日本岩土工程极限状态设计法进展

日本目前正处在由规格规定型设计(日文:仕样规定)向性能规定型设计的转轨阶段。第一层次规范《土木·建筑设计基本规定》为岩土工程极限状态设计的引领性规范;第三层次的《岩土工程总设计规程》(简称Geo-Code 21)给出了性能设计的原则、性能矩阵、校核方法和土工参数确定的方法;第四层次的公路、港口、河川、铁路等行业规范在2010年前后陆续出版实施,引入了性能要求,安全、使用和修复极限状态等理念,但在具体的工程设计中,仍然采用容许应力法进行安全设计计算。随着极限状态设计法的导入,将会出现设计风险问题,新的技术层面的、社会制度层面的诸多问题尚待进一步深入研究。     

极限平衡条件的拓展与土工结构稳定分析

与土体稳定有关的工程问题诸如挡土结构物上的土压力、地基承载力以及土坡稳定性都与土的极限平衡状态相关 联。将土体一点（单元）的极限平衡条件推广,给出土体沿滑动面的极限平衡条件,证明了该条件的充分必要性。依据该条件,提出了有限元应力分析与极限平衡结合的有限元极限平衡法及土体稳定的安全系数,并明确了安全系数的物理意义,以评价土工结构的稳定性。随后,列举了该方法在土工结构稳定分析中的一些具有代表性的应用,证明了该法是有效的,可以用于分析岩土工程中的稳定问题。     

基于极限应变判据-动态局部强度折减的边坡破坏演化数值模拟

岩土材料具有极限应变特征,其值可以通过室内试验或数值模拟方法求得。边坡岩土体主要为剪切破坏,可采用极限剪应变作为材料破坏的判据。事实上,边坡岩土体强度参数劣化并非整体性的,而是一个渐进性局部损伤至整体失稳的过程。本文基于极限应变判据,建立了边坡破坏的动态局部强度折减方法,此方法对边坡中超过极限剪应变值的单元进行强度折减。通过不断折减计算过程中产生的超过极限剪应变值单元,直到坡内超过极限剪应变值的单元贯通,认为边坡整体发生破坏。将该方法应用到实际边坡工程中,计算结果和边坡破坏模式及变形监测数据基本吻合。此方法在分析边坡渐进性破坏及稳定性评价方面具有较好应用前景。     

输电杆塔开挖类基础基于极限状态设计的作用组合选择研究

合理选用由杆塔结构传递而来的作用效应是地基基础设计的重要前提,为了确定输电杆塔开挖类基础基于极限状态设计的作用组合值,分析了输电杆塔对基础的作用特点,并针对上部杆塔对基础作用的3种主要工况,利用静载荷试验结果研究了开挖类基础与地基结构体系的承载特性、破坏特征及其易超越的主要极限状态,并给出了地基基础体系设计时所采用的作用组合,研究表明,上拔和倾覆工况下常规条件开挖类基础承载过大时表现为脆性破坏,按承载能力极限状态设计,采用由可变荷载控制的基本组合;下压工况下开挖类基础的荷载与位移关系曲线一般为非陡降型,按正常使用极限状态设计,主要采用标准组合和准永久组合。     

钻孔摩擦灌注桩岩土设计参数取值商榷

桩周岩土极限摩阻力及其桩尖处岩土的容许承载力是公路工程钻(挖)孔摩擦灌注桩单桩竖向承载力计算的重要岩土工程设计参数,其取值是否适当事关工程安危和工程费用的经济合理.对此,工程勘察设计人员不仅应遵照<公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范>有关规定外,还应考虑场地地基岩土的地质时代、场地工程地质条件、岩土工程性质及有关因素合理取值,不可机械地依规范查表确定,这是岩土工程师应具有的最基本技能.     

岩土参数不确定性的分析与评价

结合岩土工程实践的特点,定性分析参数不确定性的来源、分类、特征和处理方法,对认识岩土参数的变异性及概率极限状态设计准则的推广应用具有促进作用。     

边坡加固中预应力锚索地梁极限状态设计方法

根据预应力锚索地梁加固边坡工程的特点,对预应力锚索地梁的不同工作阶段和受力状态进行了详细分析,在此基础上提出了一种锚索地梁的极限状态设计方法,给出了其具体计算过程。应用该方法对某工程实例进行了计算,计算结果的对比分析表明,当锚索进入极限工作状态时对地梁进行极限状态的设计是必要的。     

