川滇黔接壤区MVT铅锌矿床年代学研究进展及成矿构造背景

川滇黔接壤区处于扬子地块西南缘,经历过复杂的地质演化过程并分布有大量的大中型MVT铅锌矿床。对该区MVT铅锌矿床成矿年代学研究开展的大量工作成果显示该区至少经历过2次铅锌成矿事件,分别处于晚泥盆世-晚石炭世和中三叠世-早侏罗世。早期成矿事件与古特提斯洋的扩张(382～328 Ma)密切相关,在伸展构造环境下形成天宝山、大梁子、毛坪等矿床。晚期成矿事件与古特提斯洋闭合、印支期强烈挤压造山运动阶段(245～205 Ma)相对应,在挤压构造环境下形成会泽、茂租、金沙厂等矿床。不同地质背景下形成的矿床在控矿构造性质、矿体赋存规律等方面具有较大差别。在对川滇黔接壤区MVT铅锌矿床成矿时空分布规律总结的基础上,结合该区区域构造演化、矿床的控矿构造特征以及矿体赋存规律,探讨了该区不同时期控制MVT铅锌矿床形成的成矿构造环境。     

贵州凯里-都匀地区铅锌矿化规律与找矿靶区

湘西—黔东铅锌成矿带是我国重要铅锌资源基地之一,凯里—都匀地区是该成矿带贵州境内中铅锌分布最为集中区域,其铅锌矿床(点)成群成带分布。由于相关地质地球化学研究程度较低、矿床成因认识不清等因素造成该区铅锌地质勘探尚未有较大突破。本文总结了该区铅锌矿化特征、铅锌资源潜力和控矿因素等,认为今后地质勘探提供思路和依据。研究表明,凯里-都匀地区铅锌矿床与典型MVT铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征基本一致,地层岩性(下寒武统清虚洞组白云岩)和构造(背斜和NE向断层)是最重要控矿因素,Pb、Zn地球化学异常是重要找矿标志之一,牛角塘地区、独牛背斜核部和龙井街—柏松地区是该区有利铅锌找矿靶区。     

安徽南陵姚家岭铜铅锌矿床的发现及意义

姚家岭铜铅锌矿床是长江中下游金属成矿带铜陵矿集区近年来普查新发现的大型矿产地.矿床类型是与燕山晚期隐爆斑岩体侵入活动相关的浅成热液充填交代-斑岩型矿床。姚家岭铜铅锌矿床的发现,反映了该区成矿的多样性和复杂性,突破了本区矽卡岩型和层控叠加改造型两个传统的成矿模式。对铜陵矿集区乃至长江中下游地区的深部找矿工作具有十分重要的指导意义。     

黔西北铅锌多金属矿集区成矿构造体系及其控矿机制

黔西北矿集区作为川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿区的重要组成部分,构造控矿-成矿机制一直是该区深化研究的热点和难点。针对长期困扰该区铅锌矿床成矿理论提升和制约深部找矿突破的构造研究瓶颈,基于10个主要铅锌矿床的矿体赋存规律研究,运用矿田地质力学理论和方法,解析了成矿构造的几何学、运动学、力学等特征,识别和厘定了该区存在五种控矿构造组合样式:正断层-背斜式、双向断层-背斜组合式、同向斜落走滑-断褶构造组合式、反倾断层-背斜式、同向斜冲走滑-断褶构造组合式。结合典型矿床构造控矿规律和地球物理深部探测等信息,研究认为,自印支期以来,该区构造体系呈现从NE构造带→NW构造带→SN构造带(构造体系)的成生发展过程。其中,NE构造带为黔西北铅锌矿集区的成矿构造体系,进而论证了构造控矿作用机制,构建了构造控矿模式,为区域勘查部署和深部找矿突破提供了理论依据。     

广西大瑶山及其西侧铅锌成矿区地质特征及找矿方向

大瑶山及其西侧铅锌成矿带是广西境内主要的铅锌产地,区内的铅锌矿床按其成因主要划分为沉积-热卤水改造型和接触交代(夕卡岩)两类,产出铅锌矿床较多.文章通过对研究区内铅锌矿床的含矿建造和构造控矿因素分析,详述了研究区内铅锌矿床在控矿层位、控矿岩性、控矿岩相以及断裂构造控矿和褶皱构造控矿的特点,进而为研究区内下一步找矿指出方向,并总结出该区的找矿标志.     

