黔西南层控卡林型金矿床电性结构特征——水银洞剖面音频大地电磁测深研究

水银洞金矿作为黔西南层控卡林型金矿重要组成部分,矿体赋存于倾角较缓的不纯碳酸盐岩中,主要矿体以层状、似层状受控于主体褶皱灰家堡宽缓背斜两侧500 m附近。笔者在水银洞金矿343线已知矿体上开展了音频大地电磁法试验研究,重点对深部电性结构、背斜褶皱形态及不整合界面型金矿异常进行研究,结合物性特征,对实测的数据进行反演计算,得出由浅到深总体表现为"高阻-低阻-高阻"的分层电性特征,矿体、蚀变体的视电阻率值也集中表现为相对低值异常。在此基础上,对灰家堡背斜东部优选靶区(400勘探线)开展音频大地电磁法测深工作,获得了该区浅地表至二叠系中统茅口组电性结构特征,推测灰家堡背斜轴面向东倾没至"纳马寨"一带;最后,茅口组与龙潭组之间存在一稳定的横向中低阻条带状起伏界面异常,体现了背斜核部的强硅化砾状粘土岩型矿体和围岩之间的过渡特征。     

贵州省贞丰县水银洞超大型金矿床地质特征及构造控矿分析

水银洞超大型金矿位于国家级南盘江-右江成矿区带北部,探明金资源量超过290 t,矿体埋深150 1 400 m,为隐伏金矿床。根据水银洞金矿中矿段成矿模式,开展东部大尺度找矿预测,实施深部钻探验证,实现贵州省金矿二度空间找矿重大突破,是理论指导找矿的典范。主要矿体呈层状、似层状及透镜状赋存于茅口组与龙潭组之间的构造蚀变体(SBT)和龙潭组生物碎屑灰岩中,矿床受构造控制明显,灰家堡背斜为主要控矿构造。背斜轴部平缓构造简单地段,矿体只产于SBT中;背斜轴线起伏、倾伏角变化、轴线转向突出、轴面倾斜、隐伏断裂发育等地段,在SBT、P3l、P3c、P3d、T1y1中均有矿体产出,层控矿体主要产出P3l中部,同时有断裂型矿体产出;特别是深部不协调过渡转折地段是金矿体集中产出部位。     

贵州兴仁县落水洞金矿的发现及其研究意义

根据灰家堡背斜成矿规律分析研究,2006年11月在回龙镇落水洞布置ZK001钻孔,在其深部发现高品位矿体,这一发现为太平洞金矿提供了后备勘查基地,填补灰家堡背斜中部无工业矿体的空白。本文简要地论述其地质特征和研究意义。     

贵州西南部灰家堡金矿田勘查研究进展与深部找矿预测

贵州西南部灰家堡金矿田位于国家级南盘江-右江成矿区带北部,探明金资源量370 t,近东西向灰家堡背斜为矿田控矿构造,矿体呈层状似层状产于背斜轴线300■1 000 m范围,埋深0■1 400 m,是理论找矿的典型范例。为燕山期成矿。构造地球化学弱信息指示了深部隐伏矿存在的可能,地球物理判别了深部构造形态,为深部工程验证提供间接依据;矿田内局部地段矿体未圈边、深部断裂发现厚大矿体;根据找矿预测模型,开展深部找矿预测,仍有较好找矿潜力。     

黔西南水银洞层控超大型卡林型金矿床成矿模式及成矿预测研究

贵州省贞丰县水银洞金矿是一个近年来发现的、具较高品位、资源量已达超大型的层控卡林型金矿床。矿床受灰家堡背斜核部构造和有利岩性组合控制。金矿床具有低温成矿特征,出现去碳酸盐化、硅化、黄铁矿化和粘土化等围岩蚀变,特征的 Au-As-Hg-Tl 元素组合。成矿流体具有低温低盐度和较高压力和富挥发份的特点,均一温度在 220 ℃±,盐度在6±Wt% NaCl,压力为1.6±0.4Kbars。成矿物质主要来自深部。高压和富挥发份促使成矿流体从深部迁移至控矿背斜核部,并由于构造作用挥发份的快速逃逸,压力骤降,促使流体快速卸载,金快速沉淀,形成水银洞超大型层控卡林型金矿床。根据找矿标志及成矿和找矿模型,进行了成矿预测研究并取得很好效果,使水银洞金矿新增储量数十吨,并且预示该类型金矿找矿远景巨大,已经成为黔西南第一个超大型层控卡林型金矿床。     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田成矿构造特征研究

灰家堡矿田中水银洞等金矿床具有极高的矿石品位,成为卡林型金矿床特例.通过矿田构造与矿床地质研究,结合CSAMT深部探测,文章提出了灰家堡背斜为含金超压流体上拱形成的气液热隆褶曲,含金超压流体沿背斜轴部破裂带和盲断裂爆破上涌,交代上覆围岩形成高品位的层控型和断裂型金矿体的成矿模式,中二叠统与上二叠统之间岩溶不整合构造(构造蚀变体)作为深部含矿流体的中转聚集站,本身也赋存大规模的金矿体,据此提出了多方位的深部成矿预测方案.     

