内蒙古包尔汉图岛弧早古生代火山岩年代学、地球化学特征——岩石成因及对兴蒙造山带构造演化的约束

包尔汉图 白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带分布于兴蒙造山带南缘，是古亚洲洋与华北板块之间早古生代俯冲作用的岩浆记录，以往工作大多集中在岛弧侵入岩和东段白乃庙群火山岩，岛弧西部包尔汉图群火山岩的研究相对较少。本文对内蒙古达茂旗北部出露较完整的包尔汉图群火山岩进行了锆石U Pb年代学、Lu Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学分析，以完善兴蒙造山带早古生代演化的认识。包尔汉图群火山岩为一套中基性—中酸性火山岩系列，其中英安岩获得锆石U Pb年龄为447. 3±2. 5 Ma，为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学组成上，火山岩均富集轻稀土元素（LREE）和Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素（HFSE）和Ti元素，具有较弱的Eu负异常，类似岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。岩石学及地球化学分析表明，中基性火山岩为岛弧环境下遭受俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔熔融产物，并可能有大洋沉积物的加入；而中酸性火山岩偏低的Nb/U值（1. 45~3. 63）和明显亏损的锆石εHf(t)值（+2. 2~+11. 0），显示其源区为俯冲板片流体交代的新生基性下地壳。结合前人资料和新近研究成果，中酸性火山岩亏损的锆石Hf同位素特征和二阶段模式年龄tDMC集中在1637~839 Ma，佐证了包尔汉图岛弧可能存在与华北板块北缘具有亲缘性的前寒武纪陆壳基底，表明早古生代兴蒙造山带南缘属于安第斯型活动大陆边缘，即古亚洲洋以陆缘弧形式向华北北缘俯冲，形成了包尔汉图 白乃庙岛弧岩浆岩带。     

白乃庙岛弧东段早古生代火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

白乃庙群岛弧火山岩分布于兴蒙造山带南缘,是古亚洲洋与华北板块之间早古生代俯冲作用的岩浆记录,但以往工 作多集中在西段而较少关注其东延部分。本文对白乃庙岛弧带东段新识别出的早古生代火山岩进行了系统研究,以完善对 古亚洲洋早古生代演化的认识。白乃庙岛弧东段火山岩包括中-基性及酸性两种岩石类型,火山岩均富Cs,Rb,Th,U, 亏损Nb,Ta 等高场强元素,轻稀土富集,具有变化的Eu 异常。地球化学数据显示中-基性火山岩来源于俯冲板片熔体交 代的地幔熔融,并可能有大洋沉积物的加入,而酸性岩浆则来源于流体交代的下地壳。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年表明, 酸性及中-基性火山岩形成年代分别为430.5 Ma 和417.6 Ma,前者产出于俯冲岛弧环境,后者则可能为造山后环境下形成 的滞后型弧岩浆岩。年龄数据对比显示东段火山岩的形成年代晚于西段的白乃庙群地层,同时构造变质程度也更低,两者 的这种差异反映了东西两侧地质演化历史的不同,即早古生代古亚洲洋自西向东逐渐关闭。     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗早古生代辉长闪长岩年代学和地球化学特征及地质意义

东乌旗乌拉盖地区出露一套早古生代辉长闪长岩,为兴蒙造山带北缘二连-东乌旗早古生代岩浆岩带的组成部分。对该岩体进行了锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析,探讨了岩石成因及其对兴蒙造山带北缘早古生代构造演化的启示。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示岩体年龄为499.6±1.2 Ma,为二连-东乌旗地区出露的最古老侵入体。岩体具有中等的Si O2含量(51.60%~54.28%),富铝,贫铁、镁,全碱及钾含量较低,属钙碱性岩浆系列;富大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有弱的Eu正异常(δEu=1.03~1.34),稀土元素配分型式呈平缓的右倾型。辉长闪长岩同位素组成比较亏损,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.704 5~0.704 7,εNd(t)=+2.71~+4.17,εHf(t)相对εNd(t)明显偏高,为+10.8~+18.7,存在Nd-Hf同位素解耦现象。年代学、岩石地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素综合分析表明,乌拉盖辉长闪长岩是早古生代古亚洲洋沿苏左旗-锡林浩特一线向北俯冲的产物,岩体形成于俯冲作用的初始阶段,源区为受到俯冲物质交代的地幔楔,交代物质以板片熔体为主,流体交代为辅,无明显沉积物加入,后期由于弧后拉张、贺根山洋盆打开与主体岛弧带脱离,最终形成了与俯冲带彼此分隔的格局。     

