内蒙古白乃庙铜(钼)矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古白乃庙铜(钼)矿床是华北板块北缘中段最重要的一个铜(钼)矿床, 矿床由南、北两矿带构成。南矿带矿体主要产于寒武系白乃庙组绿片岩中, 矿体产状与围岩基本一致;北矿带矿体大部分产于花岗闪长岩体中, 部分延进围岩。利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对南、北矿带主要矿段的5件辉钼矿样品进行了成矿时代研究, 结果表明, 辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为(435.8±6.0)~(443.0±6.1) Ma, Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为(440.5±4.4) Ma(2σ, MSWD=1.4), 属于早志留世, 与花岗闪长斑岩成岩时代(440.0 Ma)一致。结合区域地质背景和矿床特征, 认为白乃庙铜(钼)矿主成矿期为早志留世, 与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩(440.0 Ma)岩浆侵入关系密切, 又与早古生代古亚洲洋向华北板块强烈俯冲期(446.0~453.0 Ma)相吻合, 但晚于围岩白乃庙组。综合分析认为该成矿事件是早古生代华北板块北缘"沟、弧、盆"体系演化和陆缘增生的产物。     

内蒙古翁牛特旗一带晚志留世-早泥盆世花岗闪长岩的发现及意义

早古生代,华北克拉通北缘发育了白乃庙岛弧岩带。前人资料显示白乃庙岛弧岩带由西(白乃庙镇)向东(四平市)经过翁牛特旗浅覆盖区,但没有确凿证据。本次工作结合地表调查及钻探调查,将工作区内(朝阳沟附近)"二叠纪花岗岩"解体出一套花岗闪长岩,采集两套样品经测试得出两组数据:SHRIMP年龄为427. 0±5. 6 Ma,激光烧蚀年龄为409±2. 9 Ma,由此确定花岗闪长岩时代为晚志留世-早泥盆世,该岩体兼具有火山弧花岗岩的地球化学特征。本文新发现的晚志留世-早泥盆世花岗闪长岩,为研究早古生代白乃庙岛弧带地质演化提供了重要证据。     

内蒙古毕力赫含金花岗岩类侵入岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

毕力赫大型斑岩型金矿位于华北克拉通北缘白乃庙-哈达庙铜-钼-金矿化集中区。矿区侵入岩包括以花岗闪长斑岩为主的含金次火山侵入杂岩体和地表广泛出露的钾长花岗斑岩。次火山杂岩体SiO2含量61.5%～71.4%,属亚碱性钙碱性系列,岩石REE配分具LREE富集型,弱Eu负异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs)和Ba,具壳幔混源特征,除亏损Ba之外总体类似陆缘弧花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得含金次火山侵入杂岩体和钾长花岗斑岩成岩年龄分别为283.8±4.2Ma～279.9±6.8Ma和264.2Ma,为早、中二叠世,与野外地质体穿插关系吻合。哈达庙-白乃庙地区晚古生代中-早二叠世的大规模构造-岩浆-成矿作用,与白云鄂博-西拉木伦缝合带两侧大陆对接碰撞的时间一致,受同碰撞构造环境制约。     

内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床的成矿时代—来自SHRIMP锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄的新证据

摘要：内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床位于兴蒙造山系满都拉-霍林郭勒弧盆系白乃庙早古生代岛弧内,该矿床包括南、北两个矿带,南矿带矿体产于白乃庙组绿片岩中,北矿带矿体产于花岗闪长斑岩内,对于该矿床及白乃庙组的形成时代争议较大。本文采用锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素定年获得了白乃庙组第三岩性段绿泥斜长片岩的形成年龄为439.8±6.7Ma,花岗闪长斑岩的形成年龄为433.9±2.2Ma、451.8±3.0Ma,采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析获得辉钼矿的形成年龄为433.9±3.1Ma。结合前人成果,提出白乃庙组地层和花岗闪长斑岩的成岩时代与白乃庙铜矿的成矿时代均为晚奥陶-早志留世,它们同属加里东期构造-岩浆作用的产物。 关键词：绿泥斜长片岩;花岗闪长斑岩;锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄;辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄;白乃庙铜矿     

