矿业环境影响的地球化学研究

矿业开发对周围地区带来巨大的环境影响, 矿山废弃矿石和脉石堆、矿山选矿废石、尾矿、冶炼熔渣、矿山酸性排水、土壤重金属元素、河流及其沉积物中的重金属、大气污染等都极大地影响了矿山地球化学环境和生态系统。甚至在矿山工业关闭后，长期的环境影响依然是一个重要的地球化学研究内容。环境方面的地球化学化学扰动和平衡，是进一步研究矿山环境地球化学的重要内容。     

地勘单位的矿业权生产经营管理与市场

矿业权是资产，是商品，可以依法上市流转交易。地质矿产勘查是矿业权产生的源头和子产业。地勘单位的专业核心竞争优势是地质矿产勘查，矿业权是地勘单位生存发展的物质基础；矿业权的生产经营管理工作，贯穿于矿产业的各个环节；矿业权商品的市场交易，实质是矿产资源勘查成果的交易；矿业权的生产经营管理工作是矿业权人的投入与再投入过程，其目的就是在最佳的经营阶段以最佳的经营形式通过矿业权市场获得最大的收益回报。     

中资企业拓展澳大利亚矿业市场的思考

澳大利亚是全球矿业市场最发达的国家之一,被称为"坐在矿车上的国家",是中资企业从2000年左右以来海外矿业投资的主要国家之一。投资过程中有很多成功经验,也有不少失败教训。受经济全球化进程的不断加快、环境保护越来越严格、资源供需矛盾加剧等多种因素影响,澳大利亚矿业市场不断变化,澳大利亚国家和当地政策、矿政管理政策日趋严格,对中资企业运行项目及进一步拓宽澳大利亚矿业市场形成了较大的压力。通过总结多年从事国际矿业市场经营管理的经验,搜集大量相关资料,以问题为导向,深入分析了澳大利亚矿业市场概况,探讨了中资企业在澳大利亚投资状况及存在的问题,对于中资企业拓展澳大利亚市场提出了思考与建议,供国家相关矿业管理部门和相关中资企业决策参考。     

The role in lateritic nickel mining in Latin American countries with special reference to exmibal in Guatemala

Modern mining operations can result in significant economic development within the developing host countries. Lateritic nickel mining plays a role of varying importance in a number of Latin American countries, depending on natural resource endowments and government policies. Exploraciones y Explotaciones Mineras Izabal, SA (Exmibal) is a large-scale lateritic nickel mining operation that serves as an excellent case study in the analysis of mining-induced economic development at local, regional and national scales. Exmibal's turbulent history demonstrates the need to view mining dynamically and in the context of production and consumption restraints. Guatemala's experience will Exmibal may be generalized most successfully to other Latin American countries that have or may have one large nickel mining complex operated by a transnational enterprise.     

矿业权价值的构成及其经济实现

矿业权(包括探矿权和采矿权)是由矿产资源所有权派生出来的, 由他人行使的一种权能, 它是通过有偿取得的, 因此, 矿业权人在市场上进行交易并获得经济效益, 应当被认为是合理的.矿业权交换价值是由矿产资源本身的使用价值和地勘成果价值两部分组成的.前者就是级差矿租和绝对矿租(统称为矿租或矿山地租), 是通过收益现值法公式计算出来的超额利润.后者通常是利用定额劳动消耗或费用效用法求得的.最后, 根据矿业权流转方式的不同对两者分别提出了不同的经济实现方式和作法.      

Environmental and social aspects of underwater logging

Underwater logging is a relatively new concept in forestry that has significant economic benefits but also consequences for the environment and local communities. Underwater logging has traditionally been undertaken by divers. However, safety concerns mean that conventional harvesting methods using divers need to be replaced by more sophisticated mechanized harvesting techniques. This paper outlines the environmental and social aspects of underwater logging, highlighting issues that must be considered before any underwater harvesting operations are executed. While the economic reasons for harvesting underwater logs seem compelling, as do the associated social benefits, such as employment generation, there are significant environmental impacts of removing trees from reservoirs, as submerged trees serve as important ecological habitat for aquatic life. Due to the absence of any regulatory regimes encompassing underwater logging, we propose best-practice guidelines for underwater logging operations and suggest the need for a comprehensive sustainability framework based on internationally recognized criteria and indicators to ensure underwater logging operations are environmentally safe, socially beneficial and economically viable.     

Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics in High-Steep Slopes Influenced by Open-Pit to Underground Mining

In Daye Iron Mine, the open-pit mining has ended and the underground mining started in 2003. The present pit slopes are as high as 430 m and the slope angle is up to 43°. During the process of open-pit to underground mining, the high-steep pit slopes would be affected by both open-pit mining and underground mining, and its deformation characteristics would become more complex. So in this paper, the trinity method of numerical simulation, model experiment and field test was adopted to analyze the displacement and stress fields systematically. The results show that: (1) Prominent rebound deformation occurs near the slope foot, which is induced by the unloading in open-pit mining. When it is backfilled to 0 m level, the rebound deformation decreases, which indicate that backfilling mass can restrict the deformation and improve the slope stability; (2) Subsidence dominates the slope deformation in open-pit to underground mining and it increases with an increasing elevation of monitoring point; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the lower part of the slopes, because the backfilled part is squeezed by both the north slope and the south slope, and it has a lower elastic modulus than the previous orebody; (3) The stress and its variability near the slope foot are much larger than other places, indicating that the slope foot is most affected by stress redistribution and stress concentration may occur here; the stress at other stress monitoring points changes little, indicating that the influence of open-pit to underground mining is local; (4) The effect of underground mining on the deformation of the faults is not prominent; (5) Mining operations in near-ground part affect more on the variation of deformation and stress of pit slopes than that in deeper part.     

多年冻土地区金刚石矿的环境问题--以Yakutia 西北部Anabar矿为例

Placer diamond mining in the Anabar area involves various operations that cause long-term (nearly a quarter of a century) environmental impacts. The long history of mining activities, the technology used to mine the placers, as well as the poor assimilative capacity of the natural systems can result in serious environmental impacts in the area. The primary geochemical processes in the diamond-bearing area are affected by the occurrence of permafrost and relict ice, the lengthy duration of ice cover in water bodies, and the widespread development of cryogenic processes. This promotes physical migration of contaminants, cryogenic metamorphization of waters, and long-term accumulation of organic contaminants in low-temperature, reduction and sedimentation barriers. In this paper, some environmental and geochemical effects of diamond mining in the Arctic area are discussed.     

甘肃省矿山地质灾害及其基本特征

甘肃是矿产资源大省,矿产开发利用规模大、强度高,因而矿山地质环境问题突出,其中矿山地质灾害的危害和威胁尤其严重。本文基于实际调查数据,论述分析了甘肃省矿山地质灾害的主要类型、基本特征及其危害特点。根据调查结果,甘肃省主要发育五类矿山地质灾害:采空地面塌陷、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和矿坑突水。在这五类灾害中,采空地面塌陷分布最广、造成的直接经济损失最严重,滑坡发生频次高、造成人员伤亡最大,矿坑突水灾害分布范围、发生频次和危害程度相对最低。各类灾害的分布和发育特征受地质环境条件及矿山开采规模和开采方式的控制,灾害的危害特点与其分布和发育特征和活动特点有关。     

云南个旧锡矿区矿业活动对土壤重金属的累积贡献

矿业活动是土壤重金属累积的重要原因之一。分析云南个旧锡矿区矿业活动区、与矿业活动区地质条件相同的矿业活动影响区和未受矿业活动影响的参照区表层土壤7种重金属元素之间的相关性,以参照区表层土壤重金属总量、参照区土壤重金属似背景值分别评价矿业活动对矿业活动区和矿业活动影响区土壤重金属的累积贡献量和贡献率。结果表明,矿业活动区重金属累积贡献率排序为PbZnAsCuCdCrHg,影响区重金属累积贡献率排序为PbZnAsCuCdCrHg,Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu与矿业活动关系密切,矿业活动区Pb、Cd、As均表现为极高累积和极高风险,应作为矿业活动治理的重点元素。     

