山东省灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造特征*

利用野外露头和镜下薄片等资料、地质统计等方法, 对山东省灵山岛老虎嘴剖面和船厂滑塌剖面软沉积物变形构造分布特征和形成期次进行了研究。船厂剖面发育滑塌褶皱、负载构造、阶梯断层、布丁构造、球—枕构造等典型的软沉积物变形构造;老虎嘴剖面发育层内褶皱、微阶梯断层、层内角砾岩等。根据形成时间、发育部位和形态特征, 将船厂剖面变形划分为滑塌前变形和滑塌中变形, 滑塌前变形又可以细分滑塌体下部变形和滑塌体内部变形。滑塌褶皱具有多级别、多尺度的特点;以厚岩层组成的滑塌褶皱为主, 尺寸为米级;岩层内部纹层形成的次级褶皱为辅, 尺寸为毫米级。滑塌过程中岩层不同部位应力不同, 伴生其他变形构造, 如拉张形成的布丁构造和挤压形成剪切褶皱等。滑塌前已经形成的负载构造等在滑塌过程中保持原来形态, 不因地层变形而变形。这些古地震触发形成的软沉积变形构造证明灵山岛在早白垩世古地震活动频繁。     

灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造触发机制及其古环境意义探讨

灵山岛早白垩灵山岛组发育丰富的软沉积物变形构造。野外踏勘船厂、灯塔和千层崖三个剖面,根据沉积外观可分为变形层段和非变形层段两个部分。软沉积物变形构造在变形层段和非变形层段均有发育。其中,变形层段中可见褶皱变形、变形层理及大型负载构造。非变形层段可见火焰构造、同沉积布丁构造和同沉积微断层。研究发现,变形层段软沉积物变形构造尺度大(厚度可至十多米,长度可至数百米),侧向连续性好;非变形层段软沉积物变形构造尺度小(厚度仅几个厘米),侧向连续性差。且变形层段和未变形层段厚度统计数据表明,变形层段软沉积物变形构造与砂岩厚度无必然联系,而非变形层段软沉积物变形构造多出现在粒序砂岩层底部或旋回砂岩层变厚过程中。沉积环境表明,非变形层段和变形层段为一深水低角度斜坡沉积产物。软沉积物变形构造发育形态和数量受到斜坡地形的控制。结合沉积环境及沉积特征分析,认为变形层段软沉积物变形构造触发机制为地震,而非变形层段软沉积物变形构造触发机制为负载作用。锆石测年数据表明灵山岛组与上覆流纹岩沉积时间相近,因此地震活动可能与岩浆侵入或早期火山喷发活动相关。此外,汇总早白垩世重要事件,发现灵山岛组沉积、变冷事件、恐龙迁移、海平面变化和同位素偏移具有时间一致性,因此推断这些事件可能共同对应了早白垩世一次与火山活动相关的短期灾难性事件(如早白垩世缺氧事件)。     

安徽寿县新元古界一个滑塌-滑脱软沉积物变形复合构造的发现及地质初探

安徽寿县新元古界四十里长山组底部粉砂岩层中发现了一个滑塌-滑脱软沉积物变形复合构造,剖面观察显示,该沉积变形构造经历了滑塌变形、滑脱变形、震动液化变形等3次以上的变形过程,很好地保存了原始沉积面貌和沉积变形特征;分析该沉积变形构造的成因,发现变形构造属于软沉积物变形构造类型,形成于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡相带。引起软沉积物变形的动力是地震事件产生的多次震动波作用,造成软沉积物滑塌、滑脱褶皱、震动液化泄水等变形作用,形成了具有复杂变形特征的软沉积物变形复合体,是一次地震事件多次地震活动的沉积记录。     

广西西大明山地区寒武系小内冲组滑塌构造的发现及其地质意义

在广西崇左市大新县西大明山地区的寒武系小内冲组第一段上部粉砂岩、泥岩地层中,新发现了一处具有典型的滑塌构造特征的软沉积物变形层。根据滑塌层软沉积物变形强弱特征,自下而上可以将滑塌层分为强褶皱逆冲断裂带、弱滑塌褶皱带、波状层理—劈理化带。其中强褶皱逆冲断裂带构造变形最强烈,主要表现为发育大量的同沉积滑塌褶皱及一系列层间小断裂,同时在同沉积褶皱内部还发育有球枕状构造、石香肠构造、透镜状构造等。根据滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为由地震所引发的滑塌运动;根据同沉积滑塌褶皱及同沉积逆冲断层产状特征判断,滑塌体是从SSE向NNW方向滑塌堆积而成,揭示当时的盆地古斜坡倾向NNW,沉积物的物源区位于SSE侧。     

