西藏铁格隆南铜(金)矿床三维模型分析与深部预测

铁格隆南铜(金)矿床是近年来在班公湖-怒江成矿带西段多龙矿集区新发现的超大型Cu(Au-Ag)矿床。本文针对铁格隆南矿区深部找矿问题,以现代成矿地质理论和多元地学信息综合分析技术为支撑,以构建矿床找矿模型为指导,依托数据库技术、3S技术、三维建模与可视化技术及地质统计学理论与方法,开展基于矿产地质、地球物理、地球化学等成矿条件及找矿标志的三维地质实体建模与矿化异常三维空间重构,将铁格隆南矿床的预测评价研究拓展到三维空间,揭示了区内成矿地质特征、地球化学及地球物理异常表征,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,开展了矿区的地质-地球化学-地球物理综合信息分析与预测评价,以期减少单一信息多解性和成矿条件不确定性,为铁格隆南矿区深部找矿工作提供参考。研究结果表明:在地质找矿模型指导下,基于深部成矿空间三维结构重构基础上的三维地质、地球物理、地球化学异常信息提取与综合分析,可以有效的识别成矿地质体和矿致异常信息,实现深部矿产资源靶区空间定位预测,为深部找矿预测研究提供了新思路。综合分析结果显示铁格隆南矿床深部找矿潜力巨大。     

An improved buffer analysis technique for model-based 3D mineral potential mapping and its application

Buffer zones in bo\th two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spaces are commonly used in prospectivity mapping. The method completes a modelling that starts with a real example and progresses to the development of a virtual model. This includes the consideration of lithological or structural contacts at depth, which is a theoretical concept based on extrapolation of data collected in the field, rather than an empirical observation of the feature based on physical samples. This contribution documents an improved buffer analysis method for the study of 3D-space that is implicit (rapid), precise (smooth) and based on triangulated characteristics, which can be used to construct influence domains of geological models. As traditional 2D GIS-based mineral potential mapping is gradually becoming limited with time, mineral potential mapping in three dimensions (3D) is increasingly becoming an important tool in finding concealed economic mineralization. This contribution documents an improved methodology of buffer analysis for prospectivity mapping processing mineralized favourable models rather than describing an advance in the geometry of surface rendering of “geological complexity”. Measures used in this buffer analysis include the: (1) voxelization of geological objects (i.e. assigning numerical values of features on a regular cube in 3D-space); (2) revision of the 3D Euclidean distance transform and the calculation of signed distance field; (3) extracting surfaces from the field; and (4) construction of a buffer-surface based on a “discrete smooth interpolation” (DSI) algorithm. Furthermore, this contribution constructs 3D models using a buffer analysis algorithm and prospectivity mapping introduced here, which is based on real data from the Jiama Cu-polymetallic deposit in Tibet and Daye Fe deposit in the Hubei Province, China. This contribution also presents a comparison between voxel and irregular triangle models, which illustrate that irregular triangle mesh buffer analysis (ITB) can improve modelling techniques for GIS-based 3D mineral potential mapping. The outcome is an increase in the accuracy of prospectivity mapping.     

广西堆积型铝土矿成矿特征与资源潜力预测

在区域成矿特征与典型矿床研究的基础上,系统总结了广西堆积型铝土矿的成矿地质、地球化学和遥感特征,深入分析了堆积型铝土矿的成矿控制因素,建立了区域成矿模式。在此基础上,运用基于GIS的矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法对广西堆积型铝土矿进行了综合定位和定量预测,共圈定了102个最小预测区,估算未查明预测资源量3.03×108t。该成果对广西堆积型铝土矿进一步找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。     

Mineral systems approach applied to GIS-based 2D-prospectivity modelling of geological regions: Insights from Western Australia