渤海湾黄骅盆地晚中生代—新生代火山岩地球化学：岩石成因及构造体制转换

本文研究了渤海湾黄骅盆地早白垩世基性-中性-酸性火山岩和第三纪基性火山岩的元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征。早白垩世火山岩以碱性系列为主,不同基性程度的岩石具有一致的富集Sr、Ba、K、Rb等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素,轻重稀土强烈分异,Sr-Nd同位素组成与EM I相似,Sr同位素初始比高于方城玄武岩和汉诺坝基性麻粒岩。主量和微量元素分析表明,酸性火山岩主要来自于地壳重熔,基性火山岩具有板片流体/熔体交代富集的特征,二者的岩浆混合作用可能是中性火山岩的成因,它们共同构成了东北亚晚中生代活动大陆边缘岛弧火山岩的一部分。第三纪基性火山岩以碱性系列为主,弱富集大离子亲石元素和Ti,不亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,Zr呈弱亏损,Sr-Nd同位素组成显示呈亏损型,亏损程度低于碱锅玄武岩和汉诺坝玄武岩,但总体与OIB相似,表明岩浆源区为软流圈地幔,并且高热上涌的软流圈对上部带有俯冲带印记的岩石圈地幔的萃取可能是导致弱富集的原因。从早白垩世的岛弧环境到第三纪陆内裂谷盆地,其控制因素可能归咎于东北亚东侧大洋板块的俯冲和相互转换。法拉隆板块于晚中生代向东北亚俯冲,但晚白垩世时被伊佐奈崎与北新几内亚板块取代,后两者之间的洋脊俯冲引起的“板片窗”效应,导致了渤海湾地区裂谷盆地的发育和同期软流圈地幔来源的玄武质火山活动。     

内蒙古吉尔嘎郎图早古生代岩体成因——年代学、地球化学及Nd-Hf同位素制约

兴蒙造山带北缘断续分布的早古生代岩浆岩带,对古生代构造格局恢复及造山带演化研究具有重要意义。阿巴嘎旗北部吉尔嘎郎图岩体位于该岩浆岩带中段,为带内最大的早古生代复式侵入体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,吉尔嘎郎图岩体早期花岗闪长岩单元成岩年龄为455.0~495.6Ma。在主量元素组成上,岩体SiO_2含量中等(59.49%~68.22%),贫铁、镁,K_2O/Na_2O值(0.64~0.85)小于1,A/CNK=0.96~1.09,整体具有亚碱、弱过铝特征。稀土及微量元素方面,岩体富Cs、Rb、Th、U、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P及高场强元素Nb、Ta等,稀土元素总量中等,具有弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.52~0.82)。Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析结果显示,岩体具有亏损的同位素组成,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.7053~0.7034,ε_(Nd)(t)=0.39~4.29,2件Hf同位素样品ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值,分别为ε_(Hf)(t)=7.6~10.8和ε_(Hf)(t)=3.7~7.9。岩石地球化学、年代学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素综合分析表明,吉尔嘎郎图岩体是早古生代古亚洲洋沿苏左旗—锡林浩特一线向北俯冲背景下,遭受了俯冲板片析出流体交代作用影响的新生下地壳部分熔融的产物,后期由于弧后拉张、贺根山洋盆打开与主体岛弧带分离,最终随着古亚洲洋的整体闭合,形成了与俯冲带彼此分隔的格局。     

内蒙古牙克石地区晚古生代弧岩浆岩:年代学及地球化学证据

在内蒙古牙克石地区晚古生代岩浆岩中发现了岛弧火山岩和埃达克质花岗闪长岩。火山岩由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩及凝灰岩组成,属于钙碱性系列,它们富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)。玄武岩的SHPIMP锆石U-Pb年龄表明其形成于373.2±5.3Ma。锆石εHf(t)值为+14.67～+18.67,类似大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)和现代俯冲带玄武岩的Hf同位素特征。上述特征说明,玄武岩很可能起源于受俯冲板片流体改造的亏损地幔楔,形成于活动大陆边缘。花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄为331.2±3.7Ma。岩石高SiO2、Sr,高Sr/Y比值,富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素和Y及高场强元素,铕异常基本不明显,具备埃达克岩的地球化学特征。锆石εHf(t)值较高(+12.78～+14.54),说明源区可能为亏损地幔或新生的玄武质下地壳。根据微量元素组成认为花岗闪长岩主要起源于晚古生代底侵的岛弧玄武-安山质下地壳。弧火山岩和埃达克质花岗闪长岩的发现表明,区内晚泥盆世-早石炭世发生过大洋板片的俯冲作用,可能与额尔古纳-兴安地块与松嫩地块的碰撞拼合密切相关。     

