残留盆地油气系统研究方法——以中国南方中、古生界海相地层为例

通过对南方中、古生界油气地质综合研究及勘探成果总结,初步提出一套改造型残留盆地或叠合盆地的油气系统研究方法,其核心思路是强调进行油气地质的“动态演化”研究,主要通过拟三维盆地模拟反演主要烃源岩的时空演化、生烃过程及其不同地质阶段中的生烃强度、资源量,结合古今油气藏解剖分析油气成藏—破坏规律及古构造分析研究油气运聚指向,结合主要构造运动期对南方中、古生界主要油气系统进行了分阶段的动态演化研究,认为南方中、古生界油气勘探的现实对象是次生油气系统及再生烃油气系统,现存的原生油气系统很少,提出南方中、古生界油气勘探有利区为川东北大巴山前缘及石柱复向斜西侧高陡背斜带、苏北盆地阜宁—盐城—海安—兴化—宝应地区、江汉盆地沉湖地区南部潜江—仙桃—牌州—汊参1井地区、江西南鄱阳盆地及云南楚雄盆地北部凹陷,这一认识已经得到苏北盆地盐城凹陷朱家墩气田及江汉盆地沉湖地区南部开先台西含油构造勘探发现的证实。     

大型油气系统形成的盆地动力学背景

找寻大油气田的急迫任务带动了当今新一轮战略性、区域性的基础地质和石油地质研究.在盆地中识别富生烃凹陷及其所控制的油气系统具有关键意义.没有富生烃凹陷就没有大油气田赖以形成的首要基础.富生烃凹陷及大型油气系统的形成又有其特有的盆地动力学背景, 认识后者对前者的控制关系可提供战略性预测.渤海湾盆地作为中国东部陆上及海域伸展类盆地最重要也最典型的代表, 其数十年勘探和研究历程揭示了富生烃凹陷、大型油气系统和盆地动力学过程的内在联系.岩石圈伸展和裂陷的背景下, 盆地内隆坳分异的构造格架、快速沉降、高地温和异常高压系统提供了富生烃凹陷和大型油气系统形成的构造背景, 与古近系中晚期有利的古气候、古环境条件匹配形成了最有利生烃的超富养湖盆类型.根据多个富生烃凹陷的典型研究提出了大型油气系统形成的模式, 进一步分析了富生烃凹陷形成背景的多样性.值得指出的是, 目前所知西北地区大型叠合盆地中最重要的富生油凹陷, 如准噶尔盆地的二叠纪中央凹陷、塔里木盆地的满加尔凹陷可能都形成于伸展和裂陷背景下, 中新生代则以挤压、挠曲占优势.提出用当代盆地动力学和油气系统的思路与方法重新认识含油气盆地及其油气系统演化的动力过程, 进行新一轮基础性、区域性研究, 为发现新领域、找寻大油气田提供地质理论基础.      

中国叠合型盆地复合含油气系统的基本特征

中国叠合型含油气盆地具有演化历史漫长、多阶段构造演化、充填层系多的特点。所发育的含油气系统常具有油气混源、多储集层系、运聚方式组合多变与成藏期次多的特点 ,很难用Magoon和Dow( 1994 )的概念对其进行确切描述。文中从中国含油气系统的特点出发 ,提出了“复合含油气系统”的概念 ,并建立相应的划分及评价方法。中国复合含油气系统有叠置型、运聚变异型、相向汇聚型、断层贯通型、油气分异型、共盖型及改造型等 7种常见类型 ,每一叠合盆地含有上述 1种或多种类型。如中国中西部前陆克拉通叠合型盆地以冲断带断层贯通型与前陆斜坡不整合面运聚型为特色 ,而东部断陷坳陷叠合型盆地则以叠置型复合含油气系统为主 ,南方残留新生型叠合盆地则以改造型复合含油气系统占主导 ,因此每类盆地的复合含油气系统的特点与勘探手段并不一致。复合含油气系统描述是油气勘探战略选区的基础 ,油气运聚单元的划分与评价则是制定油气勘探方向的关键 ,现代勘探技术的综合配套应用是提高中国复合含油气系统勘探成效的根本保证。     

合浦盆地——中国南方扭性盆地模式

位于广西南部的合浦盆地是中、新生代发育的小型沉积盆地，从该区的区域构造特征及大量地震资料揭示的盆地结构构造特征分析认为，合浦盆地的形成和发展始终受到区域性力偶的控制，表现出明显的张扭作用特征，后期（第三纪）受到压扭作用的强烈改造，合浦盆地这一发育特征在相当程度上反映了中国南方众多沉积盆地的共同特点。     