GIS-based 2D prospectivity modelling of three greenfield geological regions of Western Australia, namely, the West Arunta Orogen, West Musgrave Orogen and Gascoyne Province, was implemented for a range of deposit types including orogenic and intrusion-related gold, volcanic sediment-hosted base-metal sulfides, magmatic nickel–copper and magmatic platinum group element sulfides, iron-oxide copper gold, tin–tungsten, igneous and metamorphic related rare earth elements, surficial uranium and unconformity-related uranium.Conceptual mineral systems models were generated to identify the targeting criteria. The inputs to the models were the spatial proxies derived from 1:100,000 to 1:500,000 scale public domain data. The results showed similar prospectivity patterns for all of the targeted deposit types except sediment-hosted uranium and surficial uranium deposit types. Once a favourable geodynamic architecture is established, it can sustain different mineral systems and produce diverse deposit types depending on the nature of ligands in the source regions and physical–chemical environment in the trap regions through repeated reactivation in the subsequent geological history. A model is proposed to explain the formation of different deposit types at different stages of tectonic evolution of a province. The implication for GIS-based 2D prospectivity modelling at the scale of geological region is that the prospectivity model may not be deposit type specific. Further, prospectivity modelling should be carried out sequentially at progressively finer scales (regional- to district- to camp-scale), using only the targeting criteria that are relevant at the specific scale to delineate targets for specific deposit types.     

三维成矿定量预测系统设计与应用实例研究

隐伏矿体三维成矿定量预测是以多元地学大数据为基础的矿产预测新技术与方法。本文基于隐伏矿体三维成矿定量预测的实际需要及相关方法步骤,采用集成二次开发的方式,设计实现了一套可在三维环境下基于大数据开展定量化成矿预测工作的软件系统。本文阐述了系统的总体架构及开发方式,并对系统中各个功能模块的设计及实现过程进行详细阐述。系统融合了当前三维成矿定量预测研究的最新方法及成果,内含数据库管理、三维地球物理正演、三维空间分析以及三维预测评价等功能模块,能够对多元地学大数据进行集成和分析预测。为了验证系统的适用性和有效性,该系统被应用于长江中下游成矿带钟姑矿田三维成矿定量预测研究,相关成果表明系统的建立不但能够深化和发展三维成矿预测理论,也为新时期基于大数据的隐伏矿体找矿勘探工作提供了新方法及有力工具。     

Mineral Geochemistry of Apatite in the Jiama Porphyry-Skarn Deposit, Tibet and its Geological Significance

The Jiama deposit, a significant porphyry-skarn-type copper polymetallic deposit located within the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet, China, exemplifies a typical porphyry metallogenic system. However, the mineral chemistry of its accessory minerals remains under-examined, posing challenges for resource assessment and ore prospecting. Utilizing electron microprobe analysis and LA-ICP-MS analysis, this study investigated the geochemical characteristics of apatite in ore-bearing granite and monzogranite porphyries, as well as granodiorite, quartz diorite, and dark diorite porphyries in the deposit. It also delved into the diagenetic and metallogenic information from these geochemical signatures. Key findings include: (1) The SiO2 content, rare earth element (REE) contents, and REE partition coefficients of apatite indicate that the dark diorite porphyry possibly does not share a cogenetic magma source with the other four types of porphyries; (2) the volatile F and Cl contents in apatite, along with their ratio, indicate the Jiama deposit, formed in a collisional setting, demonstrates lower Cl/F ratios in apatite than the same type of deposits formed in a subduction environment; (3) compared to non-ore-bearing rock bodies in other deposits formed in a collisional setting, apatite in the Jiama deposit exhibits lower Ce and Ga contents. This might indicate that rock bodies in the Jiama deposit have higher oxygen fugacity. Nevertheless, the marginal variation in oxygen fugacity between ore-bearing and non-ore-bearing rock bodies within the deposit suggests oxygen fugacity may not serve as the decisive factor in the ore-hosting potential of rock bodies in the Jiama deposit.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床流体､成矿物质来源的地球化学约束