贵州省贞丰县水银洞层控特大型金矿成矿条件与成矿模式

上世纪90年代中期通过成矿预测发现的水银洞金矿床,通过近10年的勘查,成为特大型层控金矿床。矿体呈层状、似层状产出于灰家堡背斜轴部附近300m范围内二叠统龙潭组的大孔隙度生物碎屑灰岩中,形态与背斜形态一致。矿体严格受控于碳酸盐岩,顶板和底板皆为粘土岩或粉砂质粘土岩,界线清楚。矿化表现为“硅化、白云石化、黄铁矿化”组合。硅化与白云石化是成矿的先决条件,碳酸盐岩最终能否成矿及品位的高低,取决于是否具有黄铁矿化热液蚀变及其强度。矿床具矿体多、厚度薄、品位富的特点。单矿体即达中型矿床规模。具中—低温超高压热液成矿的特点。金赋存于沿自形黄铁矿内核生长成的含砷黄铁矿环带中。     

贵州水银洞金矿P3l1中金矿体特征新认识及找矿方向探讨

水银洞金矿上二叠统龙潭组一段(P_3l~1)中矿体主要为生产探矿中新发现,地质勘探中未发现该类金矿体的大规模存在;主要以构造控制的白云石石英脉粉砂质粘土岩型为主,灰岩类及白云石化钙质砂岩类含金矿体为辅,白云石石英脉粘土岩型矿体是以品位高、厚度薄、稳定为特征,该矿体受灰家堡背斜轴附近的东西走向隐伏逆冲断层控制,主要分布于F_(301)断层上下盘,含金热液沿东西走向隐伏逆冲断层向上运移(刘建中.2003)、再向有利的层间滑动及北东向陡倾斜次级隐伏逆冲断裂构造富集成矿,东西走向隐伏逆冲断层是导矿构造又是容矿构造,其上盘层间白云石英脉为明显找矿标志,对灰家堡背斜深部找矿及和生产具有一定的指导有意义。     

隐伏卡林型金矿区碳酸盐脉地球化学及其对深部矿体的指示作用

贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床位于灰家堡背斜Au-Hg-As-Tl矿田的东段,是该区发现较晚,品位较高(6～18g/t)的大型隐伏卡林型金矿床.矿体全都位于距地表200 m以下,呈似层状、层状赋存于二叠系龙潭组地层所夹的生物碎屑灰岩之中.原生矿石具有去碳酸盐岩化(Decar-bonation)、硅化、硫化物化(Sulfidation)等典型卡林型金矿的热液蚀变特征.     

贵州簸箕田金矿单矿物稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征

簸箕田金矿位于灰家堡背斜东头倾覆端,是灰家堡卡林型金矿田重要的组成部分。金矿床具有低温成矿特征,出现硅化、白云石化、黄铁矿化等围岩蚀变和特征的Au-As-Hg元素组合。成矿期方解石具有MREE富集和正Eu异常特点,显示矿热液是一种MREE相对富集以及具有正Eu异常的还原性流体,来源于深部或至少经历过对富含斜长石源区的水-岩反应。成矿期方解石的δ~(13)C为-6‰～-0.1‰,成矿期后方解石的δ~(13)C为0.2‰～3.2‰,显示成矿期碳来源于地幔碳和地层碳的混合,成矿期后碳主要来自于地层。矿床硫同位素变化于0.73‰～5.86‰,组成均一化较高,具有接近幔源硫的特征,反映了成矿物质可能主要来自于深源岩浆。总之我们推测成矿物质主要来源于深部,在燕山期区域构造作用下沿深大断裂上涌,当成矿流体运移至背斜核部时,由于成矿条件的聚变,金被快速富集沉淀,形成簸箕田金矿床。     

Metallogenic model and prognosis of the Shuiyindong super-large strata-bound Carlin-type gold deposit,southwestern Guizhou Province,China

