污染河水中磷对浅层地下水的影响

室内试验选用3种天然砂土作为渗透介质,以生活污水模拟排污河水,发现中砂(＞92%)对总磷的去除效果明显好于粗砂(60%～80%),并且随渗透介质深度的增加总磷的去除率增加.磷的去除机理主要是吸附和沉淀,由于吸附作用很快达到饱和,所以沉淀反应是排污河中磷的最重要的去除机理.野外抽水的试验结果表明:凉水河中的总磷对地下水影响较小.虽然在排污河形成早期总磷在粗砂中会产生穿透,但随着时间的推移,由于河流底泥的形成,磷大部分被截留于底泥和介质内部,能够直接进入地下水的量很少.     

牡蛎壳改性及联合释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮污染实验研究

为研究以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅去除地下水氨氮污染的效果及其经济实用性,开展了相关室内实验:采用高温加热方式对牡蛎壳进行改性,通过测定牡蛎壳改性后的比表面积判定其吸附效果;以过氧化钙为释氧化合物,将其与水泥、石英砂/牡蛎壳粒、钙基膨润土以一定比例混合制成粒径约1.8 cm球型释氧材料,采用静态实验研究不同原料配比的释氧材料的释氧性能;最后研究了两种不同粒径牡蛎壳粒-释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及不同供氧方式下不同吸附材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及其经济实用性。结果表明:对牡蛎壳粒进行高温改性,牡蛎壳粒高温条件下会产生团聚现象,比表面积随煅烧温度升高呈下降趋势,高温改性方式并不能有效改善牡蛎壳粒吸附性能;实验中制作的释氧材料在95天的实验期间,各实验柱的溶解氧量可以保持在18 mg/L左右,且在嗜碱菌作用下pH值得以有效降低,所制作的释氧材料可为硝化细菌长期在溶解氧低的地下水环境中生长提供氧气;以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅通过耐碱硝化细菌的硝化作用可以将氨氮浓度从50 mg/L降至约35 mg/L,不同粒径牡蛎壳粒修复效果差异不明显。使用牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料渗透反应格栅长期修复地下水氨氮,不仅可以达到活性炭及沸石作为骨架的修复效果,而且更加具有经济实用性。     

利用Tween80溶液冲洗修复萘污染地下水模拟实验

采用Tween80溶液冲洗修复萘污染地下水,分析了Tween80溶液质量浓度和冲洗流速对修复效果的影响,并考察了Tween80溶液对萘的增溶效果及对萘在介质上吸附特性的影响。结果表明：萘和Tween80在中砂介质上的吸附分别符合线性吸附和F型吸附;Tween80增溶萘效果较好,10.0 g/L Tween80溶液中,萘的表观溶解度达到500 mg/L,约为水相饱和溶解度的17倍;确定Tween80洗脱萘的临界解吸质量浓度为2.0 g/L;不同质量浓度、不同冲洗流速修复萘污染地下水实验结果表明,10.0 g/L Tween80溶液、3.0 mL/min流速为最佳冲洗修复参数,萘的去除率达到90%以上。     

氨氮在黏土防渗层中渗透和运移规律试验研究

对太湖疏浚污染底泥中含有的一种主要污染物--氨氮在底泥堆场黏土防渗层中的渗透和运移规律进行了试验研究。在室内通过渗透模拟试验和动态土柱试验,测定了不同固结压力作用下黏土的渗透系数和弥散系数,通过静态吸附试验测定了黏土对氨氮的吸附系数。试验结果表明,底泥堆场下部的黏土防渗层对底泥中的氨氮具有较强的吸附和阻隔能力。     

土壤-含水层侧渗系统在净化河水中的应用——以郑州市索须河工程为例

由于降水较少以及地下水超采,北方地区大部分河流基流匮乏,河水主要来自未经深度处理的城市生活污水和工业废水,河水水质难以达标.在这些地区,利用河流漫滩土壤和含水层的天然净化能力,建立近自然土壤-含水层侧渗系统是净化河水的有效途径之一.在介绍侧渗系统净化机理及适用条件的基础上,通过室内试验和野外示范工程研究索须河土壤-含水层对河水中氨氮的去除效果.室内试验表明该处土壤及浅部含水层对氨氮的去除主要通过稀释、吸附和微生物等作用;通过对示范工程典型剖面上的监测井观测表明该系统对氨氮的去除效果良好,受降水补给的土壤和含水层使得河水中的氨氮硝化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐.硝酸盐在地下水中很难被去除,只有少部分通过反硝化作用转化成N2.土壤-含水层侧渗系统行之有效,可应用于类似索须河的北方河流.     

