云母具有高的含铁指数、较高的结晶温度和低的氧逸度等特征均有利于锡成矿,可以作为勘探锡矿的标志之一.综合分析认为,在锡田花岗质岩浆演化过程中,岩浆结晶期后分异出的流体趋向于向富锡的方向演化,是锡田多金属矿床成矿流体的重要来源.      

Protomylonite evolution potentially revealed by the 3D depiction and fractal analysis of chemical data from a feldspar

Tourmalinization associated with peraluminous granitic intrusions in metapelitic host-rocks has been widely recorded in the Iberian Peninsula, given the importance of tourmaline as a tracer of granite magma evolution and potential indicator of Sn-W mineralizations. In the Penamacor-Monsanto granite pluton (Central Eastern Portugal, Central Iberian Zone), tourmaline occurs: (1) as accessory phase in two-mica granitic rocks, muscovite-granites and aplites, (2) in quartz (±mica)-tourmaline rocks (tourmalinites) in several exocontact locations, and (3) as a rare detrital phase in contact zone hornfels and metapelitic host-rocks. Electron microprobe and stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δD, δ¹¹B) data provide clear distinctions between tourmaline populations from these different settings: (a) schorl–oxyschorl tourmalines from granitic rocks have variable foititic component (^X□ = 17–57 %) and Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios (0.19–0.50 in two-mica granitic rocks, and 0.05–0.19 in the more differentiated muscovite-granite and aplites); granitic tourmalines have constant δ¹⁸O values (12.1 ± 0.1 ‰), with wider-ranging δD (?78.2 ± 4.7 ‰) and δ¹¹B (?10.7 to ?9.0 ‰) values; (b) vein/breccia oxyschorl [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.31–0.44] results from late, B- and Fe-enriched magma-derived fluids and is characterized by δ¹⁸O = 12.4 ‰, δD = ?29.5 ‰, and δ¹¹B = ?9.3 ‰, while replacement tourmalines have more dravitic compositions [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.26–0.64], close to that of detrital tourmaline in the surrounding metapelitic rocks, and yield relatively constant δ¹⁸O values (13.1–13.3 ‰), though wider-ranging δD (?58.5 to ?36.5 ‰) and δ¹¹B (?10.2 to ?8.8 ‰) values; and (c) detrital tourmaline in contact rocks and regional host metasediments is mainly dravite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.35–0.78] and oxydravite [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.51–0.58], respectively. Boron contents of the granitic rocks are low (<650 ppm) compared to the minimum B contents normally required for tourmaline saturation in granitic melts, implying loss of B and other volatiles to the surrounding host-rocks during the late-magmatic stages. This process was responsible for tourmalinization at the exocontact of the Penamacor-Monsanto pluton, either as direct tourmaline precipitation in cavities and fractures crossing the pluton margin (vein/breccia tourmalinites), or as replacement of mafic minerals (chlorite or biotite) in the host-rocks (replacement tourmalinites) along the exocontact of the granite. Thermometry based on ¹⁸O equilibrium fractionation between tourmaline and fluid indicates that a late, B-enriched magmatic aqueous fluid (av. δ¹⁸O ~12.1 ‰, at ~600 °C) precipitated the vein/breccia tourmaline (δ¹⁸O ~12.4 ‰) at ~500–550 °C, and later interacted with the cooler surrounding host-rocks to produce tourmaline at lower temperatures (400–450 °C), and an average δ¹⁸O ~13.2 ‰, closer to the values for the host-rock. Although B-metasomatism associated with some granitic plutons in the Iberian Peninsula seems to be relatively confined in space, extending integrated studies such as this to a larger number of granitic plutons may afford us a better understanding of Variscan magmatism and related mineralizations.     

广西大厂笼箱盖复式岩体的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

广西大厂矿田中部的笼箱盖岩体是一个多期次侵入的复式岩体,尽管前人对其中个别阶段岩体进行过年龄精测,但迄今还没有对多期岩体进行过系统的年代学精测。本文在运用阴极发光技术对岩体中锆石进行细致的内部结构分析的基础上,利用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb原位定年方法,系统测定了岩体中单颗粒锆石的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄,结果显示出,笼箱盖复式岩体形成经历了103.8~102Ma、96.6~93.86Ma、90.1~85.1Ma 3期活动,其中96.6~93.86Ma为主体形成时期,其第一阶段形成中细粒含斑黑云母花岗岩(96.6±2.5Ma)、细粒含斑的黑云母花岗岩(94.3±2.2Ma),第二阶段形成中细粒等粒状黑云母花岗岩(96.1±2.0Ma),第三阶段形成似斑状黑云母花岗岩(93.86±0.84Ma)。这些岩体之间界限清晰、无明显冷凝边,说明岩浆活动是一种连续的脉动过程。大厂矿田的锌铜矿体、锡多金属矿体的形成主要与笼箱盖复式岩体的第二期岩浆活动密切相关,成矿过程在短暂时间完成。笼箱盖复式岩体的形成时期与中国东部110~80Ma大规模成矿过程是吻合的,成岩成矿作用可能与岩石圈伸展作用有关。     

