高压-超高压变质岩石中不同成因的石榴石

石榴石是高压-超高压变质岩石中最重要的变质矿物之一,是研究俯冲带深部变质和熔融过程的理想研究对象.通过对俯冲带内不同条件下形成的石榴石进行详细研究,确定了岩浆成因、变质成因和转熔成因石榴石.岩浆石榴石是岩浆熔体在冷却过程中结晶形成,成分主要为锰铝榴石-铁铝榴石,通常含有石英、长石、磷灰石等晶体包裹体.变质石榴石是在亚固相条件下通过变质反应形成,包裹体为参与变质反应的矿物组合;进变质生长的石榴石通常显示核部到边部锰铝榴石降低的特征.转熔石榴石是在超固相条件下通过转熔反应形成,通常含有晶体包裹体,其中既有从转熔熔体结晶的矿物包裹体,也有转熔反应残留的矿物包裹体.对超高压变质岩石中转熔石榴石的识别,可以为深俯冲陆壳岩石的部分熔融提供重要的岩石学证据,是大陆俯冲带部分熔融研究的重要进展之一.      

大陆俯冲带地壳深熔作用的记录:来自超高压变质岩中多相晶体包裹体的研究北大核心CSCD

大陆碰撞过程中会发生广泛的部分熔融现象,形成深熔熔体。深入认识深熔熔体的组成和演化是大陆俯冲带化学地球动力学的主要研究内容。在熔融过程中产生的熔体会被超高压岩石中的转熔矿物所捕获,最终以多相晶体包裹体(multiphase crystal inclusion,简称MCI)的形式保存下来。多相晶体包裹体通常具有典型的负晶形和爆裂纹,主要以硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物为主含有少量的硫酸盐矿物。矿物学、岩石学和地球化学原位微区分析的研究结果表明,多相晶体包裹体是由岩石部分熔融产生的初始硅酸盐或/和碳酸盐初始熔体熔体结晶而成。在降压折返过程中,高压岩石中的含水矿物,如多硅白云母、钠云母和帘石等脱水引发部分熔融产生硅酸盐熔体,而碳酸盐熔体则由碳酸盐矿物部分熔融产生。富Na矿物如钠云母脱水熔融产生的包裹体具有相对较高的Na含量,而部分富K的包裹体主要由富K矿物如多硅白云母脱水熔融所产生。近年来随着微区原位技术的飞速发展,从矿物的形态结构到矿物地球化学组成的测定技术有了飞速发展,通过对超高压岩石中包裹的多相晶体的详细研究,可限定大陆碰撞造山过程中部分熔融的组成、时限和形成机制,对大陆深俯冲的构造热演化和折返机制有重要制约。     

巴尔哲碱性花岗岩中的熔体和熔体-流体包裹体: 岩浆-热液过渡的信息

熔体包裹体由被封存在矿物中的原始岩浆组成,有效的保存了有关其主矿物形成时周围岩浆介质的物理化学信息,是研究岩浆演化和成矿作用的原始样品。本文以内蒙古巴尔哲超大型稀有稀土金属矿床中伟晶岩壳和石英斑晶中的熔体包裹体和流体-熔体包裹体为研究对象,使用高温热台和激光拉曼进行分析。结果显示熔体包裹体的熔融温度在750~1027℃之间(平均为916℃),熔体-流体包裹体的均一温度在475~650℃之间(平均为562℃),而包裹体内的硅酸盐矿物和稀土矿物的存在表明巴尔哲岩体的岩浆-热液演化及其对稀有稀土矿化的制约。     

