盘山矿泉水成因及开发条件

本文通过蓟县李庄子乡矿泉水田勘查评价的实例，阐述了盘山地区饮用天然矿泉水的三种不同类型的主要成分，水温及产出条件，进行总结，对比研究，提出了该区矿泉水的不同成因及其分布规律，进而论证了矿泉水的开发条件及前景预测。     

大同盆地供水水源地地下水水质评价与污染成因分析

本文通过对大同盆地内集中供水水源地进行调查取样分析,参照分析结果对所取水样地下水水质与污染状况进行评价,对地下水污染成因分析可知大同盆地区供水水源地地下水均存在不同程度度的污染,污染成因主要与其所处区域特定的地质环境和区内密集的人类工程活动有关。     

沈阳城市地质环境问题研究

对沈阳煤田采空区地面沉陷、地下水污染和土壤重金属污染问题展开了深入的调查分析研究.结果表明：沈南煤田矿区各沉陷区面积为3.85~17.19km²,沈北煤田矿区各沉陷区面积为0.21~4.89km².研究区地下水污染从山前地带到平原地区逐渐加重.东部山前地带工业不发达,污染较少;北部和南部地区地下水埋藏较深,污染源较少,不易造成污染,整体污染较轻;西部工业发达,污染源较多,地下水污染较重.沈阳市区土壤重金属污染较为普遍,以铁西区原工厂区为中心形成面积性污染,中心城区及于洪工业区存在Se、Zn、Pb、Hg高浓度区.     

长春莲花山地区地下水化学特征及成因分析

在调查取样的基础上，充分利用前人成果资料，应用SPSS及地下水污染分析软件，对莲花山地区区域地质条件、水化学参数空间分布特征、地下水化学类型、地下水化学成因进行分析研究，认为：莲花山地区地下水的硬度较高且矿化度较大；HCO₃^-浓度的平均值最大，在地下水的离子中占据主导地位；TDS（溶解性总固体）浓度较高且不同区域间浓度相差较大；莲花山地区部分区域偏硅酸、锶达到矿泉水标准，是矿泉水开发潜力区；研究区Na⁺和K⁺同时来自岩盐和硅酸岩的溶解；研究区浅层地下水中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐的溶解；莲花山地区浅层地下水发生了阳离子交换作用.     

北京市平原区地下水资源开采现状及评价

本文分析了北京市平原区地下水资源的开采现状,探讨了水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题。在分析平原区水文地质条件的基础上,采用FEFLOW软件建立了相应的地下水数值模拟模型,基于识别后的模型进行了水资源评价。研究表明:2000～2003年研究区地下水系统均衡分别为-7 73×108、-6 02×108、-5 95×108和-4 38×108m3,地下水系统的补给源主要是大气降水入渗补给和山前迳流补给,主要的排泄是人工开采。多年平均地下水补给资源量为22 98×108m3。平谷和昌平地区地下水还有开采潜力,密云-怀柔-顺义(密怀顺)平原和城近郊区地下水已过量开采。山前郊县地下水水质优良,城近郊区、大兴、房山和通州部分地区地下水水质较差。文章最后分析了引起地下水污染的主要原因。     

扎赉诺尔煤田水文地球化学特征及成因分析

扎赉诺尔煤田地处山前,有利的地理环境条件形成了独特的水文地质特征—地下水的垂直分带和地下水顺层径流。其特有的水文地球化学环境导致了地下水成分的差异性。本文从水文地球化学的角度,对煤田地下水的水文地球化学特征及成因进行了论述分析。     

内蒙古河套盆地含氟地下水分布特点及成因

内蒙古河套盆地不仅存在高砷地下水,还存在高氟地下水,严重影响居民的身体健康。尽管高砷地下水开展了大量的研究工作,但对高氟地下水的分布及形成机理却认识不足。在资料检索和和水文地质条件的分析的基础上,通过对406个地下水水样的采集和分析,研究了高氟地下水的化学特征和分布规律,并从矿物溶解与沉淀、蒸发浓缩、解吸与竞争吸附及阳离子交换4个方面探讨了河套盆地山前与平原两种不同水文地质条件下地下水的主要富氟机理。结果显示,406个水样中,超过59%的水样含氟量超过我国饮用水1.0mg/L的标准,其中山前地下水氟的超标率高于平原地区。高氟地下水表现出富钠、贫钙、弱碱性的特点。平原区高氟地下水的pH、HCO-3、δ18 O、δD和TDS普遍高于山前,Ca2+、NO-3普遍低于山前。萤石溶解与方解石沉淀为山前地区氟含量主要控制因素;而蒸发作用、阳离子交换作用、OH-、HCO-3与F-的竞争吸附成为平原地区氟含量的主要控制因素。     