内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床成矿时代的研究

内蒙古白乃庙铜矿床是华北地区知名的大型铜矿床之一,位于兴蒙造山系满都拉-霍林郭勒弧盆系白乃庙早古生代岛弧内。该矿床包括南、北两个矿带,南矿带矿体产于白乃庙组绿片岩中,北矿带矿体产于花岗闪长斑岩内。白乃庙组共划分为五个岩性段,第一、三、五岩段岩性主要为绿泥斜长片岩、阳起绿泥斜长片岩,是白乃庙铜矿的主要赋矿层位;第二、四岩段为长英片岩和变质流纹英安岩组合。白乃庙组地层的原岩为一套中基性-中酸性海相火山-沉积岩组合。对于该矿床及白乃庙组地层的形成时代争议较大,前人多认为二者均形成于中元古代。本文采用锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素定年获得了白乃庙组第三岩性段绿泥斜长片岩的形成年龄为439.8±6.7Ma,花岗闪长斑岩的形成年龄为433.9±2.2Ma、451.8±3.0Ma,采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析获得辉钼矿的形成年龄为433.9±3.1Ma。结合前人成果,提出白乃庙组地层及花岗闪长斑岩的成岩时代和白乃庙铜矿的成矿时代均为晚奥陶-早志留世,它们同属早古生代白乃庙岛弧岩浆作用的产物。     

东准噶尔和尔赛斑岩铜矿成岩成矿时代与形成的构造背景

东准噶尔和尔赛铜矿是近年来新发现的斑岩型铜矿,位于野马泉-琼河坝古生代岛弧带东段。成矿岩体为侵位于花岗闪长岩中的花岗闪长斑岩,花岗闪岩中包含有钾长花岗岩体。锆石CAMECA U-Pb测年结果显示,钾长花岗岩年龄为429Ma,并含有405Ma的锆石;花岗闪长岩年龄为411Ma,并含432Ma的碎屑锆石;花岗闪长斑岩主体年龄为410.5Ma。研究区经历了3期岩浆与热液活动,且至少在早志留世就已开始,琼河坝岛弧是开始于早古生代的岛弧。辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为409Ma,与花岗闪长斑岩年龄一致。和尔赛斑岩铜矿的主成岩成矿时代为早泥盆世,年龄约为410Ma。和尔赛铜矿的花岗闪长岩和花岗闪长斑岩具有埃达克岩与岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征,包括63.79%～68.86%SiO2、14.91%～17.48%Al2O3、0.68%～2.35%MgO、高Sr(383×10-6～971×10-6)与Sr/Y比值(48.3～111)、低Y(7.92×10-6～9.69×10-6)与Yb(0.76×10-6～0.98×10-6),Ba、U、K、Sr等大离子元素富集,Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素亏损,较低的(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.703852～0.704565)、正的εNd(t)值(6.1～7.4)、与亏损地幔接近的较低的初始铅同位素比值((206Pb/204Pb)i=17.58～17.91,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.40～15.48,(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.25～37.47)。这些地球化学特征说明其形成于岛弧环境,可能为古俯冲洋壳部分熔融的产物。琼河坝地区以花岗闪长岩和花岗闪长斑岩为代表的岩浆岩带是形成和寻找斑岩铜矿的有利地区。     

吉林中东部季德屯钼矿床含矿岩体地质、地球化学及年代学研究

季德屯钼矿床是近年内在吉林中东部地区发现并初步探明的一个大型斑岩型钼矿床,钼矿体主要赋存在花岗闪长岩体内和花岗闪长岩体与二长花岗岩体的接触带及其附近。花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩岩体的地质、岩石地球化学和单颗粒锆石U-Pb年代学研究揭示:它们均属于偏铝质、高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩;均富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Y等高场强元素;锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(180.2±0.8)Ma和(180.1±0.6)Ma;矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为(169±3)Ma。综合研究表明,季德屯斑岩型钼矿床类型属于与钙碱性、高钾钙碱性岩石系列有关的深成侵入体型钼矿床,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲背景下形成的活动大陆板块边缘岩浆弧环境,其成矿物质主要来源于地壳,从岩体侵位成岩到最终形成钼矿床大致经历了11 Ma。     

