考虑流变与固结效应的桩筏基础-地基共同作用分析

土的流变性与地基固结的综合作用,导致了上部结构与地基变形的时效性,并呈现出明显的非线性,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的工作机理及其工作性能产生重要影响。为此,采用弹黏塑性流变模型考虑土的流变特性,通过有限元方法数值求解Biot耦合固结方程,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的时间效应问题进行了非线性数值分析。通过算例计算,对加载后桩筏基础荷载分配和沉降特性及下覆土层中孔隙水压力的扩散和消散规律进行了探讨。研究表明,地基孔隙水压力的增长和消散不仅具有Mandel-Cryer效应,而且依赖于土的流变变形,尤其在排水条件较差时更为明显。因此,在分析桩筏基础内力变形的时效性时必须考虑土的流变性与地基的固结作用的联合效应。     

多向荷载作用下层状地基刚性桩筏基础分析

提出一种多向荷载作用下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。基于剪切位移法,采用传递矩阵形式分析了竖向荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;引入修正桩侧地基模量,采用有限差分法分析了水平荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;基于层状弹性半空间理论,分析了多向荷载下桩顶面-土表面、土表面-桩顶面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。建立了桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到了多向荷载下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系以及桩的内力和变形沿桩身分布规律。通过与有限元对比,验证了该方法的合理性和修正地基模量的优越性,并对多向荷载作用下的桩筏基础进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,水平力将会引起桩筏基础的倾斜。     

上部结构－桩基—地基共同作用数值分析及桩基变刚度调平优化设计

本文采用有限元法对高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响进行了研究。研究表明:高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响时,基础总体沉降和差异沉降随楼层的增加呈非线性变化趋势,上部结构中存在次应力,弯矩和轴力比常规法设计偏大;随楼层的增加,桩体对荷载的分担比在减少,土体分担比在增加;随着上部结构刚度的增加,荷载向角桩、边桩集中;增加筏板厚度,能减少一定的差异沉降和基础平均沉降,从而减少上部结构的次应力,提高地基土的荷载分担比,同时筏板下桩顶反力分布更不均匀,因此需要从筏板受力,以及考虑筏下桩、土的受力来综合确定一个合理的筏板厚度,使设计安全经济;随着地基土变形模量的提高,地基土分担的上部荷载增加,桩顶反力趋向平均,筏板最大弯矩逐渐减小。桩筏基础在均匀布桩条件下呈中间大边缘小的“碟型”分布。差异沉降是由于上部结构次生应力和筏板内力产生的。通过对地基土刚度以及桩长、桩径、桩距等五种桩基刚度的调整,并分析不同刚度对基础差异沉降影响可知:改变桩长的布桩形式并结合地基土刚度调整的中心布桩形式是高层建筑桩筏基础最佳设计方案。     

往复荷载下层状地基柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析

提出一种层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析方法,探讨筏板刚度对桩筏基础沉降的影响,并成功预测了往复荷载下桩筏基础的长期沉降。筏板刚度采用Mindlin板理论的有限单元法分析;桩-土体系的刚度矩阵中,桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面以及土表面-土表面的相互作用分析采用层状剪切位移法借助层状地基的Burmister位移解求得。基于层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩的沉降计算方法以及往复荷载下土体压缩模量的衰减特性得到了桩筏基础的长期沉降预测方法。与已有文献方法和离心模型试验结果的对比分析表明,柔性筏板-群桩共同作用方法得到的沉降值具有较高的精度。     

不同振动波形对单桩桩-筏复合地基动力响应特性研究

桩-筏复合地基是控制高速铁路等路基工后沉降的一种常用地基处理技术,然而针对其在不同振动波形荷载下的动力响应特性对比研究相对较少。基于大型模型系统,开展砂土地基中单桩桩-筏复合地基大比例模型试验研究,着重分析不同振动波形加载下单桩桩-筏复合地基的累积沉降、桩底-桩侧土动土应力比、加速度及速度传递等变化规律,初步探讨振动波形对单桩桩-筏复合地基承载特性的影响机制。试验结果表明,M波振动波形对地基累积沉降的影响较正弦波振动波形对地基累积沉降的影响略大一些,对桩底-桩侧土动应力比的影响则反之;振动响应加速度和速度随着加载频率及振幅幅值的增大而增大。相关研究成果可为单桩桩-筏复合地基的理论分析与计算提供参考依据。     

碎石桩复合地基承载力性状分析

按等置换率原则建立碎石桩复合地基有限元计算模型，在考虑基础刚度、荷载强度变化条件下对比分析了天然地基与复合地基附加应力分布特征、塑性区扩展规律；根据有限元计算结果分析了桩身荷载传递规律并与实测结果对比确定桩身应力随桩身呈指数衰减。计算结果还表明：桩土应力比不仅与桩土模量比有关，也与荷载水平及置换率有关；在鼓胀破坏情形下桩体侧向变形性质取决于桩周土而与置换率、模量比、桩长无关。     