西大明山银铅锌金钨铋矿地质特征、成矿规律及成矿模式

文章简要介绍了广西西大明山地区的地质背景及银矿床、铅锌矿床、钨铋矿床、银铅锌金矿床地质特征,初步分析、总结和探讨了该区银铅锌金钨铋矿床的成矿规律,认为该区赋矿层位主要为寒武系,次为下泥盆统莲花山组,成矿物质来源于寒武系、下泥盆统岩层及深部岩浆岩,银铅锌等矿床导矿控矿主要为EW向、NE向断裂,EW向、NE向及其次级断裂为主要控矿容矿断裂,层控蚀变岩型钨铋矿受层位、岩性及褶皱构造控制明显,成矿与含钙层位关系密切,具多期成矿作用,成矿时代主要为燕山期,并提出该区银铅锌金钨铋矿成矿模式,指出银铅锌金钨铋矿的找矿方向,对该区今后的地质找矿工作具有一定的指导意义。     

广西象州县妙皇矿区铜多金属矿矿床特征及控矿因素

广西象州县妙皇铜铅锌银矿床为本区新发现的中型脉状铜多金属矿床,属大瑶山西侧多金属成矿带上的又一重大找矿新发现,在控矿因素、矿床成因类型上与邻区武宣县盘龙大型铅锌矿床大相径庭。本文主要从矿体特征、控矿因素等方面探讨总结该矿床的成因类型,以利于在该区进一步寻找发现该类型新矿床。     

北淮阳构造带东段铅锌矿找矿前景

分析总结了北淮阳构造带东段铅锌矿产资源的时空演化规律,认为矿床形成时代集中于燕山期,空间上矿床多分布在NE向隆坳边界与NW向断裂交汇部位,且矿化具一定的横向和纵向变化.根据该区区域成矿条件及地质、物化探等多元找矿信息预测了北淮阳东段存在4个矿化集中区,并对近几年新发现的隐爆角砾岩筒型、斑岩型、层控矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的控矿条件进行了初步总结.指出了该区的找矿方向.     

贵州五指山地区铅锌矿矿床地质特征及其控矿因素

本文通过阐述贵州五指山铅锌矿田含矿地层岩石特征,构造地质特征,矿体产出形态和矿石特征以及地质找矿特征、控矿因素,认为震旦系、寒武系地层是五指山地区重要的铅锌含矿层位,运用地质、物探、化探、遥感等综合手段在该区找到了大中型铅锌矿床,对该区矿床地质特征和控矿规律进行了总结,并作了成矿预测。     

湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床找矿模型与定量预测

湘西-黔东地区位于扬子陆块东南缘,已发现铅锌矿床（点）200余处,是中国重要铅锌资源战略接续区之一。对该地区铅锌矿床控矿因素与找矿标志的研究结果表明：铅锌矿床受地层、岩相、构造三者的综合控制,即特定的地层岩性组合、台地边缘中缓坡相、区域性断裂和背斜及次生或派生裂隙构造为主要控矿因素;含菱锌矿或褐铁矿的氧化露头,方解石化、黄铁矿化、重晶石化或沥青化等围岩蚀变,Pb、Zn、Cd、CaO、Hg单元素化探异常及Pb-Zn-Cd元素组合化探异常为该地区铅锌矿床的主要找矿标志。综合控矿因素与找矿标志研究结果,构建了研究区铅锌矿床的地质-地球化学找矿模型,并以此模型为基础,在GIS平台上利用特征分析法进行了综合信息矿产定量预测。根据研究区铅锌矿床预测单元联系度等值线图,圈定出A级找矿远景区2个和B级找矿远景区2个,提出松桃、镇远—铜仁、都匀—凯里地区应作为后续铅锌找矿勘查工作重点区。     

证据权法在四川宁南地区铅锌成矿预测中的应用

在分析四川宁南地区层控铅锌矿床成矿特征的基础上,通过Arc-WofE系统提取、建立了地质、化探和铅锌矿床（点）等11个应用图层数据库.采用证据权法对该区进行成矿模拟预测,划分出5个铅锌成矿区.研究表明,证据权法用于成矿预测具有方法简单、预测结果可靠性较高等特点,与Arc-WofE系统结合后,可使模拟过程更加简便、准确,模拟结果更加客观.     

