河北省某市工业用地土壤重金属污染现状及风险评估

采集研究区表层土壤、深层土壤样品共232个,分析样品中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni含量,运用地累积指数(I_geo)、潜在生态风险指数(Eri和RI)对土壤重金属进行生态风险评价。结果显示：土壤样品中6种重金属的平均值均低于国家建设用地土壤污染风险筛选值;表层土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg及深层土壤中Cu、Hg的平均值均高于河北平原区土壤背景值。富集程度分析显示,土壤中Cd和Hg的k_表深比>2.0,以富集为主,受人为活动影响较大。相关性分析显示,表层土壤除了Hg元素外,其他元素间均呈现显著正相关,表层—深层土壤中除Cd外,其他元素间均呈现显著正相关,表层土壤存在复合污染。地累积指数I_geo显示,研究区整体处于无污染和轻度污染。土壤重金属生态风险显示,Hg在表层和深层土壤中的E_ri平均值分别为118.13 (强生态风险)和61.08 (中等生态风险);重金属RI平均值在表层和深层土壤中分别为190.57 (中等生态风险)和113.70 (轻微生态风险)。研究区土壤Hg的污染和风险水平较高,今后...     

典型铬渣污染场地铬污染特征研究

选取西南岩溶区某傍河铬渣堆场为研究对象,对场地不同位置与深度的土壤及地下水样品进行采集,通过数理统计对Cr在场地中的空间分布特征以及场地对地下水的影响进行了分析。结果表明:土壤中总Cr浓度的水平分布具有差异性,表层土壤Cr浓度由上游到下游呈明显降低趋势,变化率为3.59;深层饱水带土壤中总Cr浓度分布受到地下水流场的影响,场地下游土壤铬浓度明显高于上游;杂填土垂向剖面的铬浓度分布不同于坡残积红黏土,杂填土中铬浓度随着深度的增加而增加,浓度与土壤深度的关系可用y=63.88ln（x）-75.221来表示;而在红黏土中剖面中,铬大量聚集在土壤表层,后随着深度的增加铬浓度逐渐降低,接近基岩面有升高趋势;场地地下水中Cr（Ⅵ）的浓度受深层土壤中总Cr浓度的影响,两者呈正相关。      

阜阳市城市规划区土壤重金属 积累特征及其污染评价

通过在阜阳市城市规划区进行现场调查采样与测试分析,研究了该地区0~20cm表层土壤中7种典型重金属的累积状况,并采用污染指数法对土壤重金属的污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:参照安徽省土壤背景值,阜阳市城区土壤中Pb积累明显,超过土壤背景值的215.67%;单项污染指数评价结果显示,Hg污染最严重,Zn污染最弱;尼梅罗综合污染指数评价结果显示,研究区各功能区土壤重金属综合污染指数排序为交通区>工业区>居住区>公园区,且交通区和工业区达到了重度污染级别。     

锦州市土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

以锦州市为研究区,分析8种土壤重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的污染特征,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定锦州市土壤重金属污染程度,评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明,锦州市土壤重金属Cd和Cr含量高于全国土壤及辽宁省土壤背景值,Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量高于辽宁省土壤背景值.采用单因子污染指数评价,Cd为中度污染,Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu为轻度污染.经地累积指数法评价,Cd为轻中度污染,其他重金属为无污染.内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2.25,为中度污染等级.研究区综合潜在风险指数平均值为157.34,处于中等生态风险,造成局部地区土壤潜在生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Hg.     

