五台山西部狐狸山含金韧性剪切带的地球化学研究

狐狸山金矿区，在无蚀变作用参与的韧性变形过程中，岩石化学成分发生了明显的变化。但大多数微量元素含量变化不大，稀土元素配分模式基本不变，它们可以反映原岩的特点。蚀变糜棱岩型矿体与围岩相比，稀土配分模式、亲硫元素Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ和两性元素Ａｓ、Ｓｂ含量差别显著，尤其是Ａｕ含量，前者是后者的百倍￣几百倍。金的成矿作用主要与韧性变形后期富金流体的蚀变作用关系密切。     

糜棱岩型金矿金元素丰度与构造变形的关系

蚀变糜棱岩型金矿是一种成矿机制与放因素都与韧性剪切带及其糜棱岩密切相关的金矿床类型。研究表明：①深部韧性剪切变形是元素分异迁出区,未叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩变形越强,Ａｕ丰度就越低;②中浅层次变形域是Ａｕ元素聚集区,矿化发生于韧性剪切带糜棱岩抬升至较浅部位叠加了韧脆性变形阶段。构造变形超强的糜棱岩,越易叠加矿化,Ａｕ元素丰度越高;③强变形或者大构造并应力不仅是促使Ａｕ元素活化分异、形成含Ａｕ热液、使Ａ     

河台金矿构造变形,热液围岩蚀变及元素迁移

河台金矿床的产状和形成在很大程度上受海西－印支期韧性剪切带和热液围岩蚀变作用的控制。热液蚀变作用在时空上与韧性剪切构造作用密切相伴随。微破裂－缝合特环是构造变形作用对热水溶液迁移的一种重要控制机制。以保守元素为基础所进行的质量平衡计划表明，热液蚀变作用导致了围岩质量的净增加，增加的平均质量系统是０９２：１。这种质量增加在放体中达到最大值。随着蚀变作用的加强，ＳｉＯ２、贵金属和大部分亲硫元素被热水溶     

亦论韧性剪切变形与金的成矿作用：与邵世才《试论韧性剪切变形与 …

剪切带型金矿是一种重要的金矿类型。韧性－超韧性深层次剪切变形是促使Ａｕ元素活化分异、形成动力变质含金热液的过程,中浅层次的韧脆性、脆性剪切变形区是Ａｕ元素聚集成矿部位。韧脆性剪切带的不同变形层次及其构造岩类型决定了剪切带型金矿床的矿化类型。剪切带型金矿床往往具有成矿时代滞后、空间规模差异、物源指示差异、韧性变形强度与Ａｕ元素含量反相关等异常特征。长期演化的造山带附近及边缘是寻找大型剪切带型金矿床的     

微破裂-缝合机制及热液围岩蚀变过程中元素迁移的质量平衡估计——以河台金矿田为例

粤西河台金矿田是80年代发现的典型蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床。它的形成在很大程度上受海西-印支期韧性剪切带和热液围岩蚀变作用的控制。研究发现,微破裂-缝合循环是构造变形作用对热水溶液迁移的一种重要控制机制;寻找数学不变量是正确估计热液蚀变过程中元素实际迁移的重要前提。     

阿尔金北缘地区韧性剪切带型金矿床构造控矿解析

韧性剪切带型金矿是一种成矿机制与控矿因素都与韧性剪切带及其演化密切相关的金矿床类型。阿尔金北缘地区不同层次剪切带发育,金矿床受韧性剪切带控制明显,在区域上,韧性剪切带控制金矿床(点)的分布;在矿床范围内,韧性剪切带及其演化过程中形成的韧脆性剪切带既是唯一的赋(含)矿构造,也对矿化带、矿体的形态、产状、规模及分布起决定性的控制作用;压扭性韧性剪切变形特点决定了金矿化类型以蚀变糜棱岩型为主,交代蚀变作用发育。含矿构造裂隙以P型为主,少量D型和R型,个别为R~1型和T型;构造变形所引发的动力分异作用及其形成的动力变质热液是金矿成矿流体的主要来源之一,这与地球化学和成矿流体包裹体研究显示的大平沟金矿床成矿物质主要来源于变质岩、成矿流体有相当部分来源于变质水的特征相吻合。结合糜棱岩磁组构研究,发现磁各向异性度P值与金元素含量呈负相关关系,说明构造变形早于金矿化蚀变作用,这种时序关系进一步佐证了韧性剪切带型金矿床的成矿模式。即大面积的韧性变形构造动力分异作用形成的含金热液不是就地原位矿化,而是向上迁移并集中到范围比较窄小的韧-脆性或脆性裂隙中才发生金元素富集,最终形成金矿床。     