Domestic water supply impacts by underground coal mining in Virginia, USA

 Underground coal mining can affect wells and springs used as water supplies. In Virginia, concerns over such impacts are felt by both surface owners and coal-mining firms. Virginia's geologic history has caused faults and fractures to be common in its coalfield region, relative to other Appalachian coal-mining areas. The results of 73 investigations of alleged domestic water supply impacts by underground mining were analyzed; the investigations were conducted by the Virginia Division of Mined Land Reclamation (VDMLR). This analysis was conducted with reference to guidelines that define a primary zone of underground mining influence where dewatering of aquifers is to be expected. The VDMLR data set included 27 investigations of alleged water supply impacts by partial-extraction room-and-pillar mines, 41 investigations of high-extraction room-and-pillar mines, and 4 investigations of longwall mines. VDMLR investigators found that 14 of 16 water supplies within the primary zone of influence were likely to have been affected by pillar-retreat mining, but no water supplies within the primary zone of influence for longwall and room-and-pillar mines were represented in the data base. VDMLR investigators found 42 of 56 water supplies outside of the primary zones were likely to have been affected by mining; these cases represented room-and-pillar, pillar-retreat, and longwall mining. Geologic circumstances not directly related to subsidence were found to be responsible for 31 of these 42 impacts. These geologic circumstances included subsurface fractures and other geologic features acting as aquifers that were drained by underground mining operations. VDMLR investigators also found some of the investigated water losses to have been caused by factors other than mining. These results demonstrate the inherent difficulties of any attempt to rigidly define a "zone of underground mining impact" based solely on mine subsidence effects, especially in regions where geologic faults and fractures are common such as the southwest Virginia coalfield. Received: 4 August 1995 · Accepted: 23 October 1995     

全球环境变化与中国国家安全

20世纪90年代以来，安全概念的内涵有了重大扩展。全球环境变化作为威胁人类安全的因素之一，对国家安全和社会的发展构成了新的挑战。由全球环境变化所引发的国家安全问题一方面直接与全球环境问题相联系，另一方面是通过国际事务中的冲突表现出来的。中国未来发展面临全球环境变化的严峻挑战。中国的全球环境变化人文因素研究需要关注可能对中国国家安全产生深远影响的重大环境变化问题，重视科学地评估中国自然和社会经济系统对全球环境变化影响的脆弱性，积极推动中国国家风险管理体系建设，将全球环境变化问题纳入风险管理之列，为我国可持续发展、和谐社会构建做出应有的贡献。     

Effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in Zonguldak hard coal region in Turkey

Gallerias are the underground constructed results of mining. As these space in underground layers collapse, horizontal and vertical ground movements occur and movement which may reach the earth’s surface are known as mining subsidence. The result of underground displacement may cause surface ground movement which can be detrimental to masonry buildings especially in hard coal regions. Thorough familiarity with general and regional characteristics of an affected area can assist reduction of the effects. Zonguldak and the nearby settlement area, with a population of 300,000, constitute the centre of a hard coal basin where extensive mining has a history extending through 160 years. Mining constitutes the main economic activity in this region, and consequently influences every aspect of life. This study’s intent is to identify the effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in the mining area of Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey and illustrate them with selected images of damaged masonry buildings. Also included are satellite and mining galleria images.     

Kill the lake? kill the proposal: accommodating First Nations’ environmental values as a first step on the road to wellness

In recent years, a buoyant global market for minerals has led to renewed interest in the mining sector as a means of generating economic growth in resource producing areas of developed nations. The development of new operations, however, raises concerns around the impacts of mining activities on the environment, health and traditional ways of life of Indigenous peoples. Using the proposed expansion of the Kemess mine in northern British Columbia as a case study, this paper examines two First Nations’ perspectives regarding the regulatory process through which environmental values may be validated and protected, and seeks to understand how these First Nations’ environmental values and perceptions of risk are connected to health and well-being. Sixteen key informant interviews were carried out and thematically analyzed through political ecology and environmental justice frameworks. The paper argues that accommodating First Nations’ environmental values and perceptions of risks is a necessary first step to reclaim health and well-being in politically marginalized settings.     

广西-东盟矿业经济互动中的问题与对策浅探

矿业经济在广西与东盟的经济互动中占有重要的地位。广西与东盟矿业企业的合作保持良好的态势,但同时广西与东盟矿业经济在互动中也存在资源开发技术、服务体系、融资及周边环境的挑战等问题,应尽快发展矿产资源跨国合作的投资机构,建立矿业科技服务平台及矿产资源交易平台,充分利用广西的区位优势进一步扩大与东盟国家之间的矿业合作,实现广西-东盟矿业经济跨越式发展。     

Patterns in the crust: a key to ore discovery

Modern exploration geologists are confronted by a mass of information on the characteristics and localization of mineral deposits. Even so, the search for new economic deposits can be expensive and unrewarding. A theory developed by Tim O'Driscoll, consultant to the Australian mining giant Western Mining Corporation, attempts to explain the distribution of mineral deposits in terms of major crustal lineaments. The theory poses questions regarding the evolution of the Earth and planets, and creates problems for current plate tectonic theory.     