长江经济带某石化场地土壤中污染物分布与微生物特征

从长江经济带某在役石化场地采集了3个点位不同深度的土壤样品,测定了石油烃等污染物的含量和微生物的群落结构,以揭示污染物分布规律和微生物特征。结果显示,3个点位污染程度不同,但污染物含量均随深度先升高后降低,最高含量均出现在埋深4.0 m左右,即地下水位附近。土壤中C6-C9高达5 302 mg/kg,C10-C40高达625.6 mg/kg,芳烃高达455.2 mg/kg,卤代烃高达41.54 mg/kg。土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随深度增加而降低,同一深度土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性随污染物含量增大而降低。门水平上Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Spirochaetes的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05),属水平上Streptomyces、SCADC1-2-3、Desulfitobacterium和Cryptanaerobacter的相对丰度和石油烃含量显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

泉州湾洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物重金属污染评价

泉州湾洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物中12种重金属元素含量分析表明,Co,Fe含量与海岸带土壤背景值较接近且变异系数很小,其含量主要来源于沉积物的本底值,受到人类活动的影响较小,而其他重金属与海岸带土壤背景值相差甚大(达几倍至几十倍)且变异系数较大,说明其已受到人类活动的影响较大,受到一定程度的污染.基于沉积物中重金属总量,用5种评价方法对洛阳江湖间带表层沉积物中重金属污染进行评价.以海洋沉积物质量标准(GB18668-2002)进行评价,洛阳江湖间带表层沉积物中各重金属平均含量均为二类沉积物质量标准,不能满足该区域应执行的一类标准.据地累积指数法,表层沉积物中V,Co,Hg,Fe为无污染水平,Cr,Mn,Zn,Pb为无-中等污染水平,Cu为中等污染水平,而Cd为强污染水平.以潜在生态风险指数法评价,研究区内各元素的平均潜在生态危害系数(Et)顺序为:Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni＞Zn＞Pb＞Co＞Mn＞V＞Ti.沉积物中重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,研究区域总体上处于生态风险极高水平,Cd,Hg,Cu为重要污染因子.以生物效应浓度法评价,Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb的区域总平均含量均在其各自的ER-L与ER-M之间,说明洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物中以上元素对生物的负面效应中等.以综合响应因子法评价,从研究区总平均来看,沉积物重金属污染指示元素及其污染贡献大小顺序为:Cd＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Mn,大多站位重金属污染严重.洛阳江潮间带表层沉积物属中度-重度污染水平.     

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

太行山前平原浅层地下水污染的分子生物学响应特征——以滹沱河流域为例

分子生物学技术是地下水污染研究的前沿技术,常用于场地尺度,区域尺度罕见。以太行山前平原滹沱河流域的典型浅层地下水为研究对象,沿河布点采样67组,采用高通量测序技术,测定样品16S rDNA基因序列,以化学需氧量、硝酸盐、溶解性总固体为环境因子,分析与污染相关的微生物种群结构响应及功能性指示菌属。结果显示:采用累积概率分布法将样品分为背景(B)、硝酸盐污染(N)、有机污染(Y)3组,该分类阈值与地下水质量标准的Ⅲ类水阈值可较好对应;微生物群落丰富度为B组N组Y组,有机污染使微生物种群趋于单一,且与背景差异更大。有机污染功能性指示菌属为Acinetobacter,硝酸盐污染为Nitrospira。以上形成的分子生物学响应特征研究方法可为区域调查及修复提供技术方法理论依据。     

江西德兴铜矿集区土壤地球化学基准值方法的适用性

确定矿集区土壤地球化学基准值是矿山环境地质调查与评价的重要任务,而遴选出合适的地球化学基线值的定值方法是该问题的关键。以江西德兴铜矿集区表层土壤地球化学数据为依据,运用地球化学对比法、相对累积频率方法和标准化的方法分别计算了德兴铜矿集区表层土壤6种重金属元素的地球化学背景值,并将其与江西省土壤背景值对比。结合成土母岩重金属含量分析了各种基准值定值方法的适用性,结果证明标准化方法较适用于确定研究区表层土壤地球化学基准值。     

北京市海淀区某些重点企业周边表层土壤重金属污染风险评价与变化趋势研究

采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法对2018—2020年海淀区重点企业周边表层土壤样品中8项重金属元素全含量进行污染、累积与生态风险评价,浅析重金属累积来源及变化趋势.结果表明,PN最大值为0.55,低于0.7,土壤环境质量为安全等级.Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg、As为主要累积元素,Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Ni两两之间存在极显著相关性,Cr与其他元素相关性相对较弱.分析土壤中Cr累积主要受成土母质影响,Hg累积主要为点源污染造成.土壤中重金属全含量各年均值变化趋势平稳,仅个别企业周边土壤潜在生态风险相对略高,建议加强企业内部和周边土壤监测等.     