玛曲高原区潜水水化学和氢氧同位素特征

玛曲高原区地下水是黄河的重要补给水源,然而其水化学特征及形成机理认识还十分有限。通过采集玛曲潜水、河水和黄河河道沉积物,系统研究了玛曲高原区地下水水化学、同位素特征以及水文地球化学过程。结果表明:河水和潜水的溶解性总固体含量低,分别为72~195 mg/L和207~459 mg/L,水化学成分以Ca2+和HCO3-为主,水样中砷浓度为0.46~17.7μg/L。氢氧同位素结果表明,地下水和河水补给来源为当地大气降水,河水相对潜水富集δ18O和δD。河水水化学组成主要受蒸发浓缩作用的影响,而潜水主要受碳酸盐岩溶解作用的影响。潜水水样SI白云石小于0的占68%,表明潜水中白云石处于不饱和状态。某些潜水砷含量超标的原因可能是沉积物铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解,而砷的来源可能是玛曲河道和浅层松散沉积物中吸附态砷。研究成果有助于揭示黄河上游玛曲段地下水的来源及地下水化学成分的形成机理。     

铬污染地下水的PRB反应介质筛选及修复试验

通过实验研究筛选出一种经济可行的用于修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水的PRB反应介质。实验以Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水为研究对象,选用MB、Fe0、粉煤灰和活性炭4种材料进行PRB介质筛选的静态实验,选取处理效果好且经济的MB作为PRB反应介质进行动态修复实验。结果表明:以MB作为PRB反应介质可以使Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度从0.50 mg/L降低到0.05 mg/L以下,达到地下水水质Ⅲ类标准;且MB具有吸附量大、固液分离容易、无解吸、无二次污染等优点。以MB作为PRB反应介质修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染的地下水是可行的。     

工作流量变化对电吸附出水环境质量影响探究

电吸附工作流量的增大会引起对流作用、流体对电子的迁移作用和电吸附设备的吸附能力随之增强。为探究工作流量对电吸附设备出水环境质量的影响,通过试验将多种工作流量下电吸附设备对氨氮、化学需氧量的去除率进行比对,并分析得水率能耗,进而确定适宜的流量。研究结果显示:在进水条件、工作时间、反洗流量和反洗时间等参数固定时,随着工作流量的增大各指标的去除率下降,而随着工作流量增大除盐效果会变差。根据/h,在工作流量=500 L/h时能耗1. 57/m3,得水率81. 1%,除盐率75%;结合产水效率和电吸附的除盐性能,反洗操作参数可定为反洗流量为700/h、反洗时间为32 min;稳定运行阶段,电吸附除盐、氨氮、COD效果稳定,且出水的电导率在400μS/cm左右,氯离/L左右,出水氨氮浓度小于5 mg/L,COD浓度在25 mg/L左右,符合敞开式循环冷却水补充水标准。试验结论对后期进一步研究提供了基础理论依据。     

悦康药业地下水环境数值模拟预测与评价

悦康药业在开发和生产过程中可能会对区域地下水环境造成影响。基于研究区水文地质条件,建立水文地质概念模型,分别对拟开采的第Ⅲ承压含水层,运用水流运动方程对项目开采15年后的地下水位进行模拟预测;运用溶质运移数学模型对药厂建成后污水处理站对潜水和第Ⅰ承压水进行污染物模拟预测。水位模拟结果表明,15年后含水层(组)中形成降落漏斗大于1 m的范围为0. 45 km~2,形成地面沉降的可能性较小。污染物模拟预测选取COD_(Mn)、氨氮作为预测因子,分别预测污染发生100天、720天及1 800天后污染物迁移情况。污染物模拟结果表明污水站溶质扩散范围较小,5年后COD_(Mn)最大迁移距离为40 m,中心体积质量降为5. 0 mg/L;氨氮最大迁移距离为35 m,中心体积质量降为0. 3 mg/L,对区域地下水水质影响不大。     