大陆俯冲带地壳深熔作用的记录:来自超高压变质岩中多相晶体包裹体的研究

大陆碰撞过程中会发生广泛的部分熔融现象,形成深熔熔体。深入认识深熔熔体的组成和演化是大陆俯冲带化学地球动力学的主要研究内容。在熔融过程中产生的熔体会被超高压岩石中的转熔矿物所捕获,最终以多相晶体包裹体(multiphase crystal inclusion,简称MCI)的形式保存下来。多相晶体包裹体通常具有典型的负晶形和爆裂纹,主要以硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物为主含有少量的硫酸盐矿物。矿物学、岩石学和地球化学原位微区分析的研究结果表明,多相晶体包裹体是由岩石部分熔融产生的初始硅酸盐或/和碳酸盐初始熔体熔体结晶而成。在降压折返过程中,高压岩石中的含水矿物,如多硅白云母、钠云母和帘石等脱水引发部分熔融产生硅酸盐熔体,而碳酸盐熔体则由碳酸盐矿物部分熔融产生。富Na矿物如钠云母脱水熔融产生的包裹体具有相对较高的Na含量,而部分富K的包裹体主要由富K矿物如多硅白云母脱水熔融所产生。近年来随着微区原位技术的飞速发展,从矿物的形态结构到矿物地球化学组成的测定技术有了飞速发展,通过对超高压岩石中包裹的多相晶体的详细研究,可限定大陆碰撞造山过程中部分熔融的组成、时限和形成机制,对大陆深俯冲的构造热演化和折返机制有重要制约。     

熔体包裹体分析技术进展

熔体包裹体是岩浆岩中矿物生长或结晶过程中捕获的少量硅酸盐熔体,成为地球深部过程的重要见证者。因此,有效识别其记录的岩浆演化信息显得十分重要。文章在前人对熔体包裹体研究的基础上,系统梳理其研究方法,总结了5步研究过程：① 利用偏光显微镜,开展详细的岩相学观察以识别具有代表性的熔体包裹体类型;② 为加热实验和成分分析制备样品;③ 利用高温热台,对熔体包裹体进行加热实验使其内部均一化,并测得捕获温度;④ 通过电子探针、二次离子探针、LA-ICP-MS、显微激光拉曼等技术对熔体包裹体中的主、微量元素、同位素以及挥发分组成进行分析测试;⑤ 熔体包裹体数据分析,与全岩成分和相关实验得出的流体成分进行对比。虽然熔体包裹体的研究经历了近百年的发展,但有效还原其代表的初始岩浆信息,仍然是当前研究的难点和热点。尤其是地球系统科学发展引发宜居地球深部过程的探讨,使得开展熔体包裹体分析新方法的探讨成为重中之重。     

地壳深熔条件下的转熔矿物研究进展

地壳深熔作用有两种形式,即流体相缺乏的脱水熔融和流体相存在的加水熔融。由于地壳岩石中水含量的差异(岩石中含水矿物的丰度和外来水的加入量),岩石发生不同形式的部分熔融所需要的温度和压力条件有很大差异。转熔矿物是岩石发生不一致熔融的产物,在形成过程中携带了地壳深熔源区物质和熔体的大量信息,是追溯高温变质岩石经历深熔作用的最可靠依据。它们与高级变质岩中残留的变质矿物和岩浆或熔体中结晶的岩浆矿物具有明显不同的来源,分别代表了岩石曾经历的不同演化历史。通过对不同成因的矿物进行矿物结构、包裹体、主量元素、微量元素和同位素以及共生矿物组合等多方面的综合考察,可以有效识别出高级变质岩中的转熔矿物、变质残余矿物和岩浆矿物。准确识别高温-超高温变质岩以及花岗岩中不同成因的矿物相,是研究高温变质作用的前提条件,对研究混合岩和S型花岗岩的成因都起着非常重要的作用。     

高级变质岩中熔体包裹体研究进展

高级变质岩中的熔体包裹体为包裹于寄主矿物（石榴子石、锆石等）中的熔体滴,主要由子晶矿物、玻璃和一些偶然捕获的固相矿物组成.最近10年来,熔体包裹体已经成为研究区域变质岩部分熔融作用的新手段和新途径.熔体包裹体粒径通常 < 20 μm,微小的尺度对熔体包裹体识别与分析提出巨大挑战.为此系统总结了熔体包裹体的识别方法、结构特征、化学成分分析方法,并指出熔体包裹体研究对于部分熔融的识别、部分熔融发生的温压条件、机制和流体状态的限定等具有重要的意义.      