灵山岛下白垩统软沉积物变形构造类型划分及其地质意义

软沉积物变形构造是沉积物沉积之后、固结成岩之前尚处于塑性状态时,在液化作用和各种驱动力作用下发生不同程度变形的一系列构造。灵山岛下白垩统发育有多尺度、多形态、多层位、多期次、多成因的软沉积物变形构造。为研究其具体类型和成因机理,以形态特征为基础,以驱动力为分类依据,将灵山岛下白垩统软沉积物变形构造划分为斜坡上的重力驱动、密度倒置条件下的重力驱动和孔隙流体作用下的剪切力驱动等三种类型。此外,结合灵山岛下白垩统滑塌体内部的软沉积物变形构造分布特征,根据斜坡上重力驱动的软沉积物变形构造形成时所遭受的应力类型,将其进一步分为挤压型、拉伸型和剪切型等三个亚类。在分析研究灵山岛软沉积物变形构造的基本类型、发育情况和分布特征等基础上,认为灵山岛早白垩世地震活动非常频繁。驱动力直接作用于软沉积物,驱动力的种类、大小、作用方式和持续时间是影响软沉积物变形构造类型、形态和规模的重要因素,因此,从驱动力角度对其进行系统划分具有科学性、适用性和可行性。探讨软沉积物变形构造的分类方案对其野外识别和成因分析具有科学价值。     

山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探

灵山岛位于青岛胶南市东南黄海近岸海域中,为中国北方第一高岛,构造上属于苏鲁造山带,但岛上很多重要的地质现象尚未在地质文献中披露过。本文作者对灵山岛进行了初步地质考察,在被看做早白垩世莱阳期的地层中发现远源浊积岩及其内部大量的滑塌沉积层,孢粉鉴定初步结果显示该地层的时代很可能为侏罗纪。滑塌构造以同沉积滑塌褶皱为主,而在滑塌体内部还发现有很多同沉积变形构造,如:同沉积布丁构造、同沉积拉伸线理、同沉积双重构造等。同沉积滑塌褶皱体的排列方向揭示了其物源来自南东方向,韵律层中弱粒序层单元颗粒为细砂到粉砂,反映出远源浊积岩的特征。根据滑塌体运移方向判断盆地的古地理特征为东南侧水体变浅而西北侧水体变深。滑塌沉积发育时,盆地为介于扬子板块和华北板块之间的残余洋盆。发育于砂质单元中的早期平面X剪节理指示了该套浊积岩在褶皱之前受到了SE—NW向的动态挤压,而后期的不对称褶皱构造记录了扬子板块自南东向北西侧的华北板块俯冲的历史。灵山岛中生代滑塌沉积层的发现不仅揭示了中国东部存在着晚中生代海相沉积,更为扬子板块与华北板块在郯庐断裂以东碰撞缝合的演化历史研究提供了珍贵的实际材料。     

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。本文梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。     

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。笔者等梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。     

青岛灵山岛晚中生代重力流沉积特征及环境分析

青岛灵山岛晚中生代发育一套重力流沉积,国内学者对其成因机制存在争议。笔者通过对造船厂、灯塔、千层崖、羊礁洞、老虎嘴、背来石等剖面的重点观察发现:灵山岛晚中生代地层出露以厚度不等的细粒砂泥岩与火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩为主,夹沉火山碎屑岩和侵入体,地层从老到新组合为一个水体变浅的水退序列。地层中发育不同类型、不同尺度、不同期次的软沉积变形构造,如软沉积变形褶皱、布丁构造、负载构造和火焰构造、软双重构造等。灵山岛晚中生代重力流沉积碎屑岩主要是块体搬运沉积(砂质滑塌和砂质碎屑流)和浊流沉积,向上过渡为陆相三角洲前缘沉积,其成因机制是物源供应充足的湖盆三角洲前缘在构造坡度或沉积坡度控制下,受地震和火山活动影响发生的块体搬运沉积和浊流沉积。初步研究认为沉积时的古斜坡方向为南东—北西方向。     

事件层组合特征限定软沉积变形的地震成因——在青岛灵山岛的应用

对软沉积物变形构造的形成过程解析和触发因素识别一直是国内外事件沉积学研究的重点和难点。国内外学者常将地层中保存的软沉积物变形构造的形成归因于地震作用,但缺乏足够的证据来支撑地震震动触发相应的沉积过程与变形机制。由于软沉积物变形构造可以由地震、风暴和非地震参与的液化作用、重力作用及滑坡等因素触发,且可能受瑞利—泰勒不稳定性（因密度差异沿垂向变形）或开尔文—亥姆获兹不稳定性（沿水平方向变形）机制的控制,软沉积物变形构造本身并不能作为特定触发因素的判别标志。此前,通过解析事件层组合特征来揭示与软沉积物变形构造形成相关的沉积过程和变形机制,进而限定变形构造触发因素的方法已成功应用于中东地区死海盆地（死海断裂带）的事件沉积研究中。尝试应用此方法来解析灵山岛灯塔剖面底部软沉积物变形构造的变形机制与触发因素,研究发现灯塔剖面底部的软沉积物变形构造是原位形成与保存的,并被浊流沉积层上覆,且二者之间无背景沉积物。这种独特的事件层组合指示原位变形和异地搬运两种水下沉积过程准同期发生,而能够同时激发这两类物质来源与沉积过程迥异的事件沉积响应的最可能因素是区域强震震动。结合灵山岛研究案例认为,前人所做的模式化...     