中、新生代柴达木北缘的盆地类型与构造演化

柴达木盆地是中国西部一个大型中新生代沉积盆地，柴北缘是侏罗系主要分布地区。中新生代柴达木盆地是在一个古老的稳定地块基础上形成发展的，根据中新生代西北地区周缘板块活动和构造演化特点，提出柴北缘中新生代经历了两个由伸展到挤压的构造运动旋回：从早中侏罗世到晚侏罗世是第一个旋回；从早白垩世到晚白垩世-第三纪和第四纪为第二个旋回。早中侏罗世是一种稳定大陆内弱伸展坳陷盆地，不具有典型的裂陷盆地特征。从渐新世开始，柴达木盆地才进入强烈挤压的山间盆地阶段，并决定了柴北缘现今的构造格局。中、新生代构造运动影响着柴北缘油气的生成和分布。     

Oil and Gas Accumulation in the Foreland Basins, Central and Western China

<正>Foreland basin represents one of the most important hydrocarbon habitats in central and western China.To distinguish these foreland basins regionally,and according to the need of petroleum exploration and favorable exploration areas,the foreland basins in central and western China can be divided into three structural types:superimposed,retrogressive and reformative foreland basin(or thrust belt),each with distinctive petroleum system characteristics in their petroleum system components(such as the source rock,reservoir rock,caprock,time of oil and gas accumulation,the remolding of oil/gas reservoir after accumulation,and the favorable exploration area,etc.).The superimposed type foreland basins,as exemplified by the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, characterized by two stages of early and late foreland basin development,typically contain at least two hydrocarbon source beds,one deposited in the early foreland development and another in the later fault-trough lake stage.Hydrocarbon accumulations in this type of foreland basin often occur in multiple stages of the basin development,though most of the highly productive pools were formed during the late stage of hydrocarbon migration and entrapment(Himalayan period).This is in sharp contrast to the retrogressive foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Permian to Triassic) such as the western Sichuan Basin,where prolific hydrocarbon source rocks are associated with sediments deposited during the early stages of the foreland basin development.As a result, hydrocarbon accumulations in retrogressive foreland basins occur mainly in the early stage of basin evolution.The reformative foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Himalayan period) such as the northern Qaidam Basin,in contrast,contain organic-rich,lacustrine so urce rocks deposited only in fault-trough lake basins occurring prior to the reformative foreland development during the late Cenozoic,with hydrocarbon accumulations taking place relatively late(Himalayan period).Therefore,the ultimate hydrocarbon potentials in the three types of foreland basins are largely determined by the extent of spatial and temporal matching among the thrust belts,hydrocarbon source kitchens,and regional and local caprocks.     

苏浙皖地区海相油气地质特征及勘探目标的选择

从晚震旦世开始至中三叠世，苏浙皖（下扬子）地区沉积了三套巨厚的海相烃源岩系，即：上震旦统一上奥陶统，石炭系－二叠系，下三叠统海相烃源岩，三套烃源岩热演化特点不同，下古生界烃源岩经历了加里东、印支－燕山期构造阶段的热演化，已达过成熟干气阶段，上古生界烃源岩基本处于生油阶段晚期；大部分三叠系烃源岩处于成熟生油阶段，少数处于未成熟阶段，区内下古生界烃源岩经历了两次成油过程，第一次发生在加里东运动前的盆地沉降阶段，第二次发生在加里东运动后晚古生代陆表海代积阶段，全区海相油气储盖条件发育，配置有利，经多年油气勘探证实，下古生界油气勘探应立足于苏北地区，上古生界油气勘探除苏北地区外，尚有皖南与浙西地区，中生界海相油气勘探应集中在区内几个发育较好的中生代盆地，如常州、句容，无为，望江盆地等。     