自然界岩石样品中的超临界流体记录

超临界流体是有别于富水流体和含水熔体的一种低粘度、高迁移性和高元素携带能力的一类流体,在变质岩体系中,其形成的温压条件一般高于对应的H_2O-岩体系的第二临界端点。俯冲带岩石是自然界最有可能保存超临界流体活动记录的地方,而超临界流体的活动对于地球内部物质循环、俯冲带岩浆作用和俯冲带成矿等方面可以发挥巨大作用。目前对于天然岩石和矿床样品中超临界流体的识别仍处于经验推测阶段,缺乏定量的岩相学和地球化学指标。本文主要基于目前已有研究结果,介绍自然体系中超临界流体的地质特征,包括俯冲带超高压变质岩、高压-超高压脉体以及地幔楔岩石中的超临界流体记录,主要是一些多相包裹体及元素迁移变化的记录,最后讨论超临界流体的相分离与岛弧岩浆作用之间的关系。     

矿物包裹体弹性拉曼频移温压计原理及其地质应用

与目前广泛存在的传统热力学温压计相比,矿物包裹体拉曼弹性温压计是一种独立于化学平衡之外的基于力学平衡的新型温压计。其原理是利用激光拉曼频移标定矿物包裹体在常压条件下储存的残余应力,结合包裹体与寄主两相矿物弹性物理特性,可准确恢复包裹体捕获时的温度和压力条件,是一个潜在的优质温压计。作为新发展起来的技术和方法,越来越多地引起地质学家的关注,但是目前大量的研究还集中于对该温压计自身的推演和校正,而对于天然样品的研究还相对缺乏。近来年,学者们成功地将拉曼弹性矿物温压计应用到各类天然样品的研究中。有限的研究表明拉曼弹性矿物温压计具有较大的应用范围,不仅是一个潜在的优质地质温压计,而且可广泛应用于恢复俯冲带受后期热事件强烈改造的高压-超高压变质信息,进而示踪地球早期俯冲带演化的动力学过程。因此矿物包裹体拉曼弹性温压计具有广泛的地质用途和应用前景。     

岩浆包裹体化学成分研究的若干问题

岩浆包裹体是岩浆岩矿物结晶生长过程中所捕获的天然岩浆珠滴,它们可以直接提供有关天然岩浆结晶演化各个阶段化学成分变异的珍贵信息。为了获得正确可靠的岩浆包裹体化学成分数据,并能对所获数据做出合理可信的解释和推理,下述问题应当予以重视。 1.进行岩浆包裹体化学成分研究时,应首先在显微镜下仔细观察包裹体封闭后硅酸盐熔体充填物的演化程度。笔者等所提出的     

玻璃和熔体包裹体中水含量的拉曼光谱定量测定方面的进展评述

This paper is focused on the progress in the determination of water in glasses and melt inclusions with Raman spectroscopy.Using the presented"Comparator Technique"the water content of a sample is determined by simple comparison with a known standard.A calibration curve is not necessary.Furthermore,with this technique the water concentration in silicate melt inclusions can be determined without exposing the inclusions for measurements.This is very important for extremely water-rich melt inclusions,which would loose H_2O on exposure.     