Soft sediment deformation structures from Khari River section of Rudramata member,Jhuran Formation,Kutch: A testimony of Jurassic seismites

Soft sediment deformation structures such as slump folds, clastic dyke, syn-sedimentary faults and convolute bedding are present in the coarse–fine grained yellowish buff coloured sandstone, and interbedded reddish brown fine grained sandstone and yellowish–white siltstone at the Khari River section belonging to Rudramata member of Jhuran Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kutch. These soft sediment deformation structures are confined to lower and middle parts of the section and are invariably underlain as well as overlain by undeformed beds that have restricted lateral and vertical extent and occur in close proximity of Kutch Mainland Fault, thereby suggesting that these structures were formed by seismic activity and therefore represents seismites.     

Earthquake-related Tectonic Deformation of Soft-sediments and Its Constraints on Basin Tectonic Evolution

The authors introduced two kinds of newly found soft-sediment deformation-synsedimentary extension structure and syn-sedimentary compression structure, and discuss their origins and constraints on basin tectonic evolution. One representative of the syn-sedimentary extension structure is syn-sedimentary boudinage structure, while the typical example of the syn-sedimentary compression structure is compression sand pillows or compression wrinkles. The former shows NW-SE-trendlng contemporaneous extension events related to earthquakes in the rift basin near a famous Fe-Nb-REE deposit in northern China during the Early Paleozoic （or Mesoproterozoic as proposed by some researches）, while the latter indicates NE-SW-trending contemporaneous compression activities related to earthquakes in the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang remnant basin covering south Guizhou, northwestern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan in southwestern China. The syn-sedimentary boudinage structure was found in an earthquake slump block in the lower part of the Early Paleozoic Sailinhudong Group, 20 km to the southeast of Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, north of China. The slump block is composed of two kinds of very thin layers-pale-gray micrite （microcrystalline limestone） of 1-2 cm thick interbedded with gray muddy micrite layers with the similar thickness. Almost every thin muddy micrite layer was cut into imbricate blocks or boudins by abundant tiny contemporaneous faults, while the interbedded micrite remain in continuity. Boudins form as a response to layer-parallel extension （and/or layer-perpendicular flattening） of stiff layers enveloped top and bottom by mechanically soft layers. In this case, the imbricate blocks cut by the tiny contemporaneous faults are the result of abrupt horizontal extension of the crust in the SE-NW direction accompanied with earthquakes. Thus, the rock block is, in fact, a kind of seismites. The syn-sedimentary boudins indicate that there was at least a strong earthquake belt on the southeast side of the basin during the early stage of the Sailinhudong Group. This may be a good constraint on the tectonic evolution of the Bayan Obo area during the Early Paleozoic time. The syn-sedimentary compression structure was found in the Middle Triassic flysch in the Nanpanjiang Basin. The typical structures are compression sand pillows and compression wrinkles. Both of them were found on the bottoms of sand units and the top surface of the underlying mud units. In other words, the structures were found only in the interfaces between the graded sand layer and the underlying mud layer of the flysch. A deformation experiment with dough was conducted, showing that the tectonic deformation must have been instantaneous one accompanied by earthquakes. The compression sand pillows or wrinkles showed uniform directions along the bottoms of the sand layer in the flysch, revealing contemporaneous horizontal compression during the time between deposition and diagenesis of the related beds. The Nanpanjiang Basin was affected, in general, with SSW-NNE compression during the Middle Triassic, according to the syn-sedimentary compression structure. The two kinds of syn-sedimentary tectonic deformation also indicate that the related basins belong to a rift basin and a remnant basin, respectively, in the model of Wilson Cycle.     