新疆谢米斯台布拉特矿化次火山岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其地质、成矿意义

布拉特矿化次火山岩出露于谢米斯台中部,岩性主要为英安斑岩和流纹斑岩。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素等研究,探讨其形成的构造环境、成因及成矿意义。结果表明,英安斑岩形成年龄为434.9±2.3Ma,属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列准铝质-强过铝质岩石;岩石稀土总量中等(∑REE=97.9×10~(-6)～107×10~(-6)),富集轻稀土且轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=7.93～9.95),具较弱铕负异常(δEu=0.78～0.90),相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;岩石具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7036～0.7043)和正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+2.64～+5.01),t_(DM1)(Nd)=750～930Ma。流纹斑岩形成年龄为423.2±0.9Ma,属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列准铝质-强过铝质岩石;稀土总量中等(∑REE=65.3×10~(-6)～127×10~(-6)),富集轻稀土且轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=6.82～8.24),具较强铕负异常(δEu=0.51～0.71),相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;岩石具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7022～0.7038)和正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+2.86～+5.78),t_(DM1)(Nd)=680～940Ma;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=+9.8～+14.9,t_(DM2)(Hf)=456～783Ma。综合研究表明,布拉特矿化英安斑岩和流纹斑岩是不同岩浆演化结晶的产物,二者都形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,可能是新生下地壳部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆与部分源自地幔楔的玄武质岩浆发生混合、向上运移、冷凝结晶的产物。较晚形成的流纹斑岩岩浆形成过程中新生下地壳部分熔融的比例有所降低,熔出的岩浆相对更偏酸性;谢米斯台地区以志留纪-早泥盆世火山岩、次火山岩和中酸性侵入体为代表的岩浆岩带为一个主体形成于早古生代的陆缘弧岩浆岩带,是形成和寻找斑岩型铜矿的有利地区。     

晚古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用:来自珲春前山镁铁质侵入岩的年代学和地球化学记录

珲春地区前山镁铁质侵入岩主要由橄榄辉长岩、苏长岩和辉长闪长岩组成,形成年龄273±2Ma,为早二叠世侵入岩。该岩体显示出岛弧拉斑玄武岩的元素地球化学特征,弱富集LREE且正Eu(Eu/Eu*=1.05～1.44)异常的REE配分模式,在不相容元素中富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)如Ba和Sr,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)(La/Nb=2.8～4.8;Zr/Sm=8.0～22.5),与起源于流体交代地幔楔部分熔融的岛弧低钾拉斑玄武岩类似。在同位素特征上低放射成因Sr,高放射成因Nd和Hf(87Sr/86Sr(i)=0.70295～0.70375;εNd(t)=+4.5～+6.4;εHf(t)=+9.6～+14.6),反映其来源于同位素组成亏损的交代地幔。结合区域地质背景,我们认为前山镁铁质岩形成于晚古生代期间古亚洲洋向华北板块的俯冲作用背景,其亏损Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf及Hf-Nd同位素解耦特点说明该岩体最有可能来源于俯冲流体交代的地幔楔。     

早古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用:来自新疆哈尔里克侵入岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素证据

新疆哈尔里克造山带的形成时间(早古生代/晚古生代)及其构造属性(岛弧/弧后盆地)一直是有争议的问题。本文选择位于哈尔里克带内的奥尔达乌台克侵入体,对其成因及所揭示的地质意义进行了探讨。奥尔达乌台克岩体由一套成份连续的岩石组合构成,包括辉长岩、辉长闪长岩、闪长岩和花岗闪长岩。对闪长岩及其内部暗色包体进行的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示两者同时形成于~450Ma,为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。岩石学和地球化学证据反映奥尔达乌台克岩体普遍具有富H2O、高fO2的湿岩浆性质,富集LREE、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE)而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),与典型的岛弧岩浆岩类似。高放射成因Nd(εNd(t)=+4.4~+5.9)和低初始Sr(0.7032~0.7044)同位素组成表明偏基性的岩浆很可能起源于年轻的俯冲带岩石圈地幔,生成的镁铁质岩浆一部分与壳源长英质熔体发生混合形成各类岩浆,另一部分则是经历演化后(分离结晶)直接添加到地壳中。因此,壳幔岩浆混合作用和幔源物质的直接加入是古亚洲洋俯冲阶段陆壳增生的两种主要方式。Sr-Nd同位素模拟排除了区内存在古老前寒武纪陆壳的可能,陆壳主体应该是年轻的古生代大洋岛弧和洋壳。哈尔里克早古生代岛弧的确立改变了该带是泥盆纪岛弧或弧后盆地的原有认识,将古亚洲洋俯冲作用的时间追溯至奥陶纪。     

草滩沟群火山岩的地球化学特征及其形成构造环境

通过对出露于东-西秦岭交接处的草滩沟群火山岩地球化学特征的研究表明,草滩沟群火山岩具有较高的Al2O3含量和较低的TiO2含量,低ΣREE等特征;球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图解显示呈平坦型-微弱富集型;微量元素组成以富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、Ba、Th,强烈亏损Nb、Ta,以及高场强元素(HFSE)不分异为特征,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf丰度及Nb/La,Hf/Ta,La/Ta,Ti/Y等值特征均显示岩浆源区受到消减组分加入的影响,与典型的岛弧玄武岩相似.综合地质、地球化学资料认为,草滩沟群玄武岩可与东秦岭丹凤群变基性火山岩对比,是早古生代秦岭洋俯冲消减作用的岩浆活动产物,代表了商丹缝合带的西延组成部分,向西延伸可与西秦岭天水关子镇-武山蛇绿混杂岩带相接.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.