从3个科学理念简论沉积学中的 “白云岩问题”*

作为碳酸盐岩的重要类型,白云岩的成因机理和时空分布规律,一直是沉积学重要的研究主题之一。沉积学家已经建立了众多的白云石化模式,并用来解释各种白云岩的成因。然而,白云石在地表条件下的形成过程和机理,一直没有得到实验室条件下的模拟和证实,所以白云岩的成因就成为沉积学的难题,即沉积学中的 “白云岩问题”。白云岩形成的作用被简称为白云石化作用,同时作为碳酸盐岩成岩作用机制的类型之一,代表了科学理念的第1个变化;立足于前寒武纪白云岩原生沉积组构的精美保存,从早先的 “原生白云石沉淀”的假设到后期的 “拟晶白云石化作用”模式的提出,代表了科学理念的第2个重要变化;微生物作用有助于白云石沉淀而出现的 “微生物白云石化作用”的模式,似乎代表了沉积学家对沉积学中的 “白云岩问题”的探索和研究之中的第3个重要的科学理念进步。追逐上述科学理念的变化和进步,将会更加深入了解科学家们对 “白云岩问题”研究和探索的重要进展。     

白云岩化研究的新进展一火山作用与白云岩化的关系

白云岩的成因在沉积学界历来是一个有争议的问题,此方面的研究还在继续,新模式不断涌现。 由于在常温常压下,实验室不能合成有序白云石,过去许多沉积学家否认在地表条件下白云石可以直接从水体中沉淀出来。然而到了60年代,在苏联的巴尔喀什湖东部阿拉库司湾的浅水沉积物中发现了现代白云石。以后,Mckenzie(1981)在研究波斯湾的现代潮坪沉积时,发现自形针状文石晶体在白云石晶体上生长,而晚期白云石又围绕文石晶体生长,没有交代     

四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩特征及成因研究

"藻白云岩"术语的提出已有五十年历史,震旦系藻白云岩以其巨大的厚度,精美的原生结构、构造,以及丰富的微生物化石和矿产资源而闻名,但至今其成因仍存在争议。以四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩为研究对象,对其宏观的剖面、岩石学、原生构造特征,微观的白云石和微生物化石形态、原生结构特征,以及相应的地球化学特征进行了详细研究。结果表明:研究区灯影组藻白云岩为一套在潮坪和潟湖环境下形成的微生物（碳酸盐）岩的岩石类型组合,以藻黏结型的叠层状、纹层状、葡萄状和均一状（藻）白云岩为主要的次级类型;藻白云岩中主要发育原生的隐晶状微生物白云石和次生的纤维状拟晶白云石,其形成与蓝细菌、硫酸盐还原细菌、中度嗜盐好氧细菌和红藻等微生物的矿化作用密切相关:沉积-同生阶段,主要由微生物诱导矿化作用形成大量纳米似立方体粒状和（亚）微米级片状微生物白云石,同时共（伴）生纤维状文石和高镁方解石;同生-准同生阶段,主要由微生物影响矿化作用形成纳米球粒状和微米级不规则状、球状和卵状微生物白云石,同时纤维状文石和高镁方解石因微生物催化矿化作用和拟晶白云石化作用形成纤维状拟晶白云石;随后微生物白云石与拟晶白云石一起组成具纹层状、叠层状、均一状等构造的藻白云岩。对藻白云岩特征及成因的研究有助于理解微生物-矿物交互作用和过程的复杂性、多样性,也为前寒武纪微生物矿化作用、微生物白云石和拟晶白云石研究提供了新的实例。     

白云岩的成因研究现状及最新进展

白云岩是主要由白云石组成的碳酸盐岩,对其成因的研究一直是沉积岩石学的热点。主要有原生白云石直接沉淀、次生交代和其他成因模式。目前普遍接受的主流成因模式是白云岩由石灰岩经过变化而成的,即石灰岩白云石化。     

四川盆地震旦系白云岩成因研究

自然界有无原生沉淀白云岩成为白云石成因研究中长期争论的话题.迄今为止,在世界范围内对白云石成因机制尚没有完善的科学答案.有趣的是前寒武纪全球广泛发育白云岩,而寒武纪以来形成的白云石很少.目前很少有文章涉及这未解之谜.本文选择了四川盆地震旦系藻白云岩和非藻白云岩,将宏观全球构造、板块运动观点与微观先进分析方法相结合,对白云石形成的地质构造背景、水介质条件、成因机制进行了深入讨论,提出藻白云岩,微、泥晶白云岩为原生(或准同生)形成,纯细晶白云岩为早期成岩白云石化作用形成,含硅细晶白云岩为埋藏环境白云石化作用形成的认识,并首次应用晶胞参数和结晶有序度判别原生和次生白云石.     