熔体包裹体挥发分应用的研究进展

挥发分(例如H2O、CO2、F、Cl和S)是地幔的重要组成部分,虽然它们在地幔中的含量很低,但是在地幔熔融和熔体演化、地幔不均一、地幔流变学、地幔地震特性和电导率等研究方面具有重要作用。对矿物熔体包裹体和玻璃挥发分的研究已经成为当前的研究热点。其中,熔体包裹体研究凭借其独特的优势成为研究地幔和岩浆挥发分组成的重要手段。熔体包裹体直接捕获了矿物形成时岩浆中的成分,且由于寄主矿物的存在使得熔体包裹体能够保持独立演化而不受外界环境影响,因此能够较为完整地保存岩浆中的挥发分信息。同时,研究熔体包裹体中的挥发分是恢复岩浆喷发前挥发分含量最直接的途径。如果通过现代分析方法(如扫描电镜、电子探针和离子探针等)对熔体包裹体进行详细的岩相学观察以及对后期可能影响熔体包裹体原始挥发组分的作用(地壳混染、岩浆去气、扩散和水化作用)进行评估,并结合实验研究熔体包裹体被捕获后发生的变化而对数据进行矫正,那熔体包裹体对研究岩浆体系中的挥发分将大有可为。基于此,本文系统介绍了熔体包裹体挥发分研究的现状及主要研究内容,主要包括熔体包裹体挥发分的测试方法、挥发分在岩浆中的溶解度、判断挥发分数据可靠性和挥发分研究的经典应用等4个方面。     

Volatiles H2O,CO2, and Cl in a subduction related basalt

The products of the 1974 eruption of Fuego, a subduction zone volcano in Guatemala, have been investigated through study of silicate melt inclusions in olivine. The melt inclusions sampled liquids in regions where olivine, plagioclase, magnetite, and augite were precipitating. Comparisons of the erupted ash, groundmass, and melt inclusion compositions suggest that the inclusions represent samples of liquids present in a thermal boundary layer of the magma body. The concentrations of H₂O and CO₂ in glass inclusions were determined by a vacuum fusion manometric technique using individual olivine crystals (Fo77 to Fo71) with glass inclusion compositions that ranged from high-alumina basalt to basaltic andesite. Water, Cl, and K₂O concentrations increased by a factor of two as the olivine crystals became more iron-rich (Fo77 to Fo71) and as the glass inclusions increased in SiO₂ from 51 to 54 wt.% SiO₂. The concentration of H₂O in the melt increased from 1.6 wt.% in the least differentiated liquid to about 3.5% in a more differentiated liquid. Carbon dioxide is about an order of magnitude less abundant than H₂O in these inclusions. The gas saturation pressures for pure H₂O in equilibrium with the melt inclusions, which were calculated from the glass inclusion compositions using the solubility model of Burnham (1979), are given approximately by P(H₂O)(Pa)=(SiO₂−48.5 wt.%) × 1.45 × 10⁷. The concentrations of water in the melt and the gas saturation pressures increased from about 1.5% to 3.5% and from 300 to 850 bars, respectively, during pre-eruption crystallization.     

Quantification of Water Content and Speciation in Synthetic Rhyolitic Glasses: Optimising the Analytical Method of Confocal Raman Spectrometry

Quantification of water content in silicate glasses is of vital significance in understanding magma evolution and metamorphic anataxis. Here we provide a method for the determination of total dissolved water content and water speciation in silicate melts by confocal laser Raman spectrometry based on a set of hydrous rhyolitic glasses. A series of alumino-silicate glasses with water contents from 0.33 to 9.05% m/m were synthesised in a piston cylinder apparatus. Synchrotron-FTIR mapping shows that these glasses have relatively homogeneous distributions of dissolved water. Total water contents of the glasses were precisely measured by TC/EA-MS and FTIR. Both external and internal calibration were established for the quantitative analysis of water content and water speciation in the silicate glasses based on excellent linear correlation between total dissolved water content and integrated area of the water Raman band. Furthermore, by decomposing the total water Raman bands into four Gaussians components, the relative concentration of water speciation (OH groups and molecules H₂O_m) dissolved in the glasses was determined with a similar trend to water speciation data derived from FTIR. We suggest that the relative concentration of water speciation can be estimated in rhyolitic glasses with 4–8% m/m H₂O. Our work provides an accurate method to determine total water content and a potential tool to limit the relative concentration of water speciation dissolved in silicic glasses.     