柴达木盆地西南缘新近系与地震沉积有关的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义

在区域构造背景研究和岩心观察的基础上,在柴达木盆地西南缘新近纪地层中识别出与地震沉积有关的软沉积物变形构造。软沉积物变形构造包括液化砂岩脉、泄水构造、重荷模、火焰构造、震积砂枕、砂球构造、枕状层、层内错断、地裂缝、串珠状构造、震褶层、混合层及地震角砾状构造等。液化砂岩脉有喉道状、脉络状、飘带状、尖突状及“V”字形五种,主要是由振动流体化作用、振动液化挤压作用和振动拉张裂缝充填作用形成的;重荷模、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;地裂缝、层内错断、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂、错断和褶皱;枕状层是地震振动引起的砂层脱水、下沉、变形形成的;混合层构造的完整性取决于地震强度和地震持续时间;地震角砾状构造是由地震振动使原始沉积层断裂形成的自碎屑角砾、脆性角砾和塑性角砾组成。该成果从沉积学角度证明了新近纪是昆仑山造山带北侧断裂活动较强烈时期,也为柴达木盆地新生代构造演化研究提供了依据。地震作用极大地提高了储层的渗透率,改善了油气储层的储集物性。     

软沉积物滑塌变形物理模拟及变形机理分析*

软沉积物滑塌变形是一种地质现象,对于分析区域地质发展史和指导油气勘探具有重要的意义,近年来越来越受到地学界的重视。但大多数的研究是基于野外现象的定性观察描述,对其形成过程和成因机制的定量探究较少。笔者建立了一套斜坡背景下重力驱动的软沉积物滑塌变形物理模拟实验装置,并设计了完整的实验程序,利用具有不同黏滞系数的材料模拟地层,通过多次实验改变沉积箱坡度模拟不同的地层倾角,总结了软沉积物滑塌变形的演化模式: 滑塌开始,模拟地层逐渐隆起;随着地形坡度变大,滑塌褶皱依次发展成圆弧褶皱、紧密等斜褶皱,断裂产生后形成类似无根等斜褶皱和鞘褶皱的变形构造,直到地层趋于平稳。分析了软沉积物滑塌变形的机理: 软沉积物受到自身沿斜坡重力的驱动,发生滑塌,层与层之间的剪切效应导致软沉积物发生变形。     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

Temporal and spatial changes of the submarine Cretaceous paleoslope in Northern Tunisia,inferred from slump folds analysis

This paper presents the first comprehensive, non-exhaustive, study of the genetic relationship between slump folds and the synsedimentary paleoslope during Cretaceous time in northern Tunisia. Slump folds occur mainly in the Cretaceous marl-dominated lithofacies, which exposes numerous slump folds structures. In addition, fault kinematic analysis is conducted to define the paleostress fields and the stress states characterizing the Cretaceous extension that triggers soft-sediment deformation and slumping. The MAM and the APM methods are used to deduce the paleoslope in several localities. The calculated values of paleoslope trend derived from MAM and APM methods precise the variation of the paleoslope trend during Cretaceous times in northern Tunisia. This paleoslope is ～NW-dipping during Berriasian, ～SSW-dipping during Valanginian, ～NW-dipping during the Barremian and ～N- to ～NNE or ～S- to ～SSW-dipping during Aptian–Albian period. The results of the back-tilted fault diagram show a ～North to ～Northeast-trending tectonics extension. The back-tilting of Cenomanian slump axis and poles of axial planes (MAM and APM methods) give close results with ～Southward or ～Northward-dipping paleoslope. The restored fault diagrams show ～North to ～Northeast-trending extension during Cenomanian times. Coniacian-Santonian marls deposits seal all the gravity-driven deformation structures. North Tunisian area exposes evidences for abundant soft-sediment deformation and slumping atop a northward facing submarine slope, which was probably dominant from the Early Cretaceous to Santonian with ～North-South tectonic extension related to the Southern Tethyan rifted continental margin evolution.     

Ductile deformations of opposite vergence in the eastern part of the Guerrero Terrane (SW Mexico)

The Teloloapan volcanic arc in SW Mexico represents the easternmost unit of the Guerrero Terrane. It is overthrust by the Arcelia volcanic unit and is thrust over the Guerrero–Morelos carbonate platform. These major structures result from two closely related tectonic events: first, an eastward verging, ductile deformation (D1) characterized by an axial-plane schistosity (S1) supporting an E–W trending mineral stretching lineation (L1) and associated with synschistose isoclinal, curvilinear folds (F1). Numerous kinematic indicators such as asymmetrical pressure-shadows, porphyroclast systems, and micro-shear bands (S–C structures) indicate a top-to-the-east shear along L1. This first deformation was followed by another ductile event (D2) that produced a crenulation cleavage (S2) associated with westward overturned folds (F2), hence showing that the vergence of D2 is opposite to that of D1. Regionally, both D1 and D2 deformations have been identified east and west of the Teloloapan unit, in the Arcelia volcanic rocks as well as in the Mexcala flysch of Late Cretaceous age overlying the Guerrero–Morelos platform. This implies that all three units were deformed and thrust simultaneously, during the Late Cretaceous or Paleocene, prior to the deposition of the overlying, undeformed Eocene red beds of the Balsas group.