Predictive environmental impact assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons in petrochemical wastewater effluent and surface sediment

The contamination level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in wastewater and surface sediment samples from the Petrochemical Special Economic Zone (PETZONE) and adjacent coastal area in Musa Bay (in Northwest of Persian Gulf) was examined. Concentrations of TPH in the Musa Bay sediments ranged from 16.48 to 97.15 µg/g dry weight (dw) with average value of 48.98 ± 30.36 µg/g dw. The highest concentrations were estimated in stations close to the coastline, locations affected by intensive petrochemical discharges and shipping activities. The average TPH concentration in the PETZONE wastewater effluent samples was 5.22 mg/L, with a range of 0.06–35.33 mg/L. Regarding environmental impact assessment, the concentration of TPH was lower than the wastewater effluent discharge standard at most of the monitoring stations inside PETZONE companies, with the exception of stations 15, 16 (Imam Khomeini petrochemical company 1, 2) and 17 (Razi petrochemical company). These stations were considered as moderate environmental aspects, suggesting that concentration of TPH in the wastewater effluents of these petrochemical companies could be considered as contaminants of concern in the PETZONE area.     

某石油类污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的地球化学证据

生物降解地下水石油烃会改变地下水环境的水化学组成,因此可以通过分析污染晕中电子受体、生物降解代谢产物以及重要的地球化学参数量值变化获得生物降解的地球化学证据。本次在对某石油污染场地地质、水文地质条件、污染源污染方式调查基础上,根据地下水样测试结果,详细分析了地下水石油烃污染分布特征、污染晕中指示生物降解作用的电子受体、代谢产物以及重要地球化学参数的空间变化规律,研究结果表明:污染场地内存在氧还原、硝酸盐还原、硫酸盐还原等生物降解作用,其中硫酸盐还原是污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的优势反应; 在沿地下水流向上,TPH浓度、HCO₃^-浓度和碱度逐渐降低,Eh、电子受体(DO、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)浓度逐渐升高; 在垂直于地下水流向上,从中心向两侧各组分也呈相似的变化规律。     

Distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in Dezful aquifer,Southwest of Iran

Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon distribution (TPH) in groundwater of Dezful aquifer was the main purpose of this study. The study area, which is located between latitudes 32°00′ and 32°35′?N and longitudes 48°10′ and 49°35′?E, covers about 1,920 km² in the north of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Hydrocarbon pollutants in the area were being released into the aquifer, from a variety of sources. An oil pipe crash accident, which occurred on 19 Feb. 2009 in the vicinity of the northern part of the study area, released about 6,000 barrels of crude oil to the Karkhe River. Other possible sources of TPH in the region are asphalt factories, gas stations, and the Sabzab oil pump station. Since the main source of drinking water in the Dezful area is groundwater reservoirs, this study would be very crucial, especially when there is considerable agricultural activity in the area as well. In order to determine the presence of TPH and heavy metals in the groundwater, samples were taken from wells with different usage within two periods, i.e., in Nov. 2008 and May 2009. The second sampling operation was carried out to determine the effect of the accident in the water resources. In situ groundwater parameter measurements including pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and electrical conductivity were also carried out in the field. Based on the results, there are four zones in the study area which were contaminated with TPH from different origins: (1) southeast of Dezful City, which was contaminated by Shokati gas station; (2) southeast of Shush City, which was contaminated by an asphalt factory; (3) southwest of Dezful City, which was contaminated by Sabzab oil pump station; and (4) the shores of Karkhe River which were contaminated due to the pipeline crash accident. This could be a serious threat to the environment and human health because TPH concentration was higher than the EPA standard in the study area. Heavy metals were not distributed in a uniform pattern in the aquifer. The concentrations were lower than the contamination level based on the EPA drinking standard, and there was no meaningful relation between concentrations of TPH and the heavy metals. It was recommended that a monitoring network should be designed to monitor oil contaminants in the ground and surface water monthly because of importance of the water resources and presence of potential oil contaminant sources.     