胶东焦家断裂蚀变岩带韧-脆性变形定量化研究

焦家断裂带位于胶东西北部,产出焦家、新城、寺庄等超大型、大型"焦家式"金矿,与脆韧性变形构造有关。但是关于韧脆性变形的研究尚需要加强,缺乏脆性韧性断裂定量化的测量与研究。文中用穿过焦家断裂蚀变带的1 800多m的钻孔岩心为对象,对焦家断裂下盘蚀变花岗岩区开展观测分析。经过岩石学矿物学定量化研究确定蚀变分带为,黄铁绢英岩质碎裂岩带、强钾长石化花岗质蚀变岩带、弱钾长石化花岗岩带和未蚀变黑云母二长花岗岩带。其相应特征是:黄铁绢英岩带宽35.7m,岩石变形总量和韧/脆性变形比率依次为75%~85%和0.07,以脆性变形为主,矿化蚀变作用强烈;强钾化花岗质蚀变岩带宽10.6m,其变形总量和韧/脆性变形比例为75%~80%,0.78,以韧脆性变形为主,矿化蚀变作用变弱;弱钾长石化花岗岩带宽76.92m,其变形量和韧/脆性变形比为45%~55%,1.75,以韧性变形为主,几乎不发生矿化。总体来说,主裂面以脆性变形为主,远离主裂面韧性变形为主,矿化主要产于脆性与韧脆性变形转换带,即黄铁绢英岩碎裂岩与强钾化蚀变岩过渡带。     

内蒙古后石花地区韧性剪切带型金矿地质特征及成因初探——以后石花金矿为例

本文重点从构造岩石学、岩石化学、构造地球化学、稀土配分、围岩蚀变及金矿成因几方面探讨了鸭老坝至酒馆含金韧性剪切变质变形带的特征。高铁、镁质绿片岩相韧性剪切变质变形带既是控矿构造,又是物质供应带,是金及有关元素迁移聚集和成矿的有利条件。     

乌拉山金矿113含金石英脉围岩蚀变地球化学特征初步研究

本文研究了乌拉山金矿带１１３含金石英脉的围岩蚀变类型，蚀变分带及各带的常量元素（Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｉ），成矿元素（Ａｕ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ）的分布特征，用聚类分析，Ｒ型因子分析讨论了元素组合特征和蚀变与矿化的关系。研究结果在乌拉山地区具有重要找矿意义。     

相山横涧-岗上英铀矿床围岩蚀变及地球化学特征

以相山横涧-岗上英铀矿床为研究对象,笔者通过显微镜下薄片鉴定、电子探针测试及岩石地球化学分析等方法,对该矿床的围岩蚀变及地球化学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,矿床的蚀变种类繁多,主要有水云母化、钠长石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、萤石化、黄铁矿化和硅化等。矿床具有明显的蚀变分带特征,可分为5个蚀变带。赋矿围岩(花岗斑岩)的岩石地球化学特征显示其具有高硅、富碱、低钙镁的准铝质-过铝质特性。蚀变岩石主量、微量及稀土元素含量均有规律变化;主量元素(Ca、Mn、K)、不相容元素(Sr、Th、P、Y、Yb)和重稀土元素明显富集,Mo、W、Pb、Zn是寻找铀矿化的指示性元素。蚀变岩微量元素分布模式和稀土元素配分模式与正常围岩的模式一致,表明蚀变作用对它们的影响较小,成矿物质具有深源特征。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.