广西红土击实特性的影响因素及机理分析

红土是由原岩在湿热气候条件下经过红土化作用形成的具有高含水率、大孔隙比、较高强度和较低压缩性的一种特殊土。由于其特殊的工程地质性质形成了红土具有较大工后沉降的特性。目前,工程中普遍采用强夯的地基处理方法对其进行处理,对于夯后红土地基变形则通过现场监测结合室内试验的方法进行研究。笔者通过室内击实试验和击实后红土的高压固结试验,深入探讨影响红土击实效果和击实后压实性的主要因素,并对各影响因素进行影响机理分析。试验结果表明：红土的击实效果与击实功成正比,与黏粒质量分数、塑性指数、游离氧化铁质量分数成反比;击实后红土的压缩模量受含水率、干密度及饱和度等因素的综合影响,并且各因素的影响程度不尽相同;当含水率大于18%时,土体处于近饱和状态,含水率与干密度已经不能反映饱和红土的压实性了,即在实际的强夯工程上这种土的含水率不宜大于18%,否则会产生较大的工后沉降。     

击实试验类型对EPS颗粒轻量土击实特性的影响规律

为研究击实试验类型对EPS颗粒轻量土击实特性的影响规律,阐明轻量土压缩密实的本质,对3种不同EPS颗粒掺量的轻量土开展标准轻型、标准重型、小型轻型、小型重型4类击实试验,并测量EPS颗粒体积压缩率。结果表明:3种配比轻量土在4类击实试验下,轻量土的干密度随含水率的增加均先增大后减小,曲线形态类似抛物线,所得最优含水率依次接近31%、35%、39%。同配比轻量土,以标准轻型击实试验的最大干密度为标准,其他3类击实试验最大干密度的绝对增长量为-0.014～0.072 g/cm~3,相对增长量为-2.647%～13.611%,4类击实试验所获得的最大干密度基本相同。受击实筒尺寸效应的影响,相同击实功时,小型击实试验的最大干密度大于标准击实试验,但差值较小。相同击实类型时,增加击实功对轻量土最大干密度提高不明显。在击实作用下,EPS颗粒具有明显的塑性压缩,压缩率随含水率和EPS颗粒掺量的增大而减小,其变化范围为0.955%～31.174%。EPS颗粒的塑性压缩和试样孔隙比的减小是轻量土压缩密实的本质,利用小型击实试验代替标准击实试验确定轻量土最优含水率和最大干密度的方法是可行的,可为轻量土工程设计和施工提供参考。     

干密度和初始含水率对非饱和重塑粉土土水特征曲线的影响

采用压力板仪详细研究了不同击实条件对非饱和重塑粉土土水特征曲线的影响,并采用van Genuchten模型对实测试样的土水特征曲线进行了拟合。分别取在初始击实含水率相同的条件下,击实干密度不同的试样以及在击实曲线上同一干密度处对应的不同初始击实含水率的试样,对其进行土水特征曲线测试。结果表明:击实干密度越大,空气进气值越高。击实含水率越大,试样可塑性越好,其空气进气值越大。     

废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实性能

废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒用于填埋场衬垫材料改性,有望提高衬垫系统的有效性。击实性能是衬垫设计和施工的基础,但目前缺乏针对性研究,击实机理不够明确。开展废旧轮胎胶粉-黏土混合土的击实试验研究,探讨橡胶颗粒粒径、掺入比等因素对混合土击实性能的影响规律和压实机制。研究表明,当橡胶掺入比从0增大到25%时,胶粉-高岭土的最优含水率增大,胶粉-红黏土的最优含水率减小,变化在2.4%范围内; 混合土的最大干密度从1.65gcm-3减小至约1.40gcm-3; 试验选用的橡胶颗粒粒径对最优含水率和最大干密度差异不显著。在击实过程中橡胶颗粒回弹和橡胶颗粒比表面积变化两种效应下,最优含水率随橡胶掺入比的增加表现出减小(大颗粒时)、不变和增加(小颗粒时)的变化规律,并与基质土的性质密切相关。给出了初步设计时改性黏土含水率和干密度的控制方法,能够基本满足规范中对压实黏土的含水率和压实度的要求,且其渗透系数小于1.010-7cms-1。     