湖相原生白云石的微生物成因机理探讨

近年来,随着对微生物白云石模式研究的不断深入,为解释"白云石问题"提供了新思路。前人对微生物白云石成因研究侧重于微生物对未固结沉积物的改造,即有机准同生白云石化作用,这与实验室中以微生物为媒介形成的"有机原生白云石"在成因机理上存在差异。笔者将微生物白云石机理引入湖相原生白云石成因解释中,认为在湖水—沉积物交界处也会发生微生物成因的原生白云石沉淀,即有机原生白云石。湖水与沉积物交界处的微环境存在明显区别,总体可分为有氧和缺氧2种亚环境,不同亚环境中生活有不同的微生物群落。根据湖泊亚环境特性和微生物种类及其在白云石形成过程中所发挥的作用,可以区分出细菌有氧氧化模式、硫酸盐还原模式和产甲烷模式3种微生物白云石模式。不同模式对应于不同的湖泊环境:细菌有氧氧化模式主要发生于有氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;硫酸盐还原模式主要发生于缺氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;产甲烷模式主要发生于缺氧、低Mg/Ca值的淡水/咸水湖环境。另外,还探讨了pH值变化、SO_4~(2-)的存在和硫化物对镁水合物脱水的影响以及微生物白云石沉淀的环境因子。对微生物成因的原生白云石模式的深入认识,将为湖相白云石成因研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

白云岩成因的研究现状及相关发展趋势

白云岩占地壳沉积岩体积的20%,是碳酸盐岩地层中最主要的油气储渗体。白云岩成因是碳酸盐岩岩石学中最复杂、争论时间最久、最难解决的问题之一。根据机理的不同,当前各种主要的白云岩成因模式可划分为三大类:(1)原生白云石模式;(2)次生白云石化模式;(3)其他模式。虽然原生白云石的例子已被大量发现,但是,它们是否属真正的原生白云石仍将继续讨论下去。次生白云石化成因的实例远比原生白云石成因的多,这类模式可再细分为高盐度白云石化、低盐度白云石化、正常海水白云石化、热液白云石化等。其他模式主要有埋藏白云石化、生物白云石化、沉积—热液模式、玄武岩淋滤白云石化、出溶作用模式等。白云岩研究的热点问题及研究发展方向可以归纳为五个方面:全球气候变化与白云石化事件;大地构造环境和沉积作用对白云岩分布的控制;白云石化作用与层序地层学(相对海平面变化);新的研究手段的应用;“盖帽”白云岩。     

华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌

华北地台东北缘的芙蓉统,大致为长山组和凤山组所组成,可以进一步划分为3个三级沉积层序;层序划分主要基于沉积相序列的旋回性所代表的沉积趋势,较深水的陆棚相钙质泥岩和深缓坡相条带状泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩组成的凝缩作用序列、与高水位体系域和强迫型海退体系域的中至浅缓坡相碳酸盐岩组成的总体向上变浅序列,是这些三级沉积层序的基本构成,从而形成了较为典型的淹没不整合型层序。那些典型的叠层石生物丘,类似于微生物礁,主要发育在长山组和凤山组下部构成的三级层序的强迫型海退体系域之中,代表了缓坡型台地中相对海平面下降阶段的沉积记录。这些叠层石生物丘中的叠层石,泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,最为特征的是发育着一些典型的钙化蓝细菌化石,表明了这些寒武纪芙蓉世的叠层石生长于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用之中。最为重要的是,在构成叠层石生物丘的粗糙纹层柱状和穹窿状叠层石中,较为普遍地发育着"石松藻(Lithocodium)";这种谜一样的钙化蓝细菌化石,与其他的钙化蓝细菌化石一起,表明了寒武纪叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物沉淀作用,成为窥视叠层石生长和石化过程中重要的微生物作用信号。就像其名称所蕴含着的高级绿藻中的松藻(Codium)的涵义一样,"石松藻(Lithocodium)"状的钙化蓝细菌,多描述于中生代的微生物碳酸盐岩中,而且还常常被解释为结壳状有孔虫或"海绵骨针的网状物",其生物亲和性还存在着剧烈的争论。因此,华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统中的叠层石生物丘,特殊的层序地层位置代表了较为典型的强迫型海退沉积记录,特别的钙化微生物构成代表着叠层石生长和石化过程中复杂的微生物作用信号,成为深入了解"寒武纪-早奥陶世微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期"和"显生宙早期第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件"中的微生物造礁和成丘作用的典型实例。     