中国多旋回叠合沉积盆地的形成演化、地质结构与油气分布规律

深入认识盆地的地质结构与构造演化,探讨盆地的油气分布规律,将为揭示中国大陆属性、资源能源分布、环境变化及油气勘探新领域奠立重要基础。本文立足于油气勘探的新资料,应用活动论构造历史观与比较大地构造学方法,分析了中国叠合沉积盆地的构造演化、构造分区、地质结构与油气成藏模式,探索油气分布规律。研究表明,中国叠合沉积盆地经历了中新元古代、寒武纪—泥盆纪(或中泥盆世)、(晚泥盆世—)石炭纪—三叠纪与侏罗纪—第四纪4个构造旋回的演化;据东西向两条构造锋线和南北(或北北东)向的两条改造锋线及西太平洋弧后盆地带,可将中国划分为北疆、内蒙古、松辽、塔里木—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯、渤海湾、青藏、四川、华南与海域等10个沉积盆地区;发育有前陆/克拉通、前陆/坳陷、坳陷/断陷、断陷/坳陷、反转断陷、被动陆缘、走滑叠合和改造残留等8种叠合盆地结构类型;发育安岳裂陷槽型、塔北型、苏里格复合三角洲型、玛湖凹陷型、陆梁隆起型、库车冲断带型、大庆长垣型、古潜山型、中央峡谷水道型、柴东生物气型、四川源内型与沁水向斜煤层气型等12种典型油气成模式;盆地内凹陷/断陷的油气分布具有空间有序性,叠合界面油气富集具优势性,油气叠合分布有强的非均一性,中西部前陆/克拉通叠合型盆地的油、气分区分布,海域被动陆缘/断陷叠合型盆地的油、气分带分布。中国多旋回叠合盆地具有独特的“三环带状”油气分布格局。     

鲁北济阳坳陷沾化凹陷东部潜山的发育及油气成藏控制因素

通过对沾化凹陷东部主要断裂发育演化的特征和主要地震测线的平衡剖面、伸展率分析,对该地区潜山发育过程及其与盆地演化的关系进行了研究,并就潜山油气成藏的控制因素进行了分析.结果表明,沾化凹陷东部潜山发育可以划分为早-中三叠世、晚三叠世、早-中侏罗世的潜山发育前期,晚侏罗世-白垩纪的潜山发育期,古近纪的潜山改造、定型期和新近纪-第四纪的潜山成藏期,断裂活动是本区潜山形成演化的主控因素.沾化凹陷东部潜山油气成藏主要受控于该区中、新生代盆地的叠合关系,中生代凸起和古近纪凹陷的叠合部位是最有利的潜山油气成藏区,中生代凸起和古近纪凸起的叠合部位不利于潜山成藏,往往形成潜山披覆背斜油气藏.     

鲁北济阳坳陷沾化凹陷东部潜山的发育及油气成藏控制因素

通过对沾化凹陷东部主要断裂发育演化的特征和主要地震测线的平衡剖面、伸展率分析,对该地区潜山发育过程及其与盆地演化的关系进行了研究,并就潜山油气成藏的控制因素进行了分析。结果表明,沾化凹陷东部潜山发育可以划分为早—中三叠世、晚三叠世、早—中侏罗世的潜山发育前期,晚侏罗世—白垩纪的潜山发育期,古近纪的潜山改造、定型期和新近纪—第四纪的潜山成藏期,断裂活动是本区潜山形成演化的主控因素。沾化凹陷东部潜山油气成藏主要受控于该区中、新生代盆地的叠合关系,中生代凸起和古近纪凹陷的叠合部位是最有利的潜山油气成藏区,中生代凸起和古近纪凸起的叠合部位不利于潜山成藏,往往形成潜山披覆背斜油气藏。     

藏北羌塘查郎拉地区中生代盆地沉积构造背景探讨

羌塘盆地查郎拉地区位于唐古拉山南坡 ,大地构造位置处在羌塘盆地羌南坳陷 ,出露地层为中生界及新生界 ,缺失古生界地层。为评价该区中、新生界含油气前景 ,应用沉积学和沉积地球化学方法 ,通过碎屑岩颗粒成分分析研究了该地区中生代的大地构造背景。首次提出该区中生代物源区应为碰撞造山带—前陆隆起区 ,具有增生基底特点 ;研究区所处的羌南坳陷总体为一拉张背景下的边缘前陆盆地 ,具有被动大陆边缘—活动大陆边缘过渡性质。     

南海海域新生代沉积盆地构造演化的动力学特征及其油气资源

通过对构造环境、地球物理场特征、盆地生储盖层发育等方面对比研究, 讨论南海南北部沉积盆地的油气资源分布特征, 为在南海进行油气勘查指明方向.目前油气勘探实践证明, 南海南部的油气资源比北部丰富, 究其原因, 南海北部为被动大陆边缘, 张性沉积盆地的烃源岩体积较小, 而南部挤压环境下形成的沉积盆地的烃源岩体积大; 北部的地热流较南部小, 因此地温梯度也较小, 如北部陆架上的珠江口盆地的热流值在5 3~ 87mW /m2之间, 平均6 7mW /m2, 而南海南部大曾母盆地平均热流值达97mW /m2, 最大值达130mW /m2, 故南部边缘烃源岩的成熟度比北部高; 由于南部边缘处于挤压构造环境, 因此在沉积盆地中形成了许多挤压构造, 而北部边缘一直处于张性构造环境, 形成的构造较少且较小; 同时, 南部边缘沉积盆地中, 烃源岩生烃与构造形成在时间上搭配较好.因此, 在南海南部边缘沉积盆地中形成了许多大型油气田, 而南海北部边缘沉积盆地中, 大型油气田较少, 中小型油气田较多.这就是为什么南海南部边缘的油气资源比北部丰富的地质原因.      