地幔岩中不同产状的流体-熔体包裹体及地幔流体交代作用

地幔捕虏体中存在不同产状的熔体包裹体和各种硅酸盐玻璃相,包括主矿物内部的蠕虫状、长圆形、圆形、不规则状包裹体(I型)、边部的连通的管状包裹体(T型)、主矿物边部和粒间的片状熔融体——“浆胞”(C型),三者可见明显过渡关系,它们是地幔流体交代地幔岩石过程中由交代重熔形成的,是研究地幔流体的特征和地幔交代作用的对象之一,从I型、T型到C型,其成分呈规律变化,其中S、Cu、Ni,K、Na含量呈明显的降低趋势．包裹体中玻璃相的成分较主矿物富Si、Al、S、Cu、Ni、K和Na,再加上C02包裹体的发现,表明地幔流体的成分富碱金属、Si、Al、S、Cu、Ni和CO2,地幔交代作用可以使交代产物中Si、Al含量升高而形成中酸性岩浆,也可由于硫化物熔体聚集而形成矿浆．不同地区的地幔流体性质可能存在差异,这些不同性质的地幔流体町能与不同类型的地幔成矿作用有关．     

超高压变质矿物中的多相固体包裹体研究进展

大陆碰撞过程中熔/流体的组成和演化是研究大陆深俯冲动力学的重要内容,而超高压岩石记录了大陆俯冲和折返过程中的熔/流体-岩石相互作用,因而是研究大陆碰撞过程中熔/流体组成和演化的天然实验室。大陆俯冲带高压/超高压变质矿物中多相固体包裹体作为熔/流体活动的直接记录,为我们提供了揭示超高压变质过程中熔/流体演化的重要制约。近年来,围绕超高压岩石中多相固体包裹体的形成时间、演化过程及其所反映的俯冲带超高压变质熔/流体的组成和性质,进行了大量的研究工作。超高压岩石中多相固体包裹体的发现,为理解峰期超高压变质流体的组成和演化提供了重要制约,同时也为研究俯冲板片-地幔楔界面的熔/流体交代作用提供了新的途径。本文从多相固体包裹体形成机制、结构形态特征、矿物化学成分及其地质地球化学意义等方面,对于超高压变质岩中多相固体包裹体的研究现状和存在的问题进行系统地总结和探讨,以期促进多相固体包裹体的岩石学和地球化学研究。     

Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex I: analytical approach and data evaluation

Quantitative microanalysis of entire silicate and sulfide melt inclusions by Excimer Laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) has been applied to extrusive and shallow intrusive rocks from the andesitic Farallón Negro Volcanic Complex (northwestern Argentina). Silicate melts are trapped in pyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase and quartz, and sulfide melts are trapped in amphibole. Details of the analytical approach and the quantification procedure are given and the results are evaluated to test the accuracy of the technique and the validity of the interpretation of analytical signals. Similar compositions of silicate melt inclusions trapped in truly co-precipitating minerals show that the quantification approach of melt inclusion compositions from LA-ICPMS signals through an internal standard is valid. This correspondence also shows that melt inclusions investigated in this study are not significantly influenced by the boundary layer around a growing crystal or by post-entrapment modifications. Post-entrapment diffusive re-equilibration only affected the Fe and Mg content of melt inclusions in mafic phases. Thus, melt inclusions are representative samples of the melt from which the host mineral crystallized, with regard to most major and trace elements. Sulfide melt inclusions (present as pyrrhotite with exsolution of Au and Cu in phases separated during cooling) were analyzed for their bulk Fe, Cu and Au content, and the abundance of these elements was quantified using a silicate glass as external standard. The validity of this calibration was tested by comparing electron microprobe analyses of Fe, Cu, Ni and Co in homogeneous sulfide minerals with LA-ICPMS results. Identical results within calculated uncertainty (one standard deviation of five to nine analyses, mostly between 1 and 5 wt% RSD) demonstrate that for these elements, measured element ratios are independent of the matrix using our analytical setup.Editorial responsibility: T.L. Grove     

Carbonatite melt inclusions in coexisting magnetite,apatite and monticellite in Kerimasi calciocarbonatite,Tanzania: melt evolution and petrogenesis