《沉积地球化学应用》讲座(四)第四讲 稳定同位素在白云岩研究中的应用

白云石这种特殊矿物不论其矿物性质还是经济价值早已引人瞩目。白云岩是重要的油气储集层以及许多Pb—Zn等金属的容矿岩石。然而关于白云石的成团,一直是地质学界长期争论的问题。由于人们在现代化沉积环境中未能发现大量白云石的沉积,在低温下亦未能合成白云石,所以不能将今论古地对自然界中大多数白云岩(高温条件下形成的白云岩除外)沉淀期间的物化条件进行解释,只是对特定白云岩成因提出了若干种推断,即模式,如蒸发     

会泽铅锌矿床“HTD”白云岩厘定

<正>白云岩按成因模式可以分为原生白云岩模式、次生白云岩模式(高盐度白云石化、低盐度白云石化、正常海水白云石化、热液白云石化)及其他模式(韩林,2006)。HTD是指受断裂构造控制的热液白云石化作用,是富镁热液在温度和压力升高的埋藏条件下沿着拉张断层、转换断层或断裂系统上升,碰到渗透性差的隔挡层后侧向侵入到渗透性好的围岩中形成白云石作用(李     

微生物诱导白云石沉淀研究进展及面临的挑战

白云岩成因机理一直是地质学家们关注的焦点,微生物诱导沉淀白云石模式是对"白云岩问题"的重要补充.一方面,微生物作用能显著改善邻近水体化学条件,形成利于白云石沉淀的微环境;另一方面,微生物及代谢产物为白云石沉淀提供成核位点.两者共同克服低温白云石沉淀的动力学障碍.但对于古老地层而言,判识白云石是否为微生物成因具有难度,目...     

Geological significance of Coorong dolomites

Microcrystalline dolomite and related carbonate minerals have been forming throughout the Quaternary in shallow ephemeral alkaline lakes on the coastal plain of the Coorong area in southern Australia. These Coorong dolomites differ significantly from sabkha-type dolomites. They form in areas where evaporation rates during summer months exceed groundwater inflow rates to a series of alkaline lakes. This results in the lakes becoming desiccated during summer months. Brines resulting from this drying phase are then refluxed out of the system into seaward-flowing groundwaters of an unconfined coastal aquifer. Dolomites and other fine-grained carbonates remain behind, whilst saline and sulphate evaporite minerals are flushed out of the system. Progressive restriction by sedimentation in and around the Holocene coastal dolomite lakes results in an upward-shoaling sedimentary cycle. Basal sediments which formed in a restricted marine environment pass upwards to lacustrine dolomites or magnesites exhibiting desiccation and groundwater resurgence structures such as mudcracks and teepees. The upper Proterozoic Skillogallee Dolomite Formation, an early rift basin unit of the Adelaide Supergroup, contains dolomites which show many of the features characteristic of the peculiar groundwater hydrology which plays an important role in Coorong dolomite genesis. These features include aphanitic dolomites which lack relict saline or sulphate evaporite minerals. The Skillogallee Dolomite Formation in some areas overlies an earlier dolomitic unit, informally named the Callanna Beds, typified by abundant pseudomorphs after sulphate minerals. Sabkha style dolomites characterizing the Callanna Beds are replaced up-section by the Coorong-type dolomite of the Skillogallee Dolomite Formation. This implies the development of an increasingly more active groundwater regime. The ultimate source and mode of concentration of the necessary Mg required to form both the modern and ancient dolomites remain imperfectly understood.     