高含水率疏浚淤泥新型复合固化材料试验研究

基于传统水泥固化处理方法,提出了水泥-生石灰-高分子添加剂新型复合固化材料处理高含水率疏浚淤泥的新方法,以期快速降低淤泥含水率并提高固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度,拓展水泥固化淤泥的含水率范围,达到高效廉价固化处理高含水率疏浚淤泥的目的。通过系列室内试验,探讨了该方法处理后高含水率淤泥的无侧限抗压强度变化规律以及各材料掺入比对强度的影响规律。研究结果表明,水泥掺入比低于7%的新型固化材料处理初始含水率2倍液限的高液限淤泥,早期强度大于0.5 MPa,28 d强度大于1 MPa;固化淤泥强度随龄期、水泥和生石灰掺入比的增大而增大;给出了考虑多因素多水平的无侧限抗压强度预测公式,预测值与实测值基本一致     

砷、镉复合污染土击实特性及微观结构试验研究

重金属污染土不仅破坏环境健康,同时威胁岩土工程安全。通过控制变量法对砷（As）、镉（Cd）单一污染土和复合污染土的土壤化学、土体微观结构和击实特性对比分析,研究了不同重金属污染源、不同重金属浓度对污染土的击实特性影响规律及作用机制。结果表明：单一污染土中,As使土壤扩散双电层变厚,土颗粒呈絮凝状,小孔隙增加,小颗粒含量先增后减,最优含水率升高5.90%,最大干密度降低1.02%;Cd的作用效应截然相反,Cd压缩土壤扩散双电层,土体呈堆积状,小孔隙减少,小颗粒含量减少,最优含水率降低8.03%,最大干密度增加1.00%。Cd对土体击实特性影响大于As。复合污染土中,As、Cd对土体最优含水率的影响呈协同作用,而对最大干密度无明显相互作用关系。污染土宏微观联系桥梁可以通过分形维数与最大干密度建立,二者拟合结果为二次函数关系。研究成果可为重金属污染土环境与工程灾害防控提供关键参数和理论支撑。     

非饱和击实粉土的强度和屈服特性研究

由于吸力量测技术的困难,对京―九线粉土在不同含水率下击实并进行三轴不排水剪切试验,研究其强度和屈服特性,为非饱和击实粉土力学模型的建立提供依据。试验结果表明：该击实粉土在剪切过程中,在最优含水率干侧击实的土样具有较高的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈软化趋势,土样先剪缩后剪胀,湿侧击实的土样具有较低的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化趋势,土样不断剪缩;随着试样击实含水率的增加,击实粉土的强度和屈服应力不断减小,水对土体具有一定的软化作用;不同击实含水率下,土样在q-p平面内破坏时的屈服轨迹为近似平行的斜直线,含水率对临界状态线的斜率没有影响;含水率对击实粉土抗剪强度的贡献表现为土体的似黏聚力的增加,似黏聚力与含水率之间呈乘幂关系,得出以含水率为变量的击实粉土强度计算公式,可在实际工程中推广应用。     

硫酸盐渍土击实性能及影响因素试验研究

为了全面地揭示硫酸盐渍土击实性能的变化原因和规律,对不同条件下配制的硫酸盐渍土进行了一系列的轻型击实试验。试验研究表明,含盐量对硫酸盐渍土最大干密度和最优含水率的影响规律并不是单一不变的,它取决于土中硫酸钠的3种状态（硫酸钠溶液、无水硫酸钠和十水硫酸钠）及3种状态间的相对含量。硫酸盐渍土的最大干密度和最优含水率与土中不同状态硫酸钠相对含量间的关系曲线具有反相关性。闷料时间和初始含水率对硫酸盐渍土击实性能的影响与含盐量有关,当含盐量较低（如1.5%）时,其影响甚小;当含盐量较高（如5.0%）时,其影响显著。硫酸盐渍土在由湿到干的过程中会出现“假干现象”。该试验结果对工程中硫酸盐渍土的击实性能和压实度的合理评价都具有重要的参考价值。     

基于体应变的强夯加固范围研究

通过数值模拟分析地基的强夯加固效果,把夯后地基土的体应变与工程要求的干密度联系起来,用控制体应变作为评价加固范围的标准。通过对数值模拟及试验数据的分析发现,夯击冲量越大,加固效果越好。相同夯击能可以产生不同加固效果的规律,得出了用夯击冲量替代夯击能作为施工参数的控制标准更为合理的结论。改进了夯锤尺寸影响强夯加固效果的研究方法,分析时固定夯锤厚度比固定夯锤质量更具归一性。研究表明,在土性参数相同的条件下,夯击沉降量仅与单位面积夯击冲量有关,而加固深度不仅与单位面积夯击冲量有关,还与夯锤半径有关。在以控制体应变作为加固范围的评价标准、研究各参数影响规律的基础上,采用量纲分析法得到了加固范围的计算公式,并与工程实例进行对比分析,得到了强夯作用下土的干密度分布特征。所得结论对类似工程具有一定的参考价值。     