包气带对三氯乙烯的吸附行为研究

有机污染物在包气带的吸附行为,直接影响有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化等过程。采用浅层和深层包气带样品,利用批实验的方法研究不同有机碳含量的样品对三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附行为。研究表明,包气带表层土壤比深层土壤的有机碳含量高,可能存在竞争吸附的问题,说明该土壤的吸附行为是以矿物吸附为主、有机质吸附为辅的类型;表层土壤的吸附具有较好的线性行为,不存在饱和吸附量;深层土壤有机碳含量低,其吸附为非线性的。     

酸碱污染Q3黄土的一维压缩特征试验研究

随着黄土地区工业化和城镇化的不断发展,工业废水和生活污水中酸、碱以及pH值发生改变的雨水对土壤的污染问题日渐突出,地基土体受污染后在地表建筑物荷载的作用下会发生不同程度的二次沉降次生灾害。为研究酸碱污染对Q3黄土在不同压力区间内压缩指标的变化特征,对经过不同浓度污染后的土样进行标准固结试验。试验结果表明,对比孔隙水为蒸馏水的工况,酸污染土的总变形量增大,且最大压缩变形压力段下降;碱污染土的总变形量减小,且最大压缩变形压力段上升;土样经过酸污染后压缩系数增大,中压缩性变为高压缩性,但碱污染后的压缩系数却有不同程度的降低;酸污染土的压缩系数、压缩模量、体积压缩系数和压缩指数等压缩指标在小于400 kPa的中、低压力区间更敏感,碱污染土在大于400 kPa的高压力区更敏感。在该基础上对侧限条件下的应力?应变关系进行分析,发现在不同污染情况下污染黄土的应力?应变曲线较好的符合Guanry关系。     

Evaluation of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in shallow groundwater by hydrogeochemical indicators and C, S-isotopes

Biodegradation is one of the main natural attenuation processes in groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. In this work, preliminary studies have been carried out by analyzing the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dominant terminal electron accepters or donors, as well as δ ¹³C_DIC and δ ³⁴S_SO4, to reveal the biodegradation mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated site. The results show that along groundwater flow in the central line of the plume, the concentrations of electron acceptors, pH, and E _h increased but TPH and DIC decreased. The δ ¹³C_DIC values of the contaminated groundwater were in the range of ?14.02 to ?22.28 ‰_PDB and ?7.71 to 8.36 ‰_PDB, which reflected a significant depletion and enrichment of ¹³C, respectively. The increase of DIC is believed to result from the non-methanogenic and methanogenic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in groundwater. Meanwhile, from the contaminated source to the downgradient of the plume, the ³⁴S in the contaminated groundwater became more depleted. The Rayleigh model calculation confirmed the occurrence of bacterial sulfate reduction as a biodegradation pathway of the petroleum hydrocarbon in the contaminated aquifers. It was concluded that stable isotope measurements, combined with other biogeochemical measurements, can be a useful tool to prove the occurrence of the biodegradation process and to identify the dominant terminal electron-accepting process in contaminated aquifers.     