新疆吐尔根矿泉水水文地质条件及形成机理研究

研究区处于新源县则克台镇～吐尔根乡一带的中山区和山前冲洪积平原。在对研究区自然地理地质条件条件分析的基础上,对研究区矿泉水水文地质条件和形成机理进行了分析。研究结果表明:研究区矿泉水主要为重碳酸硫酸钙钠型锶饮用天然矿泉水、硫酸重碳酸钙钠镁型锶饮用天然矿泉水;研究区地下水总体由北向南径流,通过径流、渗流和潜流的形式向南排泄,最终在巩乃斯谷地北侧山前流出。研究结果可以为该类型矿泉水的勘查、开发和利用提供理论依据。     

皖南黄山地区矿泉水资源分布及成因

皖南黄山地区多处区域赋存有丰富的天然矿泉水资源，类型多为重碳酸钙型含偏硅酸矿泉水。该地区的矿泉水资源分布与岩浆岩体的分布密切相关，且主要与印支期（晚三叠世）岩浆活动形成的花岗闪长岩有关，在花岗闪长岩分布区普遍赋存含偏硅酸饮用天然矿泉水。研究区矿泉水受断裂构造控制，赋存于花岗闪长岩的构造裂隙、节理裂隙和风化网状裂隙中，系地下水在深循环过程中经较充分的水岩作用而形成。分析研究该地区矿泉水资源的分布和成因，对其开发利用具有一定的指导意义。     

河南平原浅层地下水年龄

利用³H法和CFCs法对河南平原第四系浅层地下水年龄进行计算,为河南平原浅层地下水可更新能力评价和水循环的研究提供依据。结果表明：2种方法计算出的年龄拟合误差较小（2 a）,均可代表河南平原浅层地下水年龄。总体上,河南平原浅层地下水主要为近50 a以来补给的现代水。太行山、伏牛山、大别山山前地区以及开封西部的黄河两岸等地区浅层地下水年龄均小于30 a,并且顺着地下水流向年龄逐渐增大。从山前地区和黄河两岸至平原区,浅层地下水开采潜力逐渐减小。总体上:平原北部地下水系统地下水年龄较小,地下水循环交替较快;平原南部地下水系统次之;平原中部地下水系统地下水年龄最大,地下水循环交替最慢。     

宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析

宿州矿区由于长期煤炭开采,不仅形成了浅层地下水降落漏斗,而且造成了不同程度的地下水污染,其污染现状及主要形成原因尚不清楚。为此,本文利用研究区水土污染调查获取的21个地下水样品的 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}等13项污染指标开展地下水污染源解析工作。在采用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法对研究区浅层地下水环境质量进行评价的基础上,利用因子分析和反距离权重插值方法对研究区浅层地下水进行污染源及空间分布特征解析。研究结果表明:(1)研究区浅层地下水受到了重度污染,以Ⅳ类水为主,污染较严重的指标为 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Mn、Fe和F^-。(2)研究区浅层地下水主要包括4个污染源:原生地质环境(F1),其高值区分布在桃园煤矿及其周边;矿坑排水和矸石山淋溶作用下形成的矿业废水(F2),其在桃园和钱营孜煤矿及其周边地区污染较为严重,其余矿区也存在一定程度的矿业废水污染;由生活垃圾、人畜排泄物造成的农村污水(F3),其污染地区主要为朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿一带; 由化肥施用引起的农业污染(F4), 其高值区集中在朱仙庄煤矿及其周边区域。地下水水质的主要影响因素是浅层地下水原生地质环境和矿业废水,其中约有51.040%的污染来源于原生地质环境及煤矿矿业污染的混合污染,约有11.841%的污染来自煤矿矿业废水,其余污染主要来源于农村生活和生产污水以及农业面源污染。(3)研究区浅层地下水主要污染区域为桃园和钱营孜煤矿一带,祁南和祁东煤矿污染相对较轻,朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿水质较好。(4)建议对矿区地下水主要污染源及污染途径进行综合防治:加强矿坑排水口的污水达标排放监管力度;煤矿企业采用生产建筑材料等方法提高矸石的综合利用率;进一步加强与矿区污水、垃圾填埋处理等相关的基础设施建设。     

Risk assessment of groundwater pollution using sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis

This paper illustrates how sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis can be useful tools in risk assessment of groundwater pollution. The approach is applied to a study area in Hungary with several known groundwater pollution sources and nearby drinking water production wells. The main concern is whether the contamination sources threaten the drinking water wells of the area. A groundwater flow and transport model is set up to answer this question. Due to limited data availability, the results of this model are associated with large uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis are applied to estimate this uncertainty and build confidence in the model results.     