Petroleum prospects of marine sequences in South China

The comprehensive study of the tectonics-sequence stratigraphic-petroleum system shows that five sets of major regional and some local source rocks were developed in the tectonic evolution of South China, including the Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian in the Caledonian cycle, the Middle Permian and Upper Permian in the Hercynian cycle, and the Lower Triassic in the Indo-Sinian cycle. Due to the inhomogeneous maturity of source rocks in this area, gas exploration would mainly be carried out in the Lower Paleozoic areas, while oil and gas exploration would be in the Upper Paleozoic ones. The reformation from the Indo-Sinian cycle to the Himalayan cycle exerted decisive influence on the hydrocarbon accumulation in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin and marine sequences in southern China. The petroleum systems formed in the medium-late period of the superimposed basins are of the greatest potential. The distribution of primary and secondary oil-gas pools was mainly affected by favorable sedimentary facies, ancient uplift and slope. The comprehensive evaluation concluded that the focuses for petroleum exploration in the marine sequences of southern China will be in the superimposed basins along the margin of Yangtze landmass, the Subei-southern South Yellow Sea basin and the marine sequences preserved under the over-thrust nappe along the northern margin of the Jiangnan uplift. __________ Translated from Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2007, 28(3): 1–7 [译自:石油学报]     

中国南方古生界-中生界油气藏成藏规律及勘探方向

中国南方古生界—中生界古油藏主要分布于黔中—雪峰 -江南隆起北侧 (以下古生界及上震旦统灯影组古油藏为主 ,其烃源主要是下寒武统 )及南盘江—十万大山地区上古生界及下三叠统台地及孤立台地边缘 (主要是上古生界及下三叠统自生自储型古油藏 ) ;现存古生界—中生界油气藏主要分布于四川盆地。根据南方多期构造改造及油气演化复杂性的特点 ,将南方古生界—中生界油气藏分成原生、次生及再生烃油气藏 3类。认为南方现存的古生界—中生界原生油气藏很少 ,绝大部分原生油气藏均已破坏成为古油藏 ,四川盆地现存的大多数油气藏是典型的次生油气藏。提出次生气藏有利勘探领域有川东南及大巴山前缘上石炭统—下三叠统、乐山 -龙女寺隆起东南斜坡上震旦统灯影组及下古生界、川西北地区及楚雄盆地北部凹陷上三叠统—下侏罗统煤成气藏 ,再生烃油气藏有利勘探地区有苏北盆地阜宁—盐城—海安—兴化—宝应地区、江汉盆地沉湖地区南部潜江—仙桃—牌州—汊参 1井地区及江西鄱阳盆地南部凹陷。这一认识已经得到苏北盆地盐城凹陷朱家墩气田、川东方斗山背斜带寨沟湾石炭系气田及江汉盆地沉湖地区南部开先台西油藏勘探发现的证实。     

Exploration Potential of Marine Source Rocks Oil-Gas Reservoirs in China

So far,more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore.Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China:primary reservoirs,secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs.And three exploration prospects have also been suggested:(1)Primary reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea(SCS),the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea (ECS)and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin,Sichuan basin and Ordos basin.To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs.These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China,among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore.(2)Secondary reservoirs prospects,which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin,Sichuan basin,Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China,of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs.(3)Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin,North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin,southern North China basin,Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China,of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic.And the reservoirs formed by late-stage(always Cenozoic)secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore,among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets.As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks,the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields,and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin.No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China's marine petroleum geology,and applying new thoughts,new theories and new technologies,at the same time tackling some key technologies,it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.     

Simulation of temporal variation for reference evapotranspiration under arid climate

Interpretation of 2500 km of newly processed 2D seismic and regional potential field data has led to the identification of two new Miocene–Oligocene sedimentary basins in the northern part of offshore Egypt. The western part of the basin is deeper and has thick sedimentary cover. The upper part of the Miocene section is tested in its southern part through two wells, where the eastern subbasin is still virgin and is located at the intersection between Temsah basins and southeastern end of the Levantine basin. The main sedimentary unit of the basin is the Miocene–Oligocene sedimentary section, which was proven by the exploration and production activities in Nile Delta to be one of the hydrocarbon-generating facies. This fact is supported by 1D basin analysis using the average parameter values, which shows a hydrocarbon window, extending from lower Miocene to upper Miocene. The basin dimensions are more than 2000 km² area and more than 4000 m of thickness, with variable petroleum system parameters’ potentialities, starting from Tortonian–Serravallian to lower Oligocene section.