The Shuiyindong deposit is one of the largest (more than 100 tonnes of Au) and highest grade (more than 7×10-6-10×10-6), strata-bound Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China. The deposit is controlled by both structure and favorable lithology. It is situated near the axis of the striking Huijiabao anticline and is hosted in bioclastic limestone of the Permian Longtan Formation. Gold mineralization occurred under low temperature with Th of 220℃± and is closely associated with decarbonation, silicification, sulfidation and dolomitization. The deposit has a characteristic elemental assemblage of Au-As-Hg-Tl. Studies of geochemistry and isotope compositions indicated that the ore-bearing materials and fluids of the gold deposit mainly originated from a plutonic source, and possess a mixing feature with the strata matter during transportation from mantle to crust. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz from the gold deposit are rich in volatile flux, indicating that metallogenic fluid is an overpressured one. The activity and geothermal state of the Earth's crust in the long period of time are favorable for the formation of overpressured fluids in a large area, and extensive structures would drive the fluids into ore-forming system and make gold deposits formed. The complexity of structural movement in the upper crust of southwestern Guizhou Province resulted in complicated gold mineralization. Through metallogenic prognosis and exploration, the proven reserves of the deposit increased by tens of tonnes of Au and the deposit has become a super-large strata-bound Carlin-type gold deposit.     

贵州水银洞金矿矿层矿化分析与深部预测

水银洞金矿为滇黔桂"金三角"最重要的金矿床,是典型的卡林型层控金矿床。运用绘制等高线图和含矿层矿化分布图的方法,对水银洞矿床0~427勘探线的钻孔数据分析,并用surfer软件绘制矿层的顶底板和地层矿化趋势的模拟图,重点分析了含矿地层的构造形态和矿化规律,结果显示:界面等高线反应背斜的形态,水银洞矿区背斜的高点和背斜倾伏端是金矿的主要赋存位置;Sbt(构造蚀变体)与上部龙潭组矿化值有负相关效应;水银洞矿化整体具有不均匀性,Sbt向东南延伸且在东西向具有弱—强—弱的富集规律。Sbt矿化强度在东西向具有弱—强—弱的规律,而龙潭组地层中的矿化与Sbt呈现一定负相关效应,在背斜倾伏端龙潭组矿化度开始增强,预示深部地层可能还会有大规模的工业矿体存在。     

滇西哀牢山老王寨金矿床控矿构造样式

哀牢山金矿带是我国最重要的新生代造山型金矿带,老王寨金矿床是该矿带中已发现规模最大的金矿床。该矿床中金矿化的产出受NW向九甲-安定断裂和NWW向老王寨-营盘山背斜联合控制,金矿体定位于老王寨-营盘山背斜两翼NW-NWW向层间接触带或脉岩与地层交界面等构造薄弱部位的左行剪切逆断裂带中。成矿前,区域NNE-SSW向挤压构造应力场导致轴向NWW的老王寨-营盘山背斜形成,背斜形成晚期在其两翼形成NW-NWW向的次级断裂。成矿作用过程中,在NEE-SWW向挤压构造背景下,NWW向老王寨-营盘山背斜的转折端和两翼呈背驮式叠瓦状排列的NW-NWW向左行剪切逆断裂为有利容矿空间。之后,构造体制转变为近SN向挤压,形成少量NE向左行剪切断裂,对已有NW向矿体略有破坏。走滑断裂是哀牢山造山带最具特色的构造型式,也是区域最重要的控矿构造样式,在老王寨金矿床主要体现为控制金矿化产出的NW-NWW向左行剪切逆断裂大规模发育于NWW向老王寨-营盘山背斜构造的两翼,对应于区域构造动力体制转换晚期,印度与欧亚大陆斜碰撞导致的区域大规模走滑断层最发育时期。     

Migration paths and precipitation mechanisms of ore-forming fluids at the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,Guizhou, China

Shuiyindong is one of the largest and highest grade stratabound Carlin-type gold deposits in China. This paper reports on the results of petrographic studies, electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of arsenian pyrite, and the mass transfer during mineralization and alteration, and it presents the deposit-scale distributions of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and trace elements in a representative cross section across the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou Province. The main objectives were to identify the precipitation mechanisms of minerals, or elements from fluids, and the migration paths of ore-forming fluids.Petrographic and EMPA studies indicate that gold in the primary ores is mainly hosted by arsenian pyrite. Mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S were significantly added to all mineralized rocks, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ were immobile in the main orebodies that are hosted in bioclastic limestone, and CaO, Na₂O, Sr, and Li were removed from country rocks. The relations between Fe and S indicate that the sedimentary rocks at the Shuiyindong deposit contain more iron than is needed to combine with all of their contained sulfur to form pyrite. This suggests that sulfidation and decarbonation were the principal mechanism of gold precipitation at the Shuiyindong deposit. Hg, Sb, and As commonly formed sulfide minerals, such as stibnite, realgar, and orpiment, in late-stage quartz–calcite veins, or absorbed by organic matter in argillite. Fluid cooling presumably led to depositions of stibnite, realgar, and orpiment in late-stage quartz–calcite veins. Organic matter likely served as a reductant in argillite for the ore fluids, causing the precipitation of As, Sb, Hg, and S, as well as Au.Deposit-scale distributions of gold and other relevant elements reflect the passage of fluids through the rocks. Rock strata and structures allowed the ore-forming fluids to migrate horizontally along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian, converge on the high position of an anticline, and then ascend into the overlying strata along the anticlinal axis. The distributions of the major and trace elements show that elements that accompanied the ore-forming fluids include Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S, and that Na₂O and Li were exhausted in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core during gold mineralization. The enrichment of Co, Cr, and Ni in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core might be associated with deformation that formed the anticline, or with gold mineralization. Different host rocks were preferentially mineralized by different elements. The bioclastic limestone is commonly enriched in Au, whereas the argillite is preferentially enriched in As, Hg, Sb, and Tl. The zonation of ore-forming elements in the deposit appears to be Sb–Tl–As–Hg–Au–Hg–As (from bottom to top). Enrichment of Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl provides useful guidance for the exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou. Anomalies of As and Hg in soil or stream sediment might be an important clue and these elements can be used as indicator elements. Ore-forming fluids migrated along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian and the anticlinal axis, so these are favorable sites for exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou.     