桩基概率极限状态设计中抗力分项系数的研究

根据桩基工作机理，建立了桩基按概率极限状态设计的实用设计表达式，并按照《建筑结构设计统一标准》的规定对设计表达式中分项系数的内涵及规律进行了研究，提出了运用＂等β法＂确定抗力分项系数的方法。通过实例计算验证了此确定方法的可行性和可信性，为桩基由定值设计过渡到概率极限状态设计作了有益的探索。     

单桩竖向抗压极限荷载的极限状态与确定

本文通过对桩的荷载传递和沉降分析，研判了桩的极限载荷的极限状态，并结合工程实例予以说明。根据文献提供的资料，建议桩的极限荷载宜采用Ｓ－ｌｏｇＰ法确定。     

统一强度理论在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

基于统一强度理论,以某高速公路路基边坡的典型断面为例,运用刚体极限平衡理论中的毕肖普简化法进行计算,得到不同的统一强度理论参数、不同的双剪应力状态参数与边坡稳定系数之间的关系。在此基础上,讨论了边坡问题的强度理论效应。通过分析可知,中间主应力在边坡稳定性分析中不容忽视。实际工程中,应根据具体边坡的岩土特征及应力状态确定统一强度理论参数和双剪应力状态参数,确切地反映岩土强度特性,界定稳定系数的上下限范围,有效地发挥材料的强度潜能,节约工程费用。      

Reliability of shallow foundations designed to Eurocode 7

Eurocode 7, the new European standard for geotechnical design, is based on the limit state design method, with partial factors and characteristic parameter values. An objective of the Eurocodes is that the chosen partial factors should achieve reliability levels for a structure close to a prescribed target value. The target ultimate limit state reliability index for a medium risk structure for 50 years is 3.8. This paper examines the reliability of an inclined-eccentrically and vertically loaded square foundation designed using all three Design Approaches in Eurocode 7 with the recommended partial factor values given in EN1997-1. The reliabilities obtained using the three Design Approaches are compared with the target reliability value and the reliabilities of traditional designs using overall factors of safety. The paper provides evidence that Eurocode 7 gives more consistent reliabilities for a greater range of parameter values than the traditional allowable stress method and demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate characteristic values.     

极限分析有限元法讲座—— Ⅰ岩土工程极限分析有限元法

经典岩土工程极限分析方法一般采用解析方法，有些还要对滑动面作假设，且不适用于非均质材料，尤其是强度不均的岩石工程，从而使极限分析法的应用受到限制。随着计算技术的发展，极限分析有限元法应运而生，它能通过强度降低或者荷载增加直接算得岩土工程的安全系数和滑动面，十分贴近工程设计。为此，探讨了极限分析有限元法及其在边坡、地基、隧道稳定性计算中的应用，算例表明了此法的可行性，拓宽了该方法的应用范围。随着计算机技术与计算力学的发展，岩土工程极限分析有限元法正在成为一门新的学问，而且有着良好的发展前景。     

Controlling the safety of geotechnical structures: a proposed approach

Summary This paper considers the safety of geotechnical structures using various design philosophies which include the global safety method and a number of limit state design methods. The methods are considered individually and their treatment of uncertainties of design briefly discussed in terms of parameter and system uncertainty. Each method is not designed to produce a definitive measure of safety, but should be viewed as an aid in the process of controlling or managing safety. Crucial to all design methods is the idea of a design parameter. However, in certain instances it is often not clear whether a design parameter should be an upper or lower bound on its possible value. A proposed limit state design method for overcoming this problem is outlined, based on putting bounds on parameters. An example of a reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall is used to demonstrate its advantages over current methods. The proposed method offers a more rational approach to the design of retaining structures.     

Determination of partial factors for the verification of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations under open channels

The limit state design method has been introduced into the design criteria for geotechnical structures. The current paper attempts to apply the reliability-based design method, at Level II, to the bearing capacity of the foundations of open channels from the viewpoint of the limit state design. To examine the applicability of the proposed procedure for practical structures, the reliability index is computed for evaluating the stability of the foundations of existing open channels designed by the conventional method. The conventional design procedure makes excessively safe side design. We applied the FORM to the existing open channels designed by the conventional design procedure, and consequently, large values of reliability index, 3 and 5 were obtained for clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Finally, the partial factors for the soil parameters have been determined, corresponding to the target reliability indices β _t =1, 3 and 4.     