Physicochemical formation parameters of hydrothermal mineral deposits: Evidence from fluid inclusions. II. Gold,silver, lead,and zink deposits

Information from a database, which was compiled and continuously updated by the authors of this paper and now includes information from 19500 publication on fluid and melt inclusions in minerals, is used to summarize results on the physicochemical formation parameters of hydrothermal Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn deposits. The database provides information on fluid inclusions in minerals from 970 Pb-Zn, 220 Au-Ag-Pb-Zn, and 825 Au-Ag deposits in various settings worldwide. Histograms for the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusion are presented for the most typical minerals of the deposits. In sphalerite, most homogenization temperatures (1327 measurements) of fluid inclusions lie within the range of 50–200°C with a maximum at 100–200°C for this mineral from Pb-Zn deposits and within the range of 100–350°C (802 measurements) with a maximum at 200–300°C for this mineral from Au deposits. Data are presented on fluid pressures at Au (1495 measurements) and Pb-Zn (180 measurements) deposits. The pressure during the preore, ore-forming, and postore stages at these deposits ranged from 4–10 to 6000 bar. The reason for the high pressures during preore stages at the deposits is the relations of the fluids to acid magmatic and metamorphic processes. More than 70% of the fluid pressures values measured at Pb-Zn deposits lie within the range of 1–1500 bar. Au-Ag deposits are characterized by higher fluid pressures of 500–2000 bar (61% of the measurements). The overall ranges of the salinity and temperature of the mineral-forming fluid at Au-Ag (6778 measurements) and Pb-Zn (3395 measurements) deposits are 0.1–80 wt % equiv. NaCl and 20–800°C. Most measurements (～64%) for Au-Ag deposits yield fluid salinity <10 wt % equiv. NaCl and temperatures of 200–400°C (63%). Fluids at Pb-Zn deposits are typically more saline (10–25 wt % equiv. NaCl, 51% measurements) and lower temperature (100–300°C, 74% measurements). Several measurements of the fluid density fall within the range of 0.8–1.2 g/cm³. The average composition of volatile components of the fluids was evaluated by various techniques. The average composition of volatile components of fluid inclusions in minerals is calculated for hydrothermal W, Au, Ag, Sn, and Pb-Zn deposits, metamorphic rocks, and all geological objects. The Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn concentrations in magmatic melts and mineral-forming fluids is evaluated based on analyses of individual inclusions.     

青海玉树东莫扎抓和莫海拉亨铅锌矿床与逆冲推覆构造关系的确定 ——来自粗晶方解石Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd等时线年龄证据

青海玉树地区的东莫扎抓和莫海拉亨铅锌矿床位于青藏高原金沙江缝合带和班公湖-怒江缝合带夹持的羌塘地体东北缘,是"三江"北段铜铅锌多金属成矿带铅锌矿床的典型代表,处于玉树逆冲推覆构造带的前锋带位置,但矿床与逆冲推覆构造之间的关系并不明确。野外研究表明,方解石为乳白色,结晶粗,呈不规则状、囊状,被后期矿化所穿切,形成于挤压(逆冲推覆阶段)到拉伸(成矿阶段)的过渡阶段,是联系逆冲推覆构造与铅锌矿床之间的"纽带"。本文对该阶段方解石开展了Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd等时线方法定年,测定东莫扎抓铅锌矿床过渡阶段的年龄为35.2~35.5 Ma,平均为35.4 Ma,与其成矿时代35 Ma非常接近;测定莫海拉亨铅锌矿床过渡阶段的年龄为34.0~34.6 Ma,平均为34.3 Ma,与其成矿时代33 Ma也非常接近。结合区域成矿地质背景,建立了玉树地区铅锌矿床从逆冲推覆阶段到成矿阶段的构造控矿模式:伴随着印度-亚洲大陆持续碰撞,青藏高原北缘中生代构造岩片向盆地中央推覆叠置,形成逆冲推覆构造(37~40 Ma),之后处于由挤压到拉伸的松弛状态,早期造山带流体、盆地流体混合形成巨晶方解石脉(34~35 Ma),最后,流体从造山带沿拆离滑脱带长距离向前陆盆地方向运移,运移过程中淋滤围岩的金属物质,并与先期造山带流体混合,形成富铅、锌的成矿流体,通过主逆冲断裂垂向沟通,进入浅部的反冲断层形成铅锌矿床(33~35 Ma)。     