不同激振频率下现浇X形桩桩-筏复合地基模型试验研究

基于大比例模型试验,采用能够近似模拟列车单个轮轴荷载的正弦波荷载,在砂土地基中通过开展不同激振频率下X形桩桩-筏复合地基的动力特性模型试验,研究激振频率对X形桩-筏复合地基动力响应的影响。着重分析了不同激振频率引起的X形桩-筏复合地基的速度、动土压力、桩身动应力等,获得了速度响应、桩身动应力随深度的变化规律。结果发现:筏板的速度响应幅值随着激振频率的增加近似呈线性增加;地基表面动土压力和动力荷载放大系数随激振频率的增大而增大,且增幅逐渐加大;桩顶动应力随激振频率的增大而逐渐增大。相关研究成果可为我国高速铁路桩-筏复合地基的理论分析与计算以及动力荷载放大系数的确定提供参考依据。     

考虑应力扩散时桩端土性对单桩沉降影响分析方法

基于虚土桩模型,分析了层状地基中桩端土性对单桩沉降特性的影响。首先,以虚土桩扩散角反映桩端土层应力扩散效应,将桩端一定锥角范围内由桩端至基岩面的土体视为虚土桩,并根据其变截面特性,将虚土桩沿纵向划分为有限个微元段。然后,对桩及虚土桩桩侧土体采用理想弹塑性荷载传递模型,利用荷载传递法,推导了层状地基中以桩侧土塑性发展深度为变量的单桩荷载-沉降递推计算方法,并进一步得到了桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力递推计算式。在此基础上,给出了荷载传递模型参数选取方法,并分析了虚土桩临界深度的影响因素及由实测荷载-沉降曲线反演虚土桩扩散角的可行性。最后,利用该方法分析了桩端沉渣和软弱下卧层对荷载-沉降曲线的影响。结果表明,考虑桩端土层应力扩散效应时,通过计算得到的桩顶及桩端荷载-沉降曲线与实测曲线吻合较好;当桩端存在沉渣或软弱下卧层时,采用虚土桩模型的单桩沉降计算方法可以在一定程度上反映沉渣特性及软弱下卧层埋深等因素对桩顶荷载-沉降曲线的影响。     

风机梁板式桩筏基础承载特性大型模型试验研究

梁板式桩筏基础与传统桩筏基础一样具有较高的承载力和变形控制能力,且较传统桩筏基础能够节约成本,具有重要经济效应,因而成为了新兴的基础形式被应用于风电基础中。然而目前该基础仍采用传统桩筏基础的设计方法进行计算,造成了巨大的浪费。为了弥补目前梁板式风机基础设计方法的缺陷,采用大型室内模型试验对梁板式风机基础的受力变形特性进行研究,分析了竖向荷载作用下梁板式风机基础内梁、桩、土体等的受力机制及特性。研究表明,在工作荷载范围内,梁板式桩筏基础体系处于弹性状态,且梁板式桩筏基础具有一定的柔性,中央与边缘存在一定的差异沉降。桩-桩相互作用及桩-土相互作用对具有一定柔性的梁板式桩筏基础受力变形特性具有重大的影响,应该修正现行设计时不考虑这几个因素的缺点。     

桩筏基础相互作用分析

提出了考虑土-桩-筏相互作用的迭代分析方法,可获得筏板的内力和桩身轴力等.考虑了桩筏基础下群桩效应作用的群桩桩顶反力分布、群桩桩端力分布及桩与桩相互作用等问题,使得计算的群桩单桩刚度较合理.同时,具有能考虑土的非线性、成层地基及利用单桩静载试验成果反演分析所得参数运用于群桩分析等特点.采用的8节点等参板单元可适用于分析平面不规则形状及变厚度的薄筏板和厚筏板.用笔者提出的方法对桩筏基础实例进行了分析,研究了桩长对该桩筏基础相互作用的影响,并与实测成果及其他学者研究成果进行了对比,表明了该方法能较合理地分析桩筏基础相互作用.     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integral equation method for analysis of piled rafts with dissimilar piles under vertical loading

In a piled raft, the length and arrangement of piles has a significant effect on the stresses and deflections of the raft. The use of piles with different dimensions and properties below a raft is an innovative concept and can optimize the design of a piled raft. In this study, an integral equation method with a fictitious pile model was adopted to analyze the piled raft foundation with dissimilar piles. The Fredholm integral equations of the second kind were obtained for this problem. The loads shared by piles and subsoil, the load transfer, and the settlement of the piled raft were obtained using numerical calculation. The results from the present method were compared with those in the literature. An optimization technique was introduced to design piled rafts with dissimilar piles. The stiffening effect of piles on the surrounding soil is also discussed as compared the conventional interaction factor approach.     