Chemical composition of tourmaline from the Yunlong tin deposit, Yunnan, China: implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration

Summary ?The Yunlong tin deposit is located in the northern part of the Lancangjiang metamorphic zone of the Sanjiang Tethys orogen series in western Yunan province of China. It consists of vein-type cassiterite ores, which are mainly hosted in migmatites of Caledonian age. Abundant tourmaline is associated with the ores, quartz–tourmaline veins and barren migmatized gneiss and migmatites. A detailed electron microprobe study has been carried out to document the chemical compositions of tourmaline from this deposit. The results exhibit a systematic compositional change that might be used as tracer for ore genesis and in prospecting for tin mineralization. Tourmalines from the ore bodies are dravite with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.09 ∼ 0.31 and Ca/(Ca + Na) ratios of 0.03 ∼ 0.40. These tourmalines are also rich in chromium (up to 0.74 wt% Cr₂O₃) and tin (up to 0.42 wt% Sn). In contrast, tourmalines from the barren migmatites are mostly schorl with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.38 ∼ 0.94 and Ca/(Ca + Na) ratios of 0.00 ∼ 0.14. Tourmalines from quartz–tourmaline veins that occur between ore bodies and the migmatites show intermediate compositions, i.e., Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.09 ∼ 0.59, Ca/(Ca + Na) = 0.01 ∼ 0.22. It is suggested that the Mg-rich nature of the tourmaline can be used as an exploration tool in this region to target tin mineralization, because the tourmalines show increasing Mg contents and are more dravitic when approaching the ore bodies. It is likely that the formation of the Yunlong tin deposit was related to migmatitic-hydrothermal processes. The high Mg and Cr contents in tourmalines from the ore bodies were probably derived from the local meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanic rocks of the Precambian Chongshan Group rather than from the granites in the region. Received December 28, 2000; revised version accepted January 25, 2002     

Insights into petrogenesis of the Jálama pluton (Central Iberian Zone,western Spain)

The Jálama pluton (JP) is a Variscan peraluminous granitoid that intruded into low-grade metasediments from the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ). It comprises a sillimanite-bearing two-mica monzogranite in the inner zone, followed by a tourmaline-bearing two-mica monzogranite, and a marginal tourmaline-muscovite leucogranite in the northern half of the pluton. Microgranitoid enclaves and metasedimentary xenoliths occur locally in monzogranites. The change in rock type from the central monzogranite to the marginal leucogranite corresponds to decreasing TiO₂, MgO, FeO, CaO, Sr, Ba, Zr, and ΣREE, and increasing SiO₂, Na₂O, P₂O₅, Rb, Li, Cs, Ta, Sn, and W. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios in biotite, muscovite and tourmaline increase with increasing Fe/(Fe+Mg) in bulk rock, suggesting an important control of the bulk-rock composition on mineral chemistry. The high peraluminosity, the low CaO and high P contents, as well as the similarity of ε(Nd)₃₀₀ values in both the granites and metasediments of the southern CIZ constitute strong evidences for a crustal origin of the granite suite, probably by melting of these metasedimentary rocks. Field and petrographic observations, together with mineralogical and geochemical data, suggest that assimilation and mingling/mixing acted in concert with fractional crystallization during the formation of the JP. These processes may also have been important in the evolution of other granitoids from this region.     