Characterization of the Microbial Dolomite of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Hanyuan Area of Sichuan Province, China

The algal dolostone of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation (corresponding to the Ediacaran system) in the Upper Yangtze Platform of China possesses a rich diversity of microorganisms and is an ideal site for the study of ancient microbial dolomite. We focused on algal dolostone and its microbial dolomite in the Hanyuan area of Sichuan Province, China. The macroscopic petrological features, microscopic morphology, texture characteristics of the fossil microorganisms and microbial dolomite, and geochemical characteristics were investigated. We found rich fossil microorganisms and microbial dolomites in the laminated, stromatolithic, uniform and clotted (algal) dolostones. The microorganisms present were mainly body fossils of cyanobacteria (including Renalcis, Girvanella, Nanococcus, and Epiphyton) and their trace fossils (including microbial mats (biofilms), algal traces, and spots). In addition, there was evidence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria, and red algae. The microbial dolomites presented cryptocrystalline textures under polarizing microscope and nanometer-sized granular (including spherulitic and pene-cubical granular) and (sub) micron-sized sheet-like, irregular, spherical and ovoidal morphologies under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microbial dolomites were formed by microbially induced mineralization in the intertidal zone and lagoon environments during the depositional and syngenetic stages and microbially influenced mineralization in the supratidal zone environment during the penecontemporaneous stage. The microbial metabolic activities and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) determined the morphology and element composition of microbial dolomite. During the depositional and syngenetic stages, the metabolic activities of cyanobacteria and SRB were active and EPS, biofilms and microbial mats were well-developed. EPS provided a large number of nucleation sites. Accordingly, many nanometer-sized pene-cubical granular and (sub) micron-sized sheet-like microbial dolomites were formed. During the penecontemporaneous stage, SBR, cyanobacteria, and moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria were inactive. Furthermore, nucleation sites reduced significantly and were derived from both the EPS of surviving microorganisms and un-hydrolyzed EPS from dead microorganisms. Consequently the microbial dolomites present nanometer-sized spherulitic and micron-sized irregular, spherical, and ovoidal morphologies. Overall, the microbial dolomites evolved from nanometer-sized granular (including spherulitic and pene-cubical granular) dolomites to (sub) micron-sized sheet-like, irregular, spherical and ovoidal dolomites, and then to macroscopic laminated, stromatolithic, uniform, and clotted dolostones. These findings reveal the correlation between morphological evolution of microbial dolomite and microbial activities showing the complexity and diversity of mineral (dolomite)-microbe interactions, and providing new insight into microbial biomineralization and microbial dolomite in the Precambrian era.     

Autochthonous Dolomitization and Dissolution in the Microbial Carbonate Rocks of the Fengjiawan Formation in the Ordos Basin

Many euhedral dolomite crystals and related pores are found in the microbial siliceous stromatolite dolomite and siliceous oolitic dolomite in the Fengjiawan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the southern Ordos Basin. With the application of the microscope, scanning electron microscope, cathodoluminescence and in-situ trace element imaging, it can be seen that different from the phase I dolomite that was damaged by silicification, the intact euhedral phase II dolomite occurred through dolomitization after silicification, concentrated mainly in the organic-rich dark laminae of the stromatolite and the dark spheres and cores of the ooids. A considerable number of phase II dolomite crystals were dissolved, giving rise to mold pores and vugs which constituted the matrix pores and also the major pore space of the Fengjiawan Formation. The formation and dissolution of the dolomite were controlled by the microenvironment favorable, respectively, for carbonate precipitation and dissolution under the influence of microbial biological activities and related biochemical reactions. The driving force and material supply of dolomitization and dissolution were confined to the fabrics enriched with microorganisms, which are highly autochthonous. This mechanism may be a key factor for the development of Precambrian dolomite and related reservoirs, in the context of the domination of microbial rocks.     