竖向荷载作用下桩筏基础可视化模型试验研究

进行了群桩基础可视化模型试验。在试验过程中对各级竖向荷载作用下群桩基础桩、土的变形采用高清晰数码相机拍摄了照片。通过对照片进行后处理分析,得到了桩、土的位移场,也对桩身轴力也进行了量测,在该基础上研究了群桩基础的变形性状和破坏模式,重点分析对比了桩间距和桩长对桩端土体沉降以及桩身侧摩阻力的影响。试验发现,桩距是影响桩土相对滑移量的主要因素,桩距越大,桩身与土的相对滑移量就越大,桩端刺入量也越大。在柔性筏基下,随桩距增加中桩的桩土相对滑移量可能会大于边桩。桩端刺入量是大桩距桩基础主要的沉降构成,以桩端刺入量为研究对象建立一套大桩距基础新的沉降计算理论,似乎值得进一步研究。桩顶向上刺入（可通过设置褥垫层、桩顶预留净空或设置可压缩垫块来实现）有利于桩间土的压密,减小桩端刺入量,甚至改变破坏模式。     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling and incorporated into a computer program ‘PRAB’. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates, the piles as elastic beams, and the soil is treated as interactive springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are modelled based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles and pile groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of a pile group and a piled raft subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite difference program. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is then used for a parametric study of single piles, pile groups and piled rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical response of pile raft foundations subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements in layered soil

A simplified analysis method has been developed to estimate the vertical movement and load distribution of pile raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling based on a two‐stage method. In this method, the Loganathan–Polous analytical solution is used to estimate the free soil movement induced by tunneling in the first stage. In the second stage, composing the soil movement to the pile, the governing equilibrium equations of piles are solved by the finite difference method. The interactions between structural members (such as pile–soil, pile–raft, raft–soil, and pile–pile) are modeled based on the elastic theory method of a layered half‐space. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles, pile groups, and pile rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is also used for a parametric study to develop a better understanding of the behavior of pile rafts influenced by tunneling operation in layered soil foundations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical harmonic vibration of piled raft foundations in layered soils

This paper develops a method to analyze the piled raft foundation under vertical harmonic load. This method takes into account the interactions among the piles, soil, and raft. The responses of the piles and raft are formulated as a series of equations in a suitable way and that of layered soils is simulated with the use of the analytical layer‐element method. Then, according to the equilibrium and continuity conditions at the piles–soil–raft interface, solutions for the piled raft systems are obtained and further demonstrated to be correct through comparing with the existing results. Finally, some examples are given to investigate the influence of the raft, pile length‐diameter ratio, and layering on the response of the piled raft foundations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified nonlinear analysis method for piled raft foundation in layered soils under vertical loading

This paper presents a simplified nonlinear solution for piled raft foundations in layered soils under vertical loading. Based on the elastic–plastic analysis of a single pile in a layered soil, the shielding effect between a receiver pile and the soil is taken into account to modify the conventional interaction factor between two piles. An approximate approach with the concept of the interaction factor is employed to study the nonlinear behavior of pile groups with a rigid cap. Considering the variation of soil properties, the solution to multilayered elastic materials is used to calculate the settlement of the soil. The interactions between pile–soil–raft are taken into account to determine the stiffness matrix of the piled raft. By solving the stiffness matrix equations, the settlement and the load shared by the piles and raft could be obtained. Compared with results of the available published literatures, the proposed solution provides reasonable results.     

Non-linear soil–structure interaction in disconnected piled raft foundations

Disconnected piled raft foundations are characterised by no structural connection between the upper raft and the underlying piles, mostly playing the role of settlement-reducers. The resulting raft–pile gap is usually filled with a granular interlayer, through which the loads from the superstructure are transferred to the piles.In this paper, the complex interaction mechanisms involving the foundational components (raft, piles and soil) are numerically investigated by means of 3D finite elements analyses, accounting for soil non-linearity. The main features of the soil–structure interaction mechanisms under purely vertical external loads are explored over a realistic range of raft–soil gaps for different pile configurations, in which the number of piles – i.e. their spacing – is varied. Special attention is also devoted to the structural response of the piles in terms of axial and bending internal stress resultants. In particular, while disconnection beneficially affects the structural pile response, increasing the raft–pile gap tends to reduce the overall settlement/stiffness efficiencies.The numerical results being presented are in substantial agreement with the outcomes from literature small-scale experiments and suggest a number of relevant theoretical inferences.     

高层建筑桩筏基础优化设计研究

将上部结构与地基基础共同作用分析方法和优化设计理论相结合,提出了桩筏基础优化设计模型和实用分析方法。通过抽桩分析,证明了边弱中强和墙柱下强、跨中板下弱的布桩原则是正确的。