云南个旧卡房锡矿田花岗岩黑云母矿物化学特征及其成岩成矿意义

黑云母作为花岗岩中含量最高的暗色矿物,其成分特征对指示岩石成因与成矿起着重要作用。云南个旧卡房锡多 金属矿床的形成与花岗质岩浆活动密切相关,卡房花岗岩包含有大量黑云母,通过电子探针测试方法,对该花岗岩中的 黑云母成分进行了系统的研究。结果显示,黑云母为富铁黑云母,具有富硅、铁、铝、钾、钛,贫锰、镁、钙、钠等特 征,含铁指数为0.67~0.83。黑云母的成分特征暗示其结晶温度为500~708 ℃,结晶压力为202~538 MPa,对应的结晶深度为 7.64~20.35 km,表明卡房花岗岩形成于中低温环境、属于中深成相。综合研究认为,卡房锡矿田花岗岩具有高铁指数以及 氧逸度由高到低变化趋势等特征是锡成矿的有利条件,可以作为在本区寻找锡矿的重要标志。     

Garnet-bearing granite from the Třebíč pluton, Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic)

Summary Garnet occurs as a significant mineral constituent of felsic garnet-biotite granite in the southern edge of the Třebíč pluton. Two textural groups of garnet were recognized on the basis of their shape and relationship to biotite. Group I garnets are 1.5–2.5 mm, euhedral grains which have no reaction relationship with biotite. They are zoned having high X_Mn at the rims and are considered as magmatic. Group II garnets form grain aggregates up to 2.5 cm in size, with anhedral shape of individual grains. The individual garnet II grains are usually rimmed by biotite and have no compositional zoning. The core of group I garnets and group II garnets contains 67–80 mol% of almandine, 5–19 mol% of pyrope, 7–17 mol% of spessartine and 2–4 mol% of grossular. Biotite occurs in two generations; both are magnesian siderophyllites with Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.50–0.69. The matrix biotite in granites (biotite I) has high Ti content (0.09–0.31 apfu) and Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio between 0.50 and 0.59. Biotite II forms reaction rims around garnet, is poor in Ti (0.00–0.06 apfu) and has a Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio between 0.61 and 0.69. The textural relationship between biotite and garnet indicates that garnet reacted with granitic melt to form Ti-poor biotite and a new granitic melt, depleted in Ti and Mg and enriched in Fe and Al. In contrast to the host durbachites (hornblende-biotite melagranites), which originated by mixing of crustal melts and upper mantle melts, the origin of garnet-bearing granites is related to partial melting of the aluminium-rich metamorphic series of the Moldanubian Zone.     

云南大丫口祖母绿矿床中电气石的地球化学特征及其对成矿的指示意义

祖母绿是由微量Cr和/或V致色的绿色绿柱石。位于云南省麻栗坡县的大丫口祖母绿矿床是中国重要的祖母绿矿床,近年来取得了一系列的研究进展,但与祖母绿相关的电气石的研究工作还未展开。本文以大丫口矿床含祖母绿矿脉和非矿脉中的电气石为研究对象,在详细的野外调查和岩相学研究基础上,对电气石进行成分测试,旨在探讨电气石成因、查明物质来源和流体演化过程,进一步探究大丫口祖母绿矿床的成矿机制。结果显示:含矿脉电气石单位分子中Na含量为0.62~0.79 apfu,Al含量为5.36~6.17 apfu,Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.31~0.41;非矿脉电气石单位分子中Na含量为0.64~0.76 apfu,Al含量为5.66~6.38 apfu,Fe/(Fe+Mg)值为0.14~0.34。大丫口电气石具有富Mg、Y位(Y-site)上呈低Al或无Al的特征,属于碱族镁电气石,但是含矿脉电气石则显示更高的Fe/(Fe+Mg)值。电气石成分的差异可能主要与形成环境有关,电气石的成分差异具有指示祖母绿是否富集的潜力。大丫口电气石具有成分分带且V₂O₃含量为0.65%~4.76%,其形成与持续的热液流体交代围岩有关。大丫口矿床是一个岩浆起源的动态热液体系,流体通过碱交代作用参与水岩反应萃取围岩中的成矿物质。早期流体的物质组成以源于花岗质熔体的Si、Al、Be、F、P为主,而随着演化的进行,Ca、V等来自地层的成分逐渐增加。研究表明,铍的氟化物或氟铍络合物是大丫口成矿流体中Be的一种重要的迁移方式。萤石、氟磷灰石等含氟矿物的结晶促使铍的氟化物或氟铍络合物分解,流体中氟元素的减少可能是大丫口祖母绿成矿的重要机制之一。     