ON THE ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY DOLOMITES

The author sets forth his ideas about the formation of dolomite rocks, according to prolonged mineralogical and petrographic investigations and in accordance with experimental physical and chemical data received by 0. K. Yanatyeva. It is shown that formation of dolomites may take place in various ways,' and that means of dolomitization by replacement are diverse, it being known that phenomena Of lime sediment replacement are predominant. Basic characteristics of primary chemical and of replacement dolomites belonging to the period of sediment diagenesis- are established. Six principal cases of the formation of replacement dolomites after, CaCO₃ limes are distinguished. During the Precambrian and the Paleozoic CO₂ in the atmosphere was much higher than at present; according to the author this contributed to the broadness- of the “field of dolomite formations” at that time. In most cases the increase in salinity to a Certain limit favors the formation of dolomites equalizing the solubilities of dolomite and of calcite. This work contains also some criticism of N. M. Strakhov's ideas stated in an article entitled “Facts and Hypothesis in the Problem of Dolomite Rock Formations” (Izvestiya, U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Geology series, no., 6, 1958) giving a fallacious interpretation of the principal questions raised. The relation of the overwhelming majority of fossil dolomites to seas and lagoons is shown in the article: The vast development in nature — particularly in Paleozoic sediments — of primary sulfate-dolomite and of dolomite sulfate rocks, as well as the dolomite content of most anhydrite and gypsum confirms the ideas of the author about the frequent formation of dolomite in saline lagoons involving MgCO₃, not in cases however of high MgCO₃ concentration in the solution. — Author's English summary     

微生物白云岩模式研究进展

白云石（岩）问题一直是沉积学领域长期关注的研究主题之一。近年来,在研究含有白云石的现代自然环境和促进原生白云石的沉淀实验中,都加入了微生物因素,并取得了令世人关注的效果,这无疑为白云石（岩）的成因研究提供了新思路与新途径。在前人研究基础上,总结现有的观察资料和实验结果,将微生物促进白云石沉淀的机理模式归纳为厌氧模式和需氧模式2种,并分别介绍这两种模式中硫酸盐还原细菌、产甲烷菌和嗜盐好氧细菌促进白云石沉淀的机理;与微生物相关的矿物形态学特征中,球形和哑铃形白云石及白云石最初的成核阶段所形成的纳米球粒状结构具有一定代表意义,尤其是纳米球粒状结构可以作为生物矿物学上微生物白云石的标志性结构。通过这些特殊的形态特征来寻找微生物作用的证据,或可为古代相似成因白云石（岩）的成因研究提供一种标志。     

柴达木盆地中新世叠层石成因与古环境研究

柴达木盆地西部干柴沟一带发育了大量湖相叠层石，主要存在于新近纪中新世地层中。柴西地区的叠层石形态各异，成因各具特点，而且部分叠层石与现代叠层石完全不同而是更类似于前寒武时期的对应物，根据国内外叠层石研究的最新成果和成因分类标准，柴西地区主要发育了骨架、凝集和细粒叠层石。对应于不同的分类标准其成因也各不相同，细粒叠层石的形成主要是通过微生物自身的钙化作用和生物膜上过饱和碳酸盐等物质以及微生物的引发的沉淀作用；凝集型叠层石的形成主要与原核生物和真核藻类共同发挥粘附作用有关；骨架型叠层石的形成主要是真核藻类等的钙化与原地碳酸盐的沉淀综合作用的结果。柴达木盆地频繁变化的湖相水体条件和周围的构造运动是叠层石形态多样，成因各异的主要外部和环境因素。对各类叠层石的深入细致研究将对沉积学和环境学的研究提供宝贯的现代对应物。     

Biogenic Microstructures in Stromatolites of the Baikal–Patom Highland: Results of Complex Study

Precambrian stromatolites were studied with a complex approach including two complementary methods. The biogenic origin of ultramicrostructures examined with SEM was supported by the traditional optical microscopy. The paper addresses columnar-stratiform stromatolites of the Vendian Chencha Formation in the Ura Uplift (Baikal–Patom Highland, Central Siberia) and fossilized remains of coccoidal and filamentous microorganisms therein: cyanobacteria Eoentophysalis, hormogonian cyanobacteria Siphonophycus and, probably, Eomicrocoleus. The unraveled community of stromatolite builders includes the major organisms commonly observed in the Precambrian microbiota. Stromatolites of the Chencha Formation contained not only cyanobacteria, but also remains of eukaryotic microorganisms, including likely testate amoebae and acanthomorphic acritarchs. It is shown that the complex approach rules out incorrect determination of biota and significantly enhances concepts of the origin and formation of stromatolites, as well as the participation of microorganisms in their formation.