内蒙古白乃庙铜-金-钼矿床侵入岩和围岩成因:岩石地球化学和Hf同位素的证据

白乃庙铜-金-钼矿是华北北缘中段的一个重要矿床,矿体主要赋存在早古生代白乃庙群绿片岩中,其成矿与花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。岩石地球化学特征显示,该区侵入岩花岗闪长斑岩以及石英闪长岩与起源于俯冲洋壳的埃达克岩的特征类似,岩浆在上升侵位过程中受到了明显的变质基底的混染作用。赋矿围岩绿片岩的原岩主要为中基性火山岩,锆石Hf同位素数据显示,白乃庙绿片岩、变质安山岩中锆石的εHf(t)变化范围为-4.64~+11.29之间,而白音都西群变质石英砂岩的εHf(t)为-4.30~+15.50,显示白乃庙地区围岩原岩源区物质主要来源于亏损地幔,并在侵位过程中受到了古老地壳基底的混染作用。2类岩石的二阶段Hf同位素模式年龄分别为693~2843 Ma和481~2363 Ma,峰值区间在700~1500 Ma,揭示了华北板块中-新元古代陆壳增生和构造热事件。矿床地质特征、岩石学和地球化学组成表明,白乃庙铜-金-钼矿床具有低氧逸度的特征,可能为还原性斑岩型矿床。     

新疆莱历斯高尔铜钼矿地质特征及找矿前景

莱历斯高尔铜钼矿是新疆地矿局近年在西天山地区新发现的一处斑岩型矿床.该矿位于哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块伊犁-伊塞克湖微板块博罗科努古生代复合岛弧带西段南侧,区域出露早古生代浅海相细碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩,其中侵入了泥盆纪、石炭纪酸性-中酸性岩浆岩.矿区见晚奥陶世、晚志留世地层及侵入其中的二长花岗岩、花岗闪长斑岩体.矿体产于晚泥盆世花岗闪长斑岩及外接触带(角岩化粉砂岩)中,花岗闪长斑岩具有幔源岩浆性质.围岩蚀变主要是花岗闪长斑岩中的硅化和钾长石化、黑云母化,表现出从岩体到围岩依次为钼、铜、铅锌矿化分带性,矿石品位低,矿化均匀.矿石矿物简单,主要是辉钼矿、黄铁矿.矿床具斑岩型成矿特点,在其外围一定区域内发现铜、铅锌和金矿化线索.综合分析矿田多见幔源小岩体侵入志留系浅变质细碎屑岩中等有利地质条件、铜钼组合地球化学异常、高极化中高阻激电异常及勘查成果,认为矿田具良好的与岩浆有关矿产潜力,含矿斑岩体两部剥蚀程度低,深部找矿潜力大,外围有寻找铜矿、铅锌矿的良好前景.     

西昆仑北带喀依孜斑岩型钼矿床地质地球化学特征及年代学研究

喀依孜钼矿床是近年来西昆仑地区新发现的具规模的斑岩型矿床。钼矿化赋存在花岗闪长岩体边部,由南、北两个矿化带组成,矿石呈浸染状,矿石矿物由辉钼矿及少量黄铁矿和黄铜矿组成。矿石Mo品位0.04%～1.53%,局部达10%～15%。围岩蚀变有钾化、黄铁绢英岩化和青磐岩化等斑岩型矿床蚀变组合。含矿岩体为花岗闪长岩,岩石地球化学具高SiO2、Al2O3,富K2O、Na2O,低CaO、TiO2等特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素,显示Nb和Ta的负异常,与俯冲带岩浆地球化学特征类似,岩石成因可能与俯冲作用有关。含矿岩体锆石LA-ICPMS定年获得250.7±4.7Ma(MSWD=1.6),3件辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄分别为254.4±1.9Ma、257.0±3.4Ma、258.5±2.0Ma,成岩成矿发生在晚二叠世末-早三叠世初。综合区域演化特征,本文认为喀依孜斑岩型钼矿床成因与古特斯洋向塔里木板块俯冲有关,形成于塔里木大陆边缘弧环境。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.