Tourmalinite from northern Guangxi,China

The extensive development of tourmalinite is a feature that distinguishes the northern Guangxi polymetallic tin province of China from similar metallogenic provinces elsewhere. Two types of tourmalinite occur in the province. The first type, in the lower part of the Early Proterozoic Sibao Group, is bedded, stratiform or lenticular tourmalinite that shows well-developed laminated, gel, and degelatinized structures. Its mineral assemblage is very simple and the grain size ranges from 2 to 8 m. This tourmaline is relatively rich in Mg, with an Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of 0.25–0.50.The second type of tourmalinite occurs as lodes distributed in the exocontact zone of Late Proterozoic biotite-granite intrusions. Its mineral assemblage is relatively complex; the tourmaline is present as euhedral or subhedral crystals ranging from 0.1 to 3.5 mm, mostly from 0.5 to 1 mm. This tourmaline commonly exhibits a radiating, zoned structure with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.64–0.79. It is suggested that the bedded tourmalinite formed by exhalation in an Early Proterozoic spreading-ridge environment, whereas the vein tourmalinite formed in a plate-convergence setting genetically associated with emplacement of Late Proterozoic biotite granite. As the tourmalinites themselves are related to mineralized rocks and orebodies, their origin and the related boron cycle of the region reflect to some extent the formation and evolution of the associated polymetallic tin deposits of the region.     

Seeing past the effects of re-equilibration to reconstruct magmatic gradients in plutons: La Gloria Pluton, central Chilean Andes

This study of La Gloria pluton in the Chilean Andes evaluates what information about magmatic conditions can be extracted from minerals in a granitic pluton, despite lower-temperature re-equilibration. The pluton is zoned vertically from granodiorite/quartz monzodiorite to quartz monzonite at the roof, with the uppermost 1500 m showing the strongest modal and compositional trends. This mimics the pattern frequently inferred from zoning in voluminous ignimbrites: a strongly zoned cap overlying a more homogeneous main␣body. The presence of large, euhedral amphibole ± biotite at the chamber margins and roof indicate that water was concentrated there. Biotite and amphibole compositions indicate a roofward increase in magmatic f _HF, f _HCl and F/Cl ratio, analogous to pre-eruptive volatile gradients recorded in zoned ignimbrites. Hornblende that crystallized directly from the melt in the volatile-rich wall and roof zones yields total-Al solidification pressures of ˜1 kbar, consistent with the estimated 4000 m of cover at the time of emplacement. In the core of the pluton, actinolitic amphibole formed by reaction of melt with early-crystallized clinopyroxene. Plag-cpx cumulate clots in the lower level are interpreted as early crystallizing phases entrained in rising granitic magma. Cores of amphibole phenocrysts in mafic enclaves suggest initial crystallization at pressures of 2–3 kbar. Lower Ti and Al contents of rims and acicular groundmass amphibole, overlapping the composition of amphibole in the host granitoid, indicate that the enclaves equilibrated with the host at the present exposure level in the presence of interstitial melt. A roofward relative increase in fO₂ of the magma is recorded by an increasing proportion of Fe-Ti oxides as a fraction of the mafic phases, greater Mn content of ilmenite, and constant or higher Mg/(Mg+Fe) in hornblende and biotite despite declining whole-rock MgO contents. Association␣of subhedral biotite and magnetite with actinolitic amphibole in clots implies a reaction: K-Ti-hb + O₂(gas) = bi + mt + actinolitic amph + titanite. Magnetite coexisting with biotite with Fe/(Fe+Mg) = 0.34– 0.40 implies temperatures of equilibration no lower than about 720–750 °C, i.e., late-magmatic rather than subsolidus. Saturation with respect to a water-rich vapor and subsequent diffusive loss of hydrogen may have caused this oxidation trend, which resulted in the most magnesian mafic phases occurring in the most compositionally evolved rocks, opposite to trends in most zoned ignimbrites, which presumably record conditions nearer the liquidus and prior to exsolution of a water-rich vapor. Two-feldspar and Fe-Ti-oxide geothermometers record subsolidus conditions in the pluton and yield higher temperatures for samples from the roof zone, suggesting that slower cooling at deeper levels allowed these minerals to continue to equilibrate to lower temperatures. Individual minerals span wide ranges in composition at any given level of the pluton, from those appropriate for phenocrysts, to those that record conditions well below the solidus. We suggest that the shallow level and isolated position of the pluton led to rapid escape of magmatic volatiles and rapid cooling, thereby preventing development of a long-lived hydrothermal system. Resulting small water/rock ratios may account for why late-magmatic and subsolidus re-equilibration were not pervasive. Received: 23 August 1996 / Accepted: 18 October 1996