The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity,data, issues and opportunities

Lead and zinc keep humanity powered and sheltered, yet a comprehensive understanding of Pb-Zn resources in known mineral deposits has been lacking, leading to uncertainty over when we might expect the supply of these metals to face potential constraints. Addressing this, we compile an extensive database of the world's known Pb-Zn mineral deposits and provide in-depth analyses of their contained resources, ore-grades, economic value, by-products and geological settings. Our data indicate that at least 226.1 Mt Pb and 610.3 Mt Zn are present within 851 individual mineral deposits and mine waste projects from 67 countries (and one in international waters), at an average grade of 0.44 %Pb and 1.20 %Zn. The identified resources are dominantly present within sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits (490.6 Mt Pb + Zn + Cu), which contain the equivalent of VMS, Skarn, Porphyry, Epithermal and mixed sediment-hosted deposits combined, and 49% of these resources are reported in Australia, Russia, Peru and Canada alone. The reported Pb-Zn resources appear to be sufficient to meet global demand for both Pb and Zn until 2050, although this estimate is most certainly a minimum, as our case studies indicate a prevailing trend of deposits cumulatively producing well beyond their reported resources over time. Indeed, despite increasing historical production of Pb and Zn, estimated reserves and resources have also increased, and this is expected to continue.We also present an analysis and review of additional aspects affecting the future sustainability of Pb-Zn resources, including an account of the history of Pb-Zn mining, case studies and trends in reporting, classifications of the dominant Pb-Zn mineral deposit types, analysis of reported by-product companion metals, review of tailings resource potential and case studies on the numerous challenges in environmental management historically faced for Pb-Zn mining. These analyses, alongside our comprehensive resource data, indicate that the future supply of Pb and Zn is likely to be governed by prevailing economic, social and environmental factors, much more so than sheer resource constraints.     

Epigenesis of Pb-Zn Deposits in the Xicheng Ore Field,Western Qinling

It was previously considered that all of the Pb-Zn deposits in the Xicheng orefield belong to Devonian hydrothermal-sedimentary deposits or their reworked ones. Study proves that the host strata, besides the Devonian, include the Palaeoproterozoic. The super-large Changba-Lijiagou Pb-Zn deposit occurs in the Palaeoproterozoic strata. The deposits in this district are not hydrothermal-sedimentary deposits or their reworked ones, but Yanshanian-Himalayan epigenetic hydrothermal deposits. The modes of occurrence, sizes and positions of all the deposits in the Xicheng orefield are completely controlled by the choula (draw)-thrust sheet Therefore the previous grounds for the model of the Qinling-type Pb-Zn deposits cannot hold good. The authors propose that the Changba-type and Bijiashan-type Pb-Zn deposits be used to represent two mineral deposit models with different characteristics in the Xicheng orefield.     

Qinling-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits

Qinling-type Pb-Zn deposits are located in the Qinling fold belt, occurring in the fine-clastic and carbonate rocks of the Devonian marine facies. They are reformed sedimentary deposits originating from hydrothermal waters, and may be subdivided into 2 subtypes: hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Changba subtype) and reformed hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Bijiashan-Qiandongshan subtype). In comparison with some of the famous Palaeozoic Pb-Zn deposits in the world, the Qinling-type Pb-Zn deposits constitute an independent type, which possesses some characteristics of both hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Meggen type) and reformed hydrothermal deposits (Mississippi Valley type).     