黔西南泥堡金矿床构造解析及构造控矿作用

泥堡金矿床地处黔西南碳酸盐岩台地相区,赋矿围岩主要为玄武质火山碎屑岩,以断控型矿体为主、层控型矿体为辅,是滇黔桂"金三角"地区典型的卡林型金矿床之一。详细的野外填图和研究表明,构造是其最主要的控矿要素之一。泥堡金矿区构造类型以断层和褶皱为主,构造线以北东向为主,北西向为辅。矿床受区域性的北东东向潘家庄断裂控制,但矿体主要受次一级的断层和褶皱控制,其中枢纽北东东向二龙抢宝背斜与北西向背斜叠加形成的穹窿构造是层控型金矿体的主要构造控制因素;断控型金矿体主要受控于F_1逆断层,逆冲断层+上盘牵引背斜构造是泥堡金矿最典型的构造控矿组合样式。印支期造山挤压奠定了矿区北东东向的总体构造格架,燕山期叠加了北西向构造。F_1虽总体表现为逆断层性质,但在燕山晚期叠加了正滑运动,并形成了张性空间,有利于的成矿流体运移和金沉淀。根据矿床构造控矿规律分析,提出F_1北部的次级断层F_(1-1)及其上盘牵引背斜为金矿有利的找矿靶区,有待今后工程验证。     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田成矿构造模式及构造地球化学研究

通过解析灰家堡金矿田地质和地球物理等资料,建立该矿田成矿构造模式,并应用构造地球化学研究方法了解Au和其他微量元素在不同构造部位分布情况,最后将研究结果应用于找矿勘探实践。灰家堡背斜是龙潭组及其之上地层由弯滑褶皱作用形成的。背斜中Au元素在垂向上主要沿着构造蚀变体和背斜轴分布,在横向上背斜核部越紧闭金矿化越强,显示了明显的背斜控矿特征。微量元素因子分析显示成矿元素组合为Au、As、Sb、Hg和Tl。对应分析表明构造蚀变体中的角砾岩主要富集Sb和Tl,龙潭组和长兴组的生物碎屑灰岩主要富集Au,龙潭组的黏土岩、粉砂质黏土岩等主要富集Hg和As。原生晕垂向分带序列自下而上为Tl-Sb-Hg-Au-As。在综合成矿构造模式和构造地球化学研究的基础上,认为黔西南二叠系-三叠系浅海碳酸盐台地相区的背斜/穹窿及相关的逆断层构造组合区是重要的找矿区域,Au、As、Sb、Hg和Tl元素异常套合最好的地段为找Au有利靶区,高As/Tl比值地段深部找矿潜力大,且碳酸盐岩和黏土岩组合部位是有利的富Au部位。     

贵州省贞丰县雄黄岩金矿床地质特征及找矿方向

雄黄岩金矿床位于黔西南灰家堡矿田东段,矿床受灰家堡背斜控制,矿床位于灰家堡背斜东段枢纽产状由缓变陡地段,主要矿体赋存于中上二叠统茅口组与龙潭组岩溶不整合面构造蚀变体中,矿体分布于背斜核部800 m,矿体规模大;其次赋存于龙潭组中上部不纯碳酸盐岩中,矿体分布于背斜核部300～500 m.构造蚀变体普遍具金矿化,能否形成工业矿体受卷入地层厚度、岩性组合、蚀变强弱及古岩溶地貌等因素控制.通过对该矿床地质特征的研究,特别是构造蚀变体矿化研究和深部地球探测,认为在该区沿灰家堡背斜轴线向东延伸段、两翼构造蚀变体及北翼F101断层带中仍有矿体存在,具有较好的找矿远景.