中国陆地水元素组成的中子活化分析试验

对同期降水、江河水和地下水的元素组成,使用中子活化分析方法作了对比试验。降水取自分布于8个气候带的11个站,其海拔高程为5～3659m,年平均降水量为50～1571mm。河水取自各主要江河包括内陆河和海岛的12个测站以及3个实验流域,并在其附近采集地下水。降水中共检出35种元素,各站有19～31种元素,同期均有空间分布。河水中共检出39种元素,各河分别有21～31种元素。地下水中共检出35种元素,各站有30～32种元素。对其浓度组成作了由大于1000μg/L至小于0.01μg/L的分级综合。有些元素含量超出所报道的世界淡水浓度范围,小于其最低值,甚或远大于其最高值。     

贾鲁河中牟段河岸带地下水流及水质特征研究

该文以河南省贾鲁河中牟段为研究区,探究贾鲁河与河岸带浅层地下水的补排关系以及河水对浅层地下水的影响。通 过野外地质调查、水文地质试验、水位监测及水质检测,分析河岸带地表水与地下水的补排关系及污染特征。结果表明,受 中牟县抽取地下水的影响,该河段周围浅层地下水位低于河水位,河流补给地下水,平均单宽补给量为2.04 m2·d-1;河水中 NH3和COD污染较为严重,地下水中“三氮”均超标,其中NO2和NH3污染严重;河水NH3-N浓度远高于地下水,接受河 流补给的地下水NH3污染严重;因硝化作用,远离河流地下水NH3-N浓度逐渐降低,而NO3-N浓度逐渐升高。     

Characteristics of the main inorganic nitrogen accumulation in surface water and groundwater of wetland succession zones

Based on the observation of a complete hydrological year from June 2014 to May 2015, the temporal and spatial variations of the main inorganic nitrogen(MIN, referring to NO_3~--N, NO_2~--N, NH_4~+-N) in surface water and groundwater of the Li River and the Yuan River wetland succession zones are analyzed. The Li River and the Yuan River are located in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, and this study focus on the influence of surface water level and groundwater depth and precipitation on nitrogen pollution. The results show that NO_3~-N in surface water accounts for 70%-90% of MIN, but it does not exceed the limit of national drinking water surface water standard. Groundwater is seriously polluted by H_4~+-N. Based on the groundwater quality standard of H_4~+-N, the groundwater quality in the Li River exceeds Class III water standard throughout the year, and the exceeding months' proportion of Yuan River reaches 58.3%. Compared with the Yuan River, MIN in groundwater of the Li River shows significant temporal and spatial variations owing to the influence of agricultural fertilization. The correlation between the concentrations of MIN and surface water level is poor, while the fitting effect of quadratic correlation between H_4~+-N concentration and groundwater depth is the best(R~2=0.9384), NO_3~-N is the next(R~2=0.5128), NO_2~--N is the worst(R~2=0.2798). The equation of meteoric water line is δD =7.83δ~(18) O+12.21, indicating that both surface water and groundwater come from atmospheric precipitation. Surface infiltration is the main cause of groundwater H_4~+-N pollution. Rainfall infiltration in non-fertilization seasons reduces groundwater nitrogen pollution, while rainfall leaching farming and fertilization aggravate groundwater nitrogen pollution.     

Characteristics of the main inorganic nitrogen accumulation in surface water and groundwater of wetland succession zones