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯成矿带中东段勘查程度最高、成矿元素与矿体类型复杂的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。前人在控岩-控矿构造、矿床地质、地球化学、矿床模型等方面已经完成了大量的研究工作,但对于矿床成矿机制研究方面尚存不足,特别是流体、成矿物质的来源方面欠缺系统的研究工作和对资料的全面梳理。文章在大量阅研和总结前人研究资料的基础上,以矿区16号勘探线作为典型剖面开展了氧同位素填图,同时对硫同位素进行了必要的样品补充采集。通过综合研究,有证据表明甲玛矿区深部隐伏斑岩体存在岩浆流体的出溶,在此基础上,氢、氧同位素组成表明矿化由早到晚演化过程中,流体由岩浆水向大气降水增加方向演化;同时,氧同位素填图以及流体包裹体平面均一温度分布确定成矿流体源位于矿区zk1616~zk3216一带。此外,S、Si同位素组成均表明了矿区成矿物质主要来源于成矿岩浆岩,而铅同位素的研究进一步说明成矿物质主要来源于冈底斯后碰撞环境下因地壳减薄、地幔上涌导致的壳幔混合作用。文章依据地球化学的研究成果,探讨矿床流体、成矿物质的来源,为甲玛矿床成因、成矿机制研究夯实基础。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001411

正Three-dimensional geological modeling(3DGM) assists geologists to quantitatively study in three-dimensional(3D) space structures that define temporal and spatial relationships between geological objects.The 3D property model can also be used to infer or deduce causes of geological objects.3DGM technology provides technical support for extraction of diverse geoscience information,3D modeling,and quantitative calculation of mineral resources.Based on metallogenic concepts and an ore deposit model, 3DGM technology is applied to analyze geological characteristics of the Tongshan Cu deposit in order to define a metallogenic model and develop a virtual borehole technology;a BP neural network and a 3D interpolation technique were combined to integrate multiple geoscience information in a 3D environment. The results indicate:(1) on basis of the concept of magmatic-hydrothermal Cu polymetallic mineralization and a porphyry Cu deposit model,a spatial relational database of multiple geoscience information for mineralization in the study area(geology,geophysics,geochemistry,borehole,and cross-section data) was established,and 3D metallogenic geological objects including mineralization stratum,granodiorite, alteration rock,and magnetic anomaly were constructed;(2) on basis of the 3D ore deposit model,23,800 effective surveys from 94 boreholes and 21 sections were applied to establish 3D orebody models with a kriging interpolation method;(3) combined 23,800 surveys involving 21 sections,using VC++ and OpenGL platform,virtual borehole and virtual section with BP network,and an improved inverse distance interpolation(IDW) method were used to predict and delineate mineralization potential targets (Cu-grade of cell not less than 0.1%);(4) comparison of 3D ore bodies,metallogenic geological objects of mineralization,and potential targets of mineralization models in the study area,delineated the 3D spatial and temporal relationship and causal processes among the ore bodies,alteration rock,metallogenic stratum,intrusive rock,and the Tongshan Fault.This study provides important technical support and a scientific basis for assessment of the Tongshan Cu deposit and surrounding exploration and mineral resources.     

基于矿床综合预测模型金矿资源潜力评价——以辽西建平—宝国老太古宙变质岩建造金矿化带为例

辽西建平—宝国老太古宙变质岩建造金矿化带成矿潜力巨大,目前已发现金矿床(点)127处,但随着金矿开发力度及难度增大,急需寻求新的找矿突破。利用前人的地质、矿产、物探及化探等资料,建立了建平—宝国老太古宙变质岩建造金矿化带的空间数据库。重新建立了研究区金矿区域找矿模型,其中主要找矿标志包括新太古代变质深成岩、中生代中-酸性侵入岩、EW-NE-NNE-NW向断裂、Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo化探异常、金重砂异常、已发现金矿床(点)。采用MRAS中的矿床综合预测模型,对研究区首次进行了基于GIS下的金矿产资源评价工作。据此圈定并优选出12处找矿靶区;并根据成矿有力度的不同由高到低划分为A、B、C 3级,其中A级找矿靶区7处,B级找矿靶区4处,C级找矿靶区1处。     