生石灰对理化复合法处理淤泥浆效率的影响研究

改性淤泥固化土应用于填方工程既能弥补砂石填料供应短缺的困境,还能解决大宗疏浚淤泥的弃置难题。但当淤泥含水率超高（＞300%）时,纯水泥固化法处理效果极差,而采用絮凝调理联合化学固化的理化复合法可有效解决此类问题。鉴于生石灰具有絮凝和固化双重功效,采用生石灰替代部分水泥可能会进一步提高淤泥浆的理化复合法处理效率。通过十字板剪切试验研究了生石灰替代比对高含水率淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率的影响规律,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）试验从微观层面揭示了其固化机制。结果表明：生石灰对淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率会产生较大影响,且存在一个最优生石灰替代比,在最优替代比条件下生石灰能显著发挥絮凝和固化双重功效,并有效提高处理后淤泥的早期和晚期强度;从微观试验分析,最优替代比下处理后的淤泥样生成的CSH/CAH/CASH凝胶和钙矾石等水化产物数量最多,孔隙间隙也最小。因此,实际工程中运用理化复合法处理高含水率淤泥浆时,可采用生石灰替代部分水泥以提高处理效率。     

Delineation of compaction criteria for acceptable hydraulic conductivity of lateritic soil-bentonite mixtures designed as landfill liners

In current geoenvironmental practice, design engineers usually require that soil liners in waste landfills be compacted within a specified range of water content and dry unit weight. This specification is based primarily on the need to achieve a minimum dry unit weight for factors controlling the performance of compacted soil liners most especially the hydraulic conductivity, k. In this study, lateritic soil treated with up to 10% bentonite, prepared at various compaction states (dry of optimum, optimum and wet of optimum moisture content) was compacted with four compactive efforts (i.e., the reduced British Standard Light, British Standard Light, West African Standard, and British Standard Heavy) to simulate the range of compaction energies expected in the field. Prepared soil mixtures were permeated with water and specimens that yielded the permissible limit of k????1?×?10^?9?m/s were enclosed in an envelope (known as the acceptable zone) on the water content?Cdry unit weight curve. It was observed that compaction conditions resulting in moisture content slightly wet of optimum led to the lowest values of k and that the shapes and boundaries of the acceptable zones gradually increased in extent, shifting to wet side of optimum moisture content as the bentonite content increased to 10%. This approach provides good control over the quality of compacted soils and has great potential for field application.     

Strength characteristics of compacted pond ash

Strength properties of compacted ash layers depend to a great extent on the moulding conditions. This paper focuses on the effects of compaction energy and degree of saturation on strength characteristics of compacted pond ash. The pond ash sample, collected from the ash pond of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), was subjected to compactive energies varying from 357 kJ/m³ to 3488 kJ/m³. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry densities corresponding to different compactive energies were determined by conventional compaction tests. The shear strength parameters, unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) values of specimens compacted to different dry densities and moisture content were assessed and reported. The effects of compaction energy and degree of saturation on shear strength parameters i.e. unit cohesion (c_u) and angle of internal friction (Ф) values and also the UCS values are evaluated and presented herein. The results indicate that the dry density and strength of the compacted pond ash can be suitably modified by controlling the compactive energy and moulding moisture content. The strength achieved in the present study is comparable to the good quality, similar graded conventional earth materials. Hence, it may be safely concluded that pond ash can replace the natural earth materials in geotechnical constructions.     