Groundwater contamination assessment in Al-Quwy’yia area of central Saudi Arabia using transient electromagnetic and 2D electrical resistivity tomography

Groundwater contamination is one of the most significant problems in arid countries. Al-Quwiy’yia region is an example of an area where the groundwater is contaminated as a result of infiltration of waste water in low-lying areas adjacent to inhabited zones. Such contamination poses significant environmental threats for the surrounding environment and groundwater. Surface observations and spatial distribution of contamination observed in the shallow aquifer indicate that the main contamination sources were from sewage as well as from waste water dumping. However, the main source of water supply for the whole area is groundwater abstracted from the relatively shallow aquifer. Therefore, the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (2D ERT) have been applied close to the waste water dump site to characterize the response of pollution plumes. Both of these geoelectrical techniques are sensitive to electrical conductivity as well as to other physical properties, which are greatly influenced by the polluted groundwater. Therefore, it is possible to profile the contamination plumes, both vertically and horizontally, in the vicinity of the measured stations. The ERT profiles gave detailed information about the lateral distribution of the contaminated groundwater, whereas the TEM demonstrated the vertical extensions.     

Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.     

Groundwater vulnerability and contamination risk assessment of the Weining Plain,using a modified DRASTIC model and quantized pollution loading method

Groundwater resources have become more vulnerable to contamination due to rapid population growth and economic development. This study aimed to assess the groundwater contamination risk in the Weining Plain, China. Based on the specific conditions of the Weining Plain, a new model DRTSWI with a weighting scheme determined by analytic hierarchy process was developed to evaluate the intrinsic groundwater vulnerability for the study area. An integrated approach, combining the toxicity, the release possibility, and the potential release quantity of the pollutants, was used to estimate the pollution loading. The groundwater contamination risk results were obtained by overlaying the intrinsic vulnerability and pollution loading maps. These indicated that two industrial parks pose the main threat to groundwater quality, due to their unfavorable hydrogeological setting and potential pollution sources on the surface. Some areas in and around the industrial parks exhibit groundwater pollution, which was identified on the contamination risk map using buffer analysis. High risk areas are industries with high or medium vulnerability. The vulnerability and contamination risk maps developed for this study are valuable tools for environmental planning and can be used for predictive management of groundwater resources.     

招远金矿区水体中硫同位素特征及其对污染来源的指示

稳定同位素因其指纹效应已成为分析矿区污染来源的重要技术手段。文章以招远金矿区为例，应用硫同位素联合水化学分析、聚类分析及氢氧同位素分析招远金矿区水污染特征和成因。通过分析可知，矿区内地表水和地下水主要接受大气降水补给，水力联系密切。水化学类型以SO₄—Ca和SO₄—Na型为主，阴离子以SO₄2-为主，地表水和地下水的NO₃-和Cl-在空间上变异性较大。地表水硫酸盐含量普遍偏高，硫酸盐污染较为严重，高值区出现在玲珑金矿、金翅岭金矿和张星镇附近；而地下水高值区都出现在玲珑金矿附近，且SO₄2-浓度沿着径流方向逐渐降低。地表水中硫酸盐δ34S值介于1.8‰~9.8‰，地下水中硫酸盐δ34S值介于2.7‰~9.6‰，地表水和地下水硫酸盐含量受玲珑金矿硫化、玲珑花岗岩和胶东岩群影响明显。在地下水径流途中，有地表水入渗污染地下水的现象。另外，工业废水的排放也是硫酸盐含量升高的主要原因。研究表明:硫同位素在金矿区硫酸盐污染的来源和特征方面有很好的指示作用，是评价矿山开采对地下水污染的有效工具。     

地下水污染风险源识别与分级方法

由于目前缺乏一套完整成熟的地下水污染风险源准确识别与分级方法, 在综合解析污染源结构、污染物输移过程评价的基础上, 构建了涵盖地下水易污性和地下水污染源两部分多因素耦合的风险源识别模型, 其中从污染源特性和污染物性质两方面建立了污染源危害性评价参数体系.以地下水易污性指数和污染源潜在危害性评价指数作为风险源分级指标, 采用乘积模型进行了风险源的评价与分级.选择某水源地对所建方法进行实例分析, 确定了地下水污染的高风险源区.结果表明, 污染源和地下水易污性共同决定了地下水污染的风险源, 所建方法对地下水污染的预防及污染源的有效监管有重要意义.      