Geology,geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet,China: A review

Jiama, with more than 11 Mt of copper metal, is the largest porphyry-skarn copper system in the Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet, China, creating ideal conditions for deciphering the origin of porphyry ores in a collision setting. Despite massive studies of the geology, chronology, petrogenesis, and ore-related fluids and their sources in Jiama, there is a lack of systematic summaries and reviews of this system. In contrast to traditional porphyry copper systems in a subduction setting, recent studies and exploration suggest that the Jiama deposit includes porphyry-type Mo-Cu, skarn-type Cu polymetallic, vein-type Au and manto orebodies. This paper reviews the latest studies on the geology, chronology, petrogenesis, fluid inclusions, and isotopic geochemistry (hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and lead) of the Jiama deposit. Accordingly, a multi-center complex mineralization model was constructed, indicating that multi-phase intrusions from the same magma reservoir can form multiple hydrothermal centers. These centers are mutually independent and form various orebodies or are superimposed on each other and form thick, high-grade orebodies. Finally, a new comprehensive exploration model was established for the Jiama porphyry copper system. Both models established in this study help to refine the theories on continental-collision metallogeny and porphyry copper systems.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

全国铀矿资源潜力评价预测方法

＂全国铀矿资源潜力评价＂采用矿床模型综合地质信息法在全国各铀矿预测工作区开展潜力评价工作,汇总形成全国铀矿资源潜力定量评价成果。该方法是在典型矿床建模和成矿规律研究总结的基础上,充分利用地质、矿产和物化遥资料信息进行综合预测评价的技术方法体系。文章主要介绍了潜力评价工作在成矿预测阶段所涉及的预测区圈定和资源量估算方法。     

张八岭隆起北段金矿MORPAS证据权重法成矿预测

文章在构建张八岭隆起北段地质、地球物理和地球化学数据库的基础上,建立了较为详实的地质-地球化学空间信息结构模型;利用MORPAS3.0软件中常用的证据权重法,从地层、构造、岩浆、地球化学4个方面优选找矿标志,并开展了金矿找矿远景区预测和找矿靶区的优选。按照成矿地质条件的优劣程度、金矿床(点)的空间分布、金矿化的直接标志与间接标志、地质研究程度、示矿异常程度等因素的不同,把找矿靶区划分为3级8个区域。     

成矿区三维可视化与立体定量预测——以钦-杭成矿带庞西垌地区下园垌铅锌矿区为例

矿产资源是人类生存与社会进步的根本物质保障。近年来,随着地表矿、浅部矿产资源的日益枯竭,采用新技术、新方法的深部矿产资源预测成为地质勘查的主要研究方向。基于数字化、三维可视化及矿产定量预测为主的三维地质建模技术,为当前矿产资源远景预测与找矿工作提供了有力的工具。本文在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,运用三维地质建模技术建立了钦杭成矿带下园垌矿区地质、地球物理、地球化学、钻孔等三维模型,揭示了区内构造地质特征、地球化学异常表征及地层岩体要素,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,采用证据权方法对研究区地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源信息进行融合,运用断裂缓冲区、地球化学异常、东岗岭组沉积岩地层等为证据因子来计算单位体积成矿后验概率,进行立体成矿预测,并圈定出铁锰矿、方铅闪锌矿、铅锌银综合矿等3处找矿有利靶区及估算出预测区内矿产资源储量总量为88710吨。研究结果表明:综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学及钻孔数据进行矿区的三维地质空间定位、定量预测研究,可以有效的识别矿致异常信息,圈定找矿远景区,为成矿预测研究领域提供了新方向,可以将此方法应用至其他矿山。     

From 2D to 3D: Prospectivity modelling in the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand

A 2D prospectivity model of epithermal gold mineralisation has been completed over the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), using the weights of evidence modelling technique. This study was used to restrict a 3D geological interpretation and prospectivity model for the Ohakuri region. The TVZ is commonly thought of as a present-day analogue of the environment in which many epithermal ore deposits, such as in the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, are formed. The models utilise compiled digital data including historical exploration data, geological data from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. Quarter Million Mapping Programme, recent Glass Earth geophysics data and historic exploration geochemical data, including rock-chip and stream sediment information. Spatial correlations between known deposits and predictive maps are determined from the available data, which represent each component of the currently accepted mineral system model for epithermal gold. The 2D prospectivity model confirms that the TVZ has potential for gold mineralisation. However, one of the weaknesses of this weights of evidence model is that the studies are carried out in 2D, with an approximation of 3D provided by geophysical and drilling data projected to a 2D plane. Consequently, a 3D prospectivity model was completed over the Ohakuri area, constrained by the results of the 2D model and predictive maps. The 3D model improved the results allowing more effective exploration targeting. However, the study also highlighted the main issues that need to be resolved before 3D prospectivity modelling becomes standard practise in the mineral exploration industry. The study also helped develop a work flow that incorporates preliminary 2D spatial data analysis from the weights of evidence technique to more effectively restrict and develop 3D predictive map interpretation and development.     

辽南华铜铜矿外围地区地质特征及找矿前景分析

通过对辽南华铜铜矿外围地区开展地质、物化探综合普查评价,系统地分析了该区成矿地质条件,确定了4处找矿靶区,其中矿洞山为重点勘查区.矿洞山找矿靶区发现的4条构造矿化蚀变带与圈定的物、化探异常吻合较好,经综合分析认为,其成矿条件与已知华铜铜矿和仰山铜矿可类比.电法测量成果为寻找隐伏矿提供了重要依据.由此推断,在矿洞山区极有可能找到一处隐伏的夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床,找矿远景较好.     

全国花岗岩型铀矿资源潜力评价

文章在对花岗岩型铀矿成矿特征进行综合分析的基础上,归纳、总结了花岗岩型铀矿成矿规律和主控因素。通过典型铀矿床建模、预测类型划分、地物化遥要素提取、GIS综合集成等,实现了预测范围内1∶25万至1∶5万比例尺铀矿资源定位、定量预测,并提出重点勘查桃山诸广预测工作区、新建近10个花岗岩型铀矿基地、探索藏东铀矿远景区的工作部署建议。     

小秦岭金矿区深部找矿研究——以陈耳金矿为例

根据小秦岭金矿区深部找矿的研究成果和陈耳金矿的勘探实践,初步分析研究认为,小秦岭金矿区是我国的又一个超大型矿集区,深部找矿条件优越、潜力巨大;在已知矿床的深部或已知矿床的外围,存在大面积的深部找矿有利地区;在深部找矿的有利部位,应该充分重视矿床主矿体的延伸、侧现、尖灭地段;石英脉型矿床(体)的深部有望寻找构造蚀变岩型矿床(体)。深部找矿的有效勘查方法应在重视地质综合研究、掌握成矿规律的基础上,运用地质、物探、化探等综合技术方法,利用地球化学轴向分带模式,预测矿体的深部富集地段,用坑内钻探工程进行验证。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床三维模型分析与深部预测

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床位于拉萨东约68 km 处,是冈底斯成矿带内与斑岩成矿作用有关的斑岩-矽卡岩-角岩型铜多金属矿床。本文以矿床成矿系列和成矿地质异常理论为指导,开展了矿田构造分析、地球化学元素分带研究。文章运用三维建模及可视化技术建立矿区三维矿床模型,通过曲面模拟方法提取矿区控矿构造界面,查明了矿区构造界面对 Cu、Mo、Ag、Au 等元素的富集有绝对控制作用;矿区地球化学元素分带表现为浅部 Pb、Zn 至深部 Cu、Mo 的变化特征,矿区成矿中心空间位置的探讨说明矿区在ZK1616-ZK3216一带的深部存在隐伏含矿斑岩体。     

湘赣边界鹿井铀矿床三维定量预测研究

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