Kerimasi calciocarbonatite consists principally of calcite together with lesser apatite, magnetite, and monticellite. Calcite hosts fluid and S-bearing Na–K–Ca-carbonate inclusions. Carbonatite melt and fluid inclusions occur in apatite and magnetite, and silicate melt inclusions in magnetite. This study presents statistically significant compositional data for quenched S- and P-bearing, Ca-alkali-rich carbonatite melt inclusions in magnetite and apatite. Magnetite-hosted silicate melts are peralkaline with normative sodium-metasilicate. On the basis of our microthermometric results on apatite-hosted melt inclusions and forsterite–monticellite phase relationships, temperatures of the early stage of magma evolution are estimated to be 900–1,000°C. At this time three immiscible liquid phases coexisted: (1) a Ca-rich, P-, S- and alkali-bearing carbonatite melt, (2) a Mg- and Fe-rich, peralkaline silicate melt, and (3) a C–O–H–S-alkali fluid. During the development of coexisting carbonatite and silicate melts, the Si/Al and Mg/Fe ratio of the silicate melt decreased with contemporaneous increase in alkalis due to olivine fractionation, whereas the alkali content of the carbonatite melt increased with concomitant decrease in CaO resulting from calcite fractionation. Overall the peralkalinity of the bulk composition of the immiscible melts increased, resulting in a decrease in the size of the miscibility gap in the pseudoquaternary system studied. Inclusion data indicate the formation of a carbonatite magma that is extremely enriched in alkalis with a composition similar to that of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite. In contrast to the bulk compositions of calciocarbonatite rocks, the melt inclusions investigated contain significant amount of alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) that is at least 5–10 wt%. The compositions of carbonatite melt inclusions are considered as being better representatives of parental magma composition than those of any bulk rock.     

Fluid and magmatic processes in the formation of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia)

The paper discusses the formation conditions of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia). Studies of melt and fluid inclusions have shown that, along with crystalline phases and a silicate melt, ongonitic magma contained aqueous–saline fluids of different types, fluoride melts compositionally similar to fluorite, sellaite, cryolite, chiolite, and more complex aluminum fluorides as well as silicate melts with abnormal Cs and As contents. An ongonite melt crystallized with the participation of P–Q fluids as vapor solutions, presumably NaF-containing and slightly admixed with chlorides. We studied the properties and composition of brine inclusions from Ca- and F-rich rocks on the margin of the massif. Depending on the thermophysical properties of the host rocks and ongonite melt, the duration of its crystallization has been estimated for a magma chamber of the size and shape of the Ary-Bulak massif. Magma chamber cooling has been modeled, and the density, viscosity, and Rayleigh number of the ongonite melt have been estimated from the composition of silicate glasses in melt inclusions. These data strongly suggest intense convection in the residual magma chamber lasting for centuries. We have calculated possible fluid overpressure during the crystallization and degassing of the ongonite melt in a closed magma chamber.Calcium- and fluorine-rich aphyric and porphyritic rocks on the southwestern margin of the massif might have formed by the following mechanism. Local decompression in the magma chamber quenched an oxygen-containing calcium fluoride melt accumulated at the crystallization front, and then these rocks altered during the interaction with fluids. When penetrating the marginal zone, a P–Q magmatic fluid which coexisted with the melt in the residual chamber cooled and changed its composition and properties. This caused the fluid to boil and segregate into immiscible phases: a vapor solution and a brine extremely rich in Cl, F, K, Cs, Mn, Fe, and Al. The fluoride and silicate liquids were immiscible; the silicate melts had abnormal Cs and As contents; changes in the composition and properties of the magmatic fluids caused them to boil and produce brines. All this is evidence for complex fluid–magma interaction and heterogeneous ongonitic magma during the crystallization of the Ary-Bulak rocks. These processes were favored by the low viscosity and high mobility of the F- and water-rich ongonite melt, intense melt convection in the residual chamber, and rising fluid pressure during its degassing.