     

南海北部—东海南部中生代盆地演化与油气资源潜力

目前的勘探成果表明,南海北部到东海南部的广阔海域普遍发育中生代地层,但是除了在台西南盆地发现工业油气藏之外,其他地区的中生界尚未有大的勘探突破。本次研究将中生代南海北部—东海南部作为一个整体,开展大地构造背景分析,厘清各构造时期盆地的性质及其形成演化机制,探讨油气资源潜力。结果表明:南海北部—东海南部从晚三叠世到白垩纪整体为一个大型盆地,盆地的演化受其周围板块相互运动所控制;晚三叠世(T₃)主要受特提斯构造域控制,发育被动陆缘边缘海沉积盆地;从早侏罗世(J₁)到早白垩世均受古太平洋板块(伊泽奈崎板块)向欧亚板块俯冲机制的控制,其中早—中侏罗世(J_1-2)发育弧前坳陷盆地,晚侏罗—早白垩世(J₃—K₁)盆地性质为弧后断陷盆地;晚白垩世(K₂)受太平洋板块、欧亚板块和印度板块的联合控制,性质依然为弧后断陷盆地,与前期相比,裂陷强度加大;海水由东南方向侵入,地层垂向上由海相向陆相逐渐过渡,由东南向西北和东北方向,水体逐渐变浅,亦由海相向陆相逐渐演变;中生界在南海北部潮汕坳陷等地区发育深海相和海湾相泥岩,在东海南部基隆坳陷也发育良好的海湾相泥岩,生烃潜力大,具有形成大型油气藏的物质基础和地质条件,勘探潜力巨大。本次研究结果可以为南海北部—东海南部中生界的油气资源勘探提供依据。     

中国中、新生代含油气盆地成因类型、构造体系及地球动力学模式

讨论了中国中、新生代含油气盆地的成因类型、构造体系和地球动力学模式：（１）按照地球动力学背景，将中国中、新生代盆地划分成伸展、缩短挠曲和走滑３种成因类型；（２）提出了含油气盆地构造体系的概念，并按照盆地成因类型、板块构造背景和构造演化讨论了中、新生代含油气盆地构造体系的分布；（３）根据构造几何学、运动学和动力学、火山岩岩石地球化学、基底和岩石圈结构以及地温场等特征，建立了有关大陆内伸展盆地和前陆盆地的地球动力学模式。     

扬子地区中新生代盆地成盆深部过程及对古生代盆地叠加效果浅析

从地壳的深部地质作用,讨论了扬子地区主要中、新生代原型盆地生成与发展的深部过程。认为扬子地区中、新生代盆地对古生代盆地的叠加方式各有所不同,对盆地下伏古生界海相烃源岩所产生的叠加效果也因古生代盆地改造程度的不同而有所不同。现今四川、江汉、苏北三个中、新生代盆地在三种不同的深部地球动力学背景下的沉降机制,制约了对下伏古生代盆地的叠加,依此出现了有利于或不利于古生代海相油气生成聚集的各种条件。提出了开展扬子地区海相领域油气地质工作的关键,是要研究推覆构造,评价海相油气成藏条件,分析海相古生界的破坏程度与保存条件,寻找仍被保留下来的“残留盆地”。     

特提斯构造域东段叠合盆地演化和油气成藏规律特征初论

通过分析特提斯构造域东段区域地质和含油气盆地勘探开发基础数据,从板块构造演化入手,系统编制特提斯构造域东段沉积构造演化剖面图和生储盖组合剖面图,研究盆地演化阶段、叠合特征、油气成藏条件及油气藏类型,揭示中亚和中国西部前陆盆地演化和油气富集规律异同。研究表明：古亚洲洋、古特提斯洋和新特提斯洋控制了特提斯构造域东段的区域构造分带、盆地演化、盆地类型及油气成藏模式。根据古洋壳缝合线可分为北、中、南3个构造带,古生代以来多期微板块的拼贴,导致特提斯构造域东段含油气盆地演化分为3个演化阶段,早古生代伸展、晚古生代挤压、早中生代伸展和新生代挤压构造作用控制了研究区盆地的叠合演化,发育下古生界、上古生界和中生界3套区域分布的优质烃源岩和下古生界、上古生界、中生界和新生界4套储盖组合,形成多种类型的油气藏。