承德地区天然含锶矿泉水空间分布及特征分析

承德地区是京津冀水源涵养功能区和生态环境支撑区，为可持续开发与保护承德地区矿泉水资源，探求区域内含锶矿泉水成因并圈定矿泉水潜力区，依托承德地区项目组所开展的含锶矿泉水调查与勘探，在生态水文地质调查，地下水、泉、地表水样品采集及含锶矿泉水检测分析基础上，通过分析整理大量的含锶样品测试分析数据，针对主要岩性含锶值量化对比，以及含锶点图层叠加耦合，利用统计学中的相关分析、对比分析、因子分析，对研究区内三大岩类中主要岩性含锶值量化对比分析，明确指出了本区富含锶的岩性地层潜力层；利用GIS数据空间叠加分析等方法将区内含锶矿泉水分布与岩性、构造在空间上叠加并进行关联分析，圈定出富含锶矿泉水潜力构造区域带，分析研究区域内含锶矿泉水的分布规律特征及成因，为进一步指导研究区探寻构造带及地层中的富锶矿泉水潜力区，提供精准靶向目标；为进一步研究含锶矿泉水成因，尤其是富锶水与构造密切性、开采条件等因素深入研究提供重要基础支撑。     

Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using DRASTIC framework and GIS

Groundwater management has a prominent role in the world especially in arid and semi-arid areas which have a shortage of water, and due to this serious problem, many researchers work on that for prevention and managing the water recourses to conserve and monitor sources. DRASTIC index can be put forward for estimating of groundwater vulnerability to such pollution. The main purpose of using the groundwater vulnerability model is to map groundwater susceptibility to pollution in different areas. However, this method has been used in various areas without modification, disregarding the effects of pollution type and characteristics. Thus, this technique must be standardized and approved for Kerman plain. Vulnerability evaluation to explain areas that are more vulnerable to contamination from anthropogenic sources has become a prominent element for land use planning and tangible resource management. This contribution aims at evaluating groundwater vulnerability by applying the DRASTIC index as well as employ sensitivity analyses to evaluate the comparative prominent of the model parameters for groundwater vulnerability in Kerman plain in the southeastern part of Iran. Moreover, the potential of vulnerability to pollution is more accurately assessed by optimizing the weights of the DRASTIC parameters with the single-parameter sensitivity analysis (SPSA). The new weights were calculated. The result of the study revealed that the DRASTIC-Sensitivity analysis exhibit more efficiently than the traditional method for a nonpoint source pollution. Observation of ultimate nitrate showed the result of DRASTIC-SPSA has more accuracy. The GIS method offers an efficient environment for carrying out assessments and greater capabilities for dealing with a huge quantity of spatial data.     

A predictive modeling approach to assessing the groundwater pollution susceptibility of the Paluxy Aquifer, Central Texas, using a Geographic Information System

The Paluxy aquifer in north-central Texas is composed primarily of Lower Cretaceous clastics. This aquifer provides water for both domestic and agricultural purposes in the region. The study area for this investigation incorporates the outcrop and recharge areas, as well as the confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer. The purpose of this investigation is to develop a predictive modeling approach for evaluating the susceptibility of groundwater in the Paluxy aquifer to contamination, and then compare this susceptibility evaluation to water-chemistry data collected from wells completed within the aquifer. Using such an approach allows one to investigate the potential for groundwater contamination on a regional, rather than site-specific scale. Based on data from variables such as land use/land cover, soil permeability, depth to water, aquifer hydraulic conductivity and topography, subjective numerical weightings have been assigned according to each variables' relative importance in groundwater pollution susceptibility. The weights for each variable comprise a Geographic Information System (GIS) map layer. These map layers are combined to formulate the final pollution susceptibility map. Using this method of investigation, the pollution susceptibility map classifies 32% of the study area as having low pollution susceptibility, 41% as having moderate pollution susceptibility, 25% as having high pollution susceptibility, and 2% as having very high pollution susceptibility. When comparing these modeling results with water-chemistry data from wells within the Paluxy aquifer, the four wells with the highest concentration of nitrate contamination are all found within regions of very high pollution potential. This confirms the accuracy and usefulness of the predictive modeling approach for assessing aquifer pollution susceptibility. Received: 1 June 1999 · Accepted: 30 August 1999