Models of compacted fine-grained soils used as mineral liner for solid waste

To prevent the leakage of pollutant liquids into groundwater and sublayers, the compacted fine-grained soils are commonly utilized as mineral liners or a sealing system constructed under municipal solid waste and other containment hazardous materials. This study presents the correlation equations of the compaction parameters required for construction of a mineral liner system. The determination of the characteristic compaction parameters, maximum dry unit weight (γ _dmax) and optimum water content (w _opt) requires considerable time and great effort. In this study, empirical models are described and examined to find which of the index properties correlate well with the compaction characteristics for estimating γ _dmax and w _opt of fine-grained soils at the standard compactive effort. The compaction data are correlated with different combinations of gravel content (G), sand content (S), fine-grained content (FC = clay + silt), plasticity index (I _p), liquid limit (w _L) and plastic limit (w _P) by performing multilinear regression (MLR) analyses. The obtained correlations with statistical parameters are presented and compared with the previous studies. It is found that the maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content have a considerably good correlation with plastic limit in comparison with liquid limit and plasticity index.     

Desiccation Induced Shrinkage of Compacted Lateritic Soil Treated with Blast Furnace Slag

A reddish brown lateritic soil treated with up to 15% blast furnace slag was compacted with three compactive efforts, (standard Proctor, West African Standard and modified Proctor) with moulding water contents ranging between 10 and 20% of weight of dry mixture. Compacted samples were extruded and allowed to dry in the laboratory for 30 days with measurements taken every 5 days to monitor volumetric changes due to drying. Four specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum using standard proctor effort; at the various slag treatments after 10 days of drying were subjected to four cycles of drying and three cycles of wetting. The results obtained showed that the changes in mass and volumetric shrinkage were rapid within the first 5 days of drying. These changes were proportional to the moulding water contents and were unaffected by the compactive effort. The volumetric shrinkage strain increased with increasing moulding water content and compactive efforts. As the water content relative to the optimum increased towards the wet side, the volumetric shrinkage strain increased and it decreased towards the dry side. For all compaction energies, the initial degree of saturation increased and regardless of the slag content, the volumetric shrinkage strain increased. As the slag content increased, the initial degree of saturation at which the permissible 4% volumetric shrinkage occurred increased. Slag content had marginal effects on the volumetric shrinkage strain as no clear trend was established. For each slag treatment the volumetric shrinkage strain did not vary significantly with increasing number of drying cycles.     

Geotechnical Evaluation of Reddish Brown Tropical Soils

Laboratory investigations were carried out on reddish brown tropical soils from Moniya, Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria to determine the basic unconfined compressive strength of the soil samples which is an important factor to be considered when considering materials as liners in waste containment structure. Clay mineralogy, major element geochemical analyses were carried out by means of X-ray diffractometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry respectively. The engineering tests such as sieve size analyses, Atterberg limits, natural moisture contents, specific gravity and compaction using four different compactive efforts namely reduced proctor, standard proctor, West African standard and modified proctor. The tests were carried out in line with the procedures of the British standard 1377 of 1990 and Head of 1992. The soils were found to contain kaolinite as the major minerals with some mixtures of smectite, muscovite, halloysite, quartzite, biotite and aluminium phosphate. Values of the unconfined compressive strength obtained within 12.5 and 22.5% moulding water contents equal to or greater than 200 kN/m² which is the minimum acceptable value required for containment facilities. The maximum dry density, Mg/m³ ranged between 1.68 and 1.98 while Optimum moisture content, % ranged between 12.3 and 21.2. Hence, unconfined compressive strength values were found to be greater than 200 kN/m² at dry unit weight of 16.20 kN/m³ especially when WAS and modified proctor compactive efforts were used which met the minimum required unconfined compressive strength of 200 kN/m² for hydraulic barriers in waste containment facilities.     

Desiccation-Induced Volumetric Shrinkage of Compacted Foundry Sand Treated with Cement Kiln Dust

Foundry sand, an industrial waste, was treated with up to 12 % cement kiln dust content at comparative energy levels of British standard light, West African standard or “intermediate” (WAS) and British standard heavy (BSH) efforts at molding water contents ?2, 0, 2, 4 and 6 % of optimum moisture content. Samples were extruded from the compaction molds and allowed to air dry in the laboratory in order to assess the effect of desiccation-induced shrinkage on the material for use as a hydraulic barrier in waste containment application. Results recorded show that volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) values were large within the first 5 days of drying; VSS values increased with higher molding water content, water content relative to the optimum moisture content. VSS generally increased with higher initial degree of saturation for all compactive efforts, irrespective of the level of cement kiln dust (CKD) treatment. A compaction plane of acceptable zones for VSS based on the regulatory value is ≤4 %. The influence of CKD treatment generally showed a decrease in the desiccation-induced volumetric shrinkage strain with increasing CKD content. This is largely due to the pozzolanic input of CKD. Finally, only the BSH compactive effort gave successful results of volumetric shrinkage strain at CKD treatment content of between 4 and 8 %, while 12 % CKD content produced successful volumetric shrinkage strain results at WAS and BSH compactive effort, respectively.     