Stabilisation/solidification and bioaugmentation treatment of petroleum drill cuttings

Petroleum drill cuttings are usually treated by techniques suitable for particular contaminant groups. The significance of this study consists in the development of a treatment technology that can simultaneously handle the hydrocarbon and metal constituents of drill cuttings. Bioaugmentation is combined with stabilisation/solidification (S/S), within S/S monoliths and in granulated S/S monoliths. Portland cement was used for S/S treatment at 30% binder dosage. Bioaugmentation treatment involved two bacterial densities of a mixed culture bio-preparation. The effects of inclusion of compost, fertiliser and activated carbon were also evaluated. After 28 days, the combined S/S and bioaugmentation treatments recorded up to 15% higher total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) loss than control S/S treatment without bioaugmentation. Embedding fertiliser, activated carbon and higher bacterial density within S/S monoliths resulted in the highest (99%) TPH reduction but higher concentrations of metals. The addition of compost and lower bacterial density to granulated S/S monoliths led to similar (98%) TPH degradation and lower amounts of metals. The results suggest that with better mixture optimisation, combining S/S and bioaugmentation could engender more sustainable treatment of drill cuttings.     

Bioaugmentation for the enhancement of hydrocarbon phytoremediation by rhizobacteria consortium in pilot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The development of the bioaugmentation during the phytoremediation of contaminated water with diesel in pilot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands was investigated for 63 days. The objective of this study was to examine the enrichment of rhizobacteria in a pilot-scale system for efficient treatment of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) effluent. A consortium of three rhizobacteria strains (Bacillus aquimaris, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus), which were able to utilize hydrocarbon compounds as sole carbon sources, was injected into the constructed wetlands (batchwise operation) planted with Scirpus grossus. The TPH removals from water, without or with the addition of rhizobacteria, were found to be 72 and 84%, while from sand was found to be 59 and 77%, for each treatment, respectively. These results showed that the rhizobacteria strains could enhance S. grossus growth by decreasing diesel stress and protecting S. grossus against diesel, with 12 and 18% additional TPH removal from water and sand, respectively. Our results demonstrate that S. grossus is potential to improve the phytoremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants through inoculation with effective rhizobacterial strains.     

Reducing leachable petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in weathered fuel oil contaminated soil by chemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Number 6 fuel oil is one of the most used energy sources for electricity generation. However, leaks can contaminate soil and also groundwater due to leaching. At old sites, the oil may have low toxicity but still contaminate groundwater with foul-tasting compounds even at low concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying H₂O₂ to reduce the leaching potential of a fuel oil contaminated soil. A silt-loam soil was collected from a contaminated thermal-electric plant with a hydrocarbon concentration of 3.2% in soil producing 4.3 mg/l in leachate. Hydrogen peroxide was applied (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2% dry weight basis), and petroleum hydrocarbons were measured in soil and leachate pre- and post-treatment (72 h). At first, the soil and leachate concentrations diminished linearly (24.4 and 27.3% in soil and leachate, respectively). This was followed by a phase in which the concentration in leachate diminished greatly (75.8%) although the concentration in soil was reduced only moderately (15.1%). Overall, hydrocarbons in leachates were reduced 82.4% even though concentrations in soil were only reduced 35.8%. Correlation analysis showed that at only 1.0% w/w H₂O₂ a concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in leachate safe for human consumption (≤ 1 mg/l) could be obtained even with a final hydrocarbon concentration in soil > 2%. Thus, this study presents an alternative strategy for remediation of fuel oil contaminated soils in urban environments that protects water sources by focusing on contamination in leachates, without spending extra financial resources to reduce the hydrocarbon concentration in low-toxicity soil.     

Application research of enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation of petroleum contaminated soil

Experimental study of enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation of petroleum contaminated loess soil was carried out in Zhongyuan oil production areas, and the enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation technique includes optimistic in-situ microbial communities, physical chemistry methods, alfalfa planting and regulation of soil environmental elements. Experiments showed that the oil content in the contaminated soil with oil content about 2 898.25 mg/kg can be reduced about 98.61% after in-situ micro-ecological remediation for 99 days, which demonstrated the effectiveness of in-situ micro-ecological remediation methods for petroleum contaminated soil in central plains of China, and explored the practical and feasible application of these methods.