考虑参数和模型不确定性的基桩正常使用极限状态可靠度分析

考虑承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性,利用可靠度分析方法和概率统计理论,推导出承载能力极限状态（ULS）和正常使用极限状态（SLS）下可靠度指标的计算公式,给出了两种极限状态下可靠度指标间的线性关系式,研究了桩顶容许沉降 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠度分析结果的影响。研究结果表明,土体类别和桩型对正常使用极限状态模型因子影响很小;正常使用极限状态下基桩可靠度指标随承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性的增大而减小,但减小幅度逐渐降低,且可靠度指标总变化量不大,工程应用中可忽略承载力计算模型和荷载不确定性在可靠度分析中的影响; 随机性对正常使用极限状态可靠性分析结果的影响很大,随 的增加,正常使用极限状态模型因子和可靠度指标逐渐增大,而模型因子变异性逐渐减小,但桩本身性质并没有任何改变,只是所允许的沉降条件不同。研究结果可为规范修订和工程应用提供参考。     

Reliability assessment of serviceability performance of braced retaining walls using a neural network approach

In urban environments, one major concern with deep excavations in soft clay is the potentially large ground deformations in and around the excavation. Excessive movements can damage adjacent buildings and utilities. There are many uncertainties associated with the calculation of the ultimate or serviceability performance of a braced excavation system. These include the variabilities of the loadings, geotechnical soil properties, and engineering and geometrical properties of the wall. A risk‐based approach to serviceability performance failure is necessary to incorporate systematically the uncertainties associated with the various design parameters. This paper demonstrates the use of an integrated neural network–reliability method to assess the risk of serviceability failure through the calculation of the reliability index. By first performing a series of parametric studies using the finite element method and then approximating the non‐linear limit state surface (the boundary separating the safe and ‘failure’ domains) through a neural network model, the reliability index can be determined with the aid of a spreadsheet. Two illustrative examples are presented to show how the serviceability performance for braced excavation problems can be assessed using the reliability index. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability of shallow foundations designed against bearing failure using LRFD

Worldwide, there is growing interest in the development of a rational reliability-based geotechnical design code. The reasons for this interest are at least two-fold; first, geotechnical engineers face significantly more uncertainties than those faced in other fields of engineering, therefore there is a need to properly characterize and deal with these uncertainties. Second, for decades, structural engineers have used a reliability-based design code, and there is a need to develop the same for geotechnical engineers, in order that the two groups can ‘speak the same language’. This paper develops a theoretical model to predict the probability that a shallow foundation will exceed its supporting soil's bearing capacity. The footing is designed using characteristic soil properties (cohesion and friction angle) derived from a single sample, or ‘core’, taken in the vicinity of the footing, and used in a load and resistance factor design approach. The theory predicting failure probability is validated using a two-dimensional random finite element method analysis of a strip footing. Agreement between theory and simulation is found to be very good. Therefore, the theory can be used with confidence to perform risk assessments of foundation designs and develop resistance factors for use in code provisions.     

基坑抗隆起稳定安全系数的算法对比分析

基坑隆起变形破坏是一种常见的基坑失稳形式。基坑隆起变形量监测存在一定困难,基坑坑底抗隆起稳定性分析主要是计算安全系数。目前基坑抗隆起稳定安全系数计算方法主要有极限平衡、极限分析和强度折减等方法。结合工程算例,采用上述3种算法进行基坑抗隆起稳定安全系数计算,对比分析了各种计算方法的适用性。结果表明,极限平衡传统算法忽略的工程因素较多,计算结果过于保守,通过修正可以提高适用性。极限分析与强度折减的计算结果较为准确,但极限分析的破坏模式和强度折减中基坑稳定临界状态容许隆起量仍需进一步研究。     

EN1997－1设计方法与国内规范设计方法对比

系统研究掌握国外标准规范,是企业跨出国门走向海外市场的第一步,也是增强国际竞争力的关键。同时,修订与完善国内现行规范,必须借鉴与吸收国际标准的先进经验。介绍了欧洲规范EN1997－1[1]设计原理,包括作用、效应、抗力与极限状态验算不等式,分析3种设计方法的取值特点与应用现状。以《建筑地基基础设计规范》[2]为例,对比分析中欧岩土工程设计规范中设计方法的异同点及国内规范存在的问题。以一浅基础设计实例,说明欧洲规范3种设计方法与国内规范设计方法设计结果的差异,并在该基础之上,提出改进国内规范设计方法的几点建议。