Based on the observation of a complete hydrological year from June 2014 to May 2015, the temporal and spatial variations of the main inorganic nitrogen (MIN, referring to NO3--N, NO2--N, NH4+-N) in surface water and groundwater of the Li River and the Yuan River wetland succession zones are analyzed. The Li River and the Yuan River are located in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, and this study focus on the influence of surface water level and groundwater depth and precipitation on nitrogen pollution. The results show that NO3--N in surface water accounts for 70%-90% of MIN, but it does not exceed the limit of national drinking water surface water standard. Groundwater is seriously polluted by NH4+-N. Based on the groundwater quality standard of NH4+-N, the groundwater quality in the Li River exceeds Class III water standard throughout the year, and the exceeding months’ proportion of Yuan River reaches 58.3%. Compared with the Yuan River, MIN in groundwater of the Li River shows significant temporal and spatial variations owing to the influence of agricultural fertilization. The correlation between the concentrations of MIN and surface water level is poor, while the fitting effect of quadratic correlation between NH4+-N concentration and groundwater depth is the best (R2=0.9384), NO3--N is the next (R2=0.5128), NO2--N is the worst (R2=0.2798). The equation of meteoric water line is δD =7.83δ18O+12.21, indicating that both surface water and groundwater come from atmospheric precipitation. Surface infiltration is the main cause of groundwater NH4+-N pollution. Rainfall infiltration in non-fertilization seasons reduces groundwater nitrogen pollution, while rainfall leaching farming and fertilization aggravate groundwater nitrogen pollution.     

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。     

濉河符离集段地表水污染与傍河浅层地下水相互关系的研究

本文通过对濉河符离集段地表水与傍河浅层地下水的水位、水质进行同步观测,采用相关分析的方法,对濉河符离集段地表水与傍河浅层地下水的水位、水质相互关系进行了分析.结果表明,地表水与地下水水位高度相关,傍河地下水水位与离河距离、河水水位关系表达式为:z=-5.9254-0.0003x 1.2110y,地表水与地下水水质的Cl-离子、NH3-N相关性良好.可见濉河地表水污染对傍河浅层地下水污染有着积极的影响.     

A study of the contaminated banks of the Mahoning River, Northeastern Ohio, USA: characterization of the contaminated bank sediments and river water–groundwater interactions

The Mahoning River is one of the five most contaminated rivers in the U.S. This study characterized the contaminated sediments in the river banks and investigated the hydraulic interconnection between shallow aquifer in the banks with the river water. The study was conducted along the most polluted section of the river, which is 50-km long, using over 50 monitoring wells. The characterization part of the study investigated the sedimentology, hydraulic conductivity, and spatial distribution of the contaminated sediments. Results of the characterization revealed that the contaminated sediments consist of fine-grained sand, silt, mud, and clay. The spatial distribution of the contaminated sediment is heterogeneous and positively correlates with the hydraulic conductivity values, i.e., the greatest contamination occurs in high conductivity areas. Hydraulic conductivity was determined by the Hazen formula using 82 sediment samples. Bioremediation, which is one of the remedial options considered for the banks, is found to be hydraulically feasible because of sufficient hydraulic conductivity values (≥10^?4 cm/s) that ensure reasonable rates of nutrient delivery. Monitoring of water levels in the river and groundwater for a 10-month period shows that flow occurs from the river to groundwater and vice versa. The exchange of flow is influenced by rainfall. Flow of groundwater to the river will continually transport the dissolved contaminants in groundwater to the river. Therefore, findings of this study show that one of the remedial options that proposes dredging of channel sediments and permits no action for bank sediments cannot be chosen due to river water–groundwater interactions.     

山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水野外监测

酸性矿井水在我国鲁西南、山西、内蒙、云南和贵州等煤矿区普遍存在,酸性矿井水其pH往往在2~5之间,高SO₄2?、HB、TDS、Fe、Mn。这些物质进入地下水、地表水或土壤后,会对其造成严重危害。文章选择山西阳泉市典型废弃煤矿区山底河流域为研究区,通过水文地质调查,水文地质钻探,水文地质剖面等方法阐述山底流域地层岩性,水文地质条件概况,得出受煤矿开采影响,与天然条件下相比山底河流域的地表水和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件均发生了根本变化。补给通过破坏产生的导水裂隙带运移,以垂向运动为主;径流通过坑道,导水裂隙带运移,以横向运动为主;排泄以矿坑排水和泉水溢出方式为主。并简述山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水试验站观测站分布情况与水化学特征。      

Column test-based features analysis of clogging in artificial recharge of groundwater in Beijing