Properties of Ironstone Lateritic Gravels in Relation to Gravel Road Pavement Construction

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine properties of five samples of ‘oolitic ironstone’ lateritic gravel aggregates which are relevant to their use as road construction materials. Measured values of physico-chemical, physico-mechanical as well as index properties and compaction characteristics are similar to those of other lateritic, gravels occurring in West Africa which are used in road pavement applications. These lateritic clayey gravels have good workability as engineering construction materials and are rated fair to good as road aggregates in terms of probable in-situ behaviour based on water absorption values. Relationships between maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content as well as those between California bearing ratio and some derived soil parameters such as grading modulus, plasticity product or plasticity modulus can be described using a third-order polynomial function. The maximum dry unit weight has a bimodal frequency distribution and can be predicted from logarithm to base 10 of compaction energy with fairly good accuracy.     

Impact of Carpet Waste Fibre Addition on Swelling Properties of Compacted Clays

Municipalities and recycling and environmental authorities are concerned about the growing amount of carpet waste produced by household, commercial and industrial sectors. It is reported that 500,000 tonnes of carpet waste fibre are plunged into landfills annually in the UK. In the United States of America, around 10 million tonnes of textile waste was generated in 2003. In geotechnical engineering, expansive clay soils are categorised as problematic soils due to their swelling behaviour upon increase in the moisture content. The problematic nature of such soils is intensified with the increase in the plasticity index. This paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation into utilisation of carpet waste fibres in order to improve the swelling characteristics of compacted cohesive soils. Therefore, two different clay soils with markedly different plasticity indices (i.e. 17.0 and 31.5 %) were treated with two different types of carpet waste fibre. Waste fibres were added to prepare specimens with fibre content of 1, 3 and 5 % by dry weight of soil. Soil specimens with different dry unit weights and moisture contents were prepared so as to the swelling behaviour of fibre reinforced compacted clays is completely attained under various scenarios. The results indicated that the behaviour of the fibre reinforced soils seems highly dependent on the initial compaction state and secondary on the moisture content. It was found that the swelling pressure drops rapidly as the percentage of fibre increases in samples prepared at the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content. Reducing the dry unit weight, while maintaining constant moisture content or increasing the moisture content at constant dry unit weight was found to reduce the swelling pressure.     

Desiccation-induced Shrinkage in Compacted Lateritic Soils

Specimens prepared from three lateritic soil samples were subjected to drying under laboratory conditions. Volumetric shrinkage strains were measured at the end of the drying period. Results of this study indicate that, for the lateritic soils tested, volumetric shrinkage strains are influenced by soil composition and compaction conditions. Volumetric shrinkage strain increased with higher compaction water content. The influence of compaction water content on measured volumetric shrinkage strain was more pronounced in specimens with higher fines content. A regression equation was developed from the data to estimate volumetric shrinkage strain given the compaction water content relative to optimum, plasticity index, fines content and compactive effort.     

Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Hydrated Lime to Improve the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soils

Using various additives has been considered as one of the most common stabilization methods for improvement of engineering properties of fine-grained soils. In this research the effect of sewage sludge ash (SSA) and hydrated lime (HL) on compressive strength of clayey soil was investigated. For this purpose, 16 kinds of mixtures or treatments were made by adding different amounts of SSA; 0, 5, 10 and 15% by weight and HL; 0, 1, 3 and 5% by weight of a clayey soil. First, compaction characteristics of the treatments were determined using Harvard compaction test apparatus. So that, 12 unconfined compressive strength test specimens were made using Harvard compaction mold from each treatments taking into account four different curing ages, including 7, 14, 28 and 90 days in three replications. Therefore, a total of 192 specimens were prepared and subjected to unconfined compressive strength tests. The results of this study showed that the maximum dry density of the treated soil samples decreases and their optimum water content increases by increasing the amount of SSA and hydrated lime in the mixtures. It is also found that the adding of HL and SSA individually would increase the compressive strength up to 3.8 and 1.5 times respectively. The application of HL and SSA with together could increases the compressive strength of a clayey soil more efficiently even up to 5 times.