Relevance of building site categories implementation into the land use plan in underground mining area in the region of Petrvald (Czech Republic)

Deep mining of mineral resources causes extensive changes in rock environment and ground morphology and must be considered in the land use planning. Subsidence as a result of underground mining activities in terrains is one of the serious geological hazards because they can effect slopes and damage engineering structures, settlement areas, natural lakes and allow infiltration of contaminant into the groundwater. The main aim of this article was implementation of the building site categories of underground mining regions into the land use plans. This case study area was selected from the region of Orlova town within the Ostrava-Karvina Coal district, and this region is one of the most affected areas by underground mining of black coal in the Czech Republic. Certain risk categories of land, where the individual categories express generalized influence of deep mining of coal in current and planned constructions were also represented in this article. Extensive variations caused by underground mining were identified within a wide variability of risk categories. An important finding was also the extensive variability over time, manifested by spatial variations in the stated categories in the studied time periods. Moreover, technical documentation of environmental impacts related to underground mining activities was provided; importance of existing and proposed underground mining projects that may significantly impact the land use was discussed and pointed out in this article, especially.     

Using a mathematical model to assess the sustainability of proposed bauxite mining in Andhra Pradesh, India from a quantitative-based environmental impact assessment

The theory and practice of sustainability involves the understanding and management of the coupled relationship between the environment and humans. This relationship is very evident in respect to mining where the impacts of operations, both positive and negative, are environmental and socioeconomic in nature. In recent years, evaluating the sustainability of a mining operation has grown within the literature due to the impacts that mining has upon a local community. However, the literature has been often characterised by a variety of case study-specific approaches to define and evaluate the sustainability of mining operations. This is due to the fundamental problem of defining what is sustainability. The paper applies, based on our previous research, a mathematical model of sustainability to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a proposed bauxite mining project in the Andhra Pradesh province, India. The model??s application to the impact assessment, which used the rapid impact assessment matrix, was undertaken for the purpose of determining the level and nature of sustainability (if appropriate) of the proposed project. The results indicated that the project was considered as unsustainable in its current form, based on an obtained E value of 0.249 and an H _NI value of 0.500. The results suggested that the project would greatly benefit from an environmental management plan in order to mitigate the extensive negative environmental and social impacts of the project. The results also indicated the potential of the model in assisting in the resolution of questions of the sustainability of local projects, which are assessed through quantitative-based EIA.     

The weight of interaction of mining activities: groundwater in environmental impact assessment using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP)

Mining operations threaten the environment if the monitoring and controlling steps are not implemented completely. One of the important methods for control of the environmental situation in the mining district is the environmental impact assessment (EIA) method, which is performed by matrix calculations. In this method, the environmental problem is broken into several parts as the Impacting Factors that is evaluated their influences on Environmental Components by the mathematical calculations. For these calculations, the weight of each Impacting Factor must be evaluated by using comprehensive scenarios that are involved all the predicable environmental issues. Based on literature, it has not been organized a comprehensive scenario about “Interference with groundwater” as an Impacting Factor yet. By consideration of the importance degree of groundwater and its role in supply the drinking water resource, it is felt to demand for an organization a developed scenario in relation with groundwater pollution in mining district. Therefore, the main aim of this study is developing a new scenario to weight the “Interference with groundwater” in EIA matrix. For this purpose, the 8 criteria and 63 subcriteria are defined and their weights are determined using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. The proposed scenario can be successfully evaluated the weight of “Interference with groundwater” Impacting Factor more exactly than the former one, because it considers 8 criteria and 63 subcriteria instead of 2 criteria in the former scenario. Finally, the application of proposed scenario is illustrated by an imaginary ideal case study. Such studies can be used by mining engineers and planners to design an appropriate environmental plan for the mining districts.     

大厂矿田铜坑矿矿体二次圈定的技术经济效果

铜坑矿近几年来主要开采92#贫矿体的边部,矿体厚度急速变小,形态不规则,分支复合较多。为了提高经济效益,急需重新准确圈定和控制矿体边界。经过几年来的实践证明,在贫矿和边部矿段开采过程中,通过矿体边界的二次圈定,能有效降低贫化损失,这是矿山企业获取经济效益的重要途径。