With the completion of South-North Water Transfer Project in China, plenty of high quality water will be transported to Beijing. To restore the groundwater level in Beijing, part of transferred water is planned to be used for artificial recharge. Clogging is an unavoidable challenge in the artificial recharge process. Therefore, a test is designed to analyse clogging duration and scope of influence and to test the reinjection properties of different recharge media. The test employs the self-designed sand column system with variable spacing and section monitoring, composed of four parts: Sand column, water-supply system, pressure-test system and flow-test system, to simulate the clogging of artificial recharge of sand and gravel pits. The hydraulic conductivity levels of all sand column sections are obtained to analyse the clogging of the injection of different concentrations in media of different particle sizes. In this experiment, two kinds of media are used–round gravel from sand and gravel pit in Xihuang village and the sand from sand and gravel pit by the Yongding River. The concentrations of recharge fluid are respectively 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L. The results show that clogging usually lasts for 20 hrs., and the hydraulic conductivity drops to the original 10%. Clogging usually occurs at 0–12 cm section of the sand column. The scope of influence is 0–60 cm. In column 3 and 4, whose average particle sizes are larger, section 20–50 cm also suffers from clogging, apart from section 0–12 cm. The effective recharge times are respectively 33 hrs. in column 1, 14 hrs. in column 2, 12 hrs. in column 3 and 12 hrs. in column 4. The larger the average particle size is, the quicker the clogging occurs. In media of larger particles, the change in suspension concentration does not have significant influence on the development of clogging. In conclusion, it is suggested that during artificial recharge, the conditions of reinjection medium should be fully considered and effective method of recharge be employed in order to improve effective recharge time.     

高盐强酸性地下水中复合苯系污染物原位芬顿氧化实验研究

在原位氧化过程中,实际场地地下水和含水介质的物化特征是影响氧化效果的重要因素,而目前对此影响的研究较少。以某场地实际高盐强酸性复合苯系污染地下水为研究对象,以地下水中2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺(2-nitro-4-methoxyaniline,2-N)和3-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺(3-nitro-4-methoxyaniline,3-N)为特征污染物,探究芬顿(Fenton)试剂原位氧化特征,并研究液相环境因素(初始H2O2浓度、初始Fe2+浓度、初始pH值、初始醋酸(Acetic acid,HAc)浓度、初始SO4^2-浓度)以及含水层介质对Fenton法去除2-N和3-N的影响。结果显示:(1)Fenton法去除2-N和3-N效果显著,且在初始液相条件为c(H2O2)=7 mmol/L、c(Fe²⁺)=4 mmol/L、pH=4、c(HAc)=0 mg/L和c(SO4^2-)=0 mmol/L时去除效果最佳;(2)各因素对Fenton法氧化2-N和3-N的影响不同,加入H₂O₂和Fe²⁺使2-N和3-N去除率上升,增大HAc浓度使2-N和3-N去除率下降;(3)含水层介质对2-N和3-N具有一定吸附性,且对3-N的吸附性强于2-N,二者在本实验中最大吸附态占比分别为29%和42%,而吸附态的存在会抑制Fenton法对2-N和3-N的去除;(4)矿物分析结果显示介质含有少量黄铁矿,在硫酸环境下,介质腐蚀溶解释放Fe²⁺,在达到一定浓度后,无需额外添加Fe²⁺即可完成Fenton反应进而去除2-N和3-N。     

卫河流域河流地下水流系统氮素运移的数值模拟

卫河是海河流域污染最严重的河流之一,该河如何影响附近浅层地下水的水质是长期受到重视但缺乏定量研究的关键问题。为探讨这一问题,利用Hydrus 2d模型模拟河流非饱和带氮素的迁移转化,以GMS软件中的RT3D模块模拟氮素在饱和含水层中的运移,将包气带底部淋滤出的污染物浓度定为饱和带溶质运移模型的上边界条件,首次实现了河流非饱和带饱和含水层氮素运移的联合模拟,得到河流线状污染源对浅层地下水的影响程度及范围。研究结果表明：由于吸附作用、硝化反硝化作用的存在,从河流上游到下游,包气带厚度加大,运移至含水层中的NH4-N、NO2-N浓度呈下降趋势,而NO3-N浓度则呈上升趋势。随着入渗时间的增长,进入饱和含水层中的NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N的浓度逐渐升高并最终保持稳定。污染的河流对浅层地下水的影响呈带状分布,污染物随入渗水流在包气带中垂直入渗;在饱和含水层中以水平运移为主,污染羽偏向地下水流动的方向,其影响距离不超过500 m。