扬子地台西缘大渡河谷超大型层状铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征及成因

20世纪90年代以来，四川地矿局207地质队及地方采矿业在扬子地台西缘大渡河谷沿岸，相继发现了黑区—雪区、红花、白熊沟、核桃坪、养善坪—中溪坪—宝水溪—双凤沟等层状铅锌矿床及矿点。其中，黑区—雪区矿床的矿体地表露头长达6000m，估算的铅锌资源量达370万吨，达到超大型矿床的规模。不同的矿床、矿点的分布构成了长度大于50km的铅锌矿化带，预测铅锌资源量有望达1000万吨以上。各矿床、矿点产于上震旦统—下寒武统灯影组顶部麦地坪段含磷硅质白云岩的相同层位，矿化与硅质岩及角砾状白云岩层关系密切。矿床中发育层状、纹层状、条带状、同沉积角砾状、层间揉皱等构造，沉积特征明显。矿床的地质、地球化学特征显著区别于区域上以往发现的产于地台盖层碳酸盐岩中具有明显后生成因特点的密西西比河谷型（MVT型）铅锌矿床，也有别于产于中元古界褶皱基底中的火山沉积块状硫化物型（VMS型）铅锌矿床。笔者的研究表明，与铅锌矿密切共生的硅质岩为典型的海底热水沉积产物，铅锌矿床属于海底喷流—沉积成因（SEDEX型）；成矿作用受晚震旦世—早寒武世北东东向延伸的汉源—峨眉凹陷及同生断裂带的控制。该类层状铅锌矿床可能是扬子地台西缘铅锌矿聚区中最具找矿潜力的矿床类型。     

Tourmaline as metallogenic indicator: Examples from paleo-proterozoic Pb-Zn and Cu-Au deposits of Rajasthan

Petrology and mineral chemistry of ten types of tourmalines from Pb-Zn bearing strata-bound exhalative deposits and Cu-Au-Fe deposits, presumably of IOCG-type, from Rajasthan are presented. The Pb-Zn deposits studied include Agucha, Kayar and Dariba areas in central Rajasthan, each of which is widely separated in space and occurs in isolated but coeval basins within the Archaean basement. The Cu-Au deposits include Ghagri, Bada Talav, Dugocha and Bhukia areas in southeast Rajasthan. The syngenetic Pb-Zn type and the epigenetic Cu-Au-Fe type of deposits are formed during the initial phase of Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Basin evolution with dominant deposition of shelf facies pelite-carbonate sequence of Debari Group. The post-depositional tectono-metamorphic history of the host rocks of Pb-Zn type and Cu-Au type deposits differ significantly with the former deposits showing higher metamorphic impress (amphibolite to lower granulite facies) than the latter (green schist facies).     

川滇黔相邻区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿成矿特征

本文对川滇黔相邻区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿成矿特征进行系统总结,并对区域成矿过程进行讨论。该区碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿发育3种矿床类型,主要分布在泸定-荥经-汉源、雷波-金阳-巧家-会东、赫章-威宁-水城和会泽-彝良4个矿集区,震旦系和古生代地层为主要容矿层。铅锌矿形成于3个成矿期和3类构造环境:以黑区-雪区铅锌矿床为代表的喷流沉积型(SEDEX型),形成于早寒武世海底地震同生断裂环境;以会泽矿床为代表的与侵入作用有关的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌银矿床类型(IRCH Pb-Zn-Ag型),形成于晚三叠世前陆早期局部引张环境;以大梁子和天桥矿床为代表的密西西比河谷型(MVT型),形成于前陆晚期冲断挤压环境。与世界其它地方不同,川滇黔相邻区MVT铅锌成矿作用主要发生于早侏罗世。     

黔西北铅锌矿床控矿因素及找矿模式

黔西北铅锌成矿区是川-滇-黔铅锌成矿域重要组成部分,也是贵州省主要的铅锌产地。研究认为,黔西北铅锌成矿区可划分为4个构造带,3个成矿亚带,铅锌矿产出受地层、岩性、构造、沉积环境等多重因素控制,岩性优于层位,断裂构造是主要控矿因素,构造具分级控矿特点。区内成矿地质条件优越,具备寻找大型、超大型矿床的潜力。作者结合区域地质特征,初步建立了地物化遥综合找矿模式。