四川省峨边县玄武岩特征及开发利用前景

四川省峨边县玄武岩矿资源丰富,但尚无开发利用纤维用玄武岩的矿山。从玄武岩的矿石组构、化学成分和玄武岩拉丝性能判别指标3个方面开展纤维用玄武岩评价工作。研究结果显示: 研究区致密块状玄武岩和杏仁状玄武岩多属拉斑系列与碱性系列的过渡型岩石,玻基玄武岩均为碱性系列; 拉斑玄武岩系列矿石的化学成分具有SiO₂含量较高、(K₂O+Na₂O)和TiO₂含量较低、FeO/MgO值较大的特征; 区内致密块状玄武岩适合连续玄武岩纤维生产,而杏仁状玄武岩的杏仁中含有石英和方解石等次矿物,玻基玄武岩具有火山玻璃成分含量高、杏仁状构造及酸度系数过高等特征,均不宜作为生产玄武岩纤维的原料。研究区玄武岩矿具备纤维用玄武岩资源储备地的潜力,建议采用综合开发的方式利用玄武岩矿资源。     

四川沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩的岩石特征及其纤维用的初步评价

四川沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩出露广泛，开采技术条件好。采集11件玄武岩岩芯样品进行地球化学、薄片鉴定和拉丝试验等测试分析，从化学成分、岩石组构和拉丝工艺等3个方面对其进行了纤维用玄武岩原矿的初步评价。结果显示，玄武岩样品w(SiO₂)为47.15%～51.35%,w(Al₂O₃)为10.52%～14.30%,w(Fe₂O₃)为2.42%～7.56%,w(FeO)为6.02%～9.26%,w(CaO)为4.20%～8.88%,w(MgO)为3.26%～5.25%,全碱w(K₂O+Na₂O)为3.29%～5.66%,w(TiO₂)为2.78%～4.94%。玄武岩类型包括致密块状玄武岩、含杏仁状玄武岩和杏仁状玄武岩，均属碱性—亚碱性过渡系列岩石，岩石结构主要为拉斑玄武结构和粗玄结构。6件致密块状玄武岩均能连续拉丝成功，其化学成分稳定和析晶上限温度为1 270℃,应优考虑其作为连续纤维用玄武岩原矿；2件含杏仁玄武岩均能连续拉...     

玄武岩纤维原料特征的统计及分析研究

玄武岩纤维是以玄武岩或他种成分相近的岩石为主要原料,经熔融后拉制而成的一种高性能纤维。天然矿石的成分波动会造成拉丝困难或纤维性能不稳定,笔者等收集了54组原料岩石以及114组玄武岩纤维样品的化学成分数据,研究归纳了玄武岩纤维所需原料的岩石学特征、参数指标特征和其他特征,分析提出了可拉丝岩石相关参数指标的最佳区间。适于生产玄武岩纤维的原料矿石,其特征可总结如下：岩石学方面,以基性岩以及SiO2含量为53%~57%的中性岩为佳,岩石类型最佳为玄武岩或安山玄武岩;岩石结构最佳为间隐结构、玻基斑状结构或玻璃质结构;构造的影响是间接的,主要为气孔或杏仁构造中可能含有的一些不利矿物的影响;矿物组成方面,蛇纹石、沸石等含水矿物会在熔融过程中产生气泡,影响纤维制备连续性的同时也有利于原料的充分熔融,镁橄榄石、磁铁矿等高熔点矿物会使原料在熔融阶段难以完全熔化,导致熔体不均匀并容易析晶。参数指标方面,可拉丝岩石的酸度系数（Mk）最佳区间为4. 0~5. 5;黏度系数（Mv）为2. 0~3. 0;硅铝氧化物与其他氧化物比值为1. 5~3. 0;氧化物组成的物质的量分数分布为n(RO)=20%~30%,n(RO2)=57%~70%,n(R2O3)=10%~16%（R为阳离子）。     

山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征及开发利用研究

玄武岩纤维是国际上重点发展的新材料之一,附加价值极高。以天然玄武岩拉制的连续纤维是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料,具有强度高,电绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐高温等多种优异性能。笔者等通过对山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征、岩相学特征及岩石地球化学特征进行分析研究,发现产出于中新世临朐群牛山组偏基性火山岩的致密块状橄榄玄武岩,是拉丝纤维用的理想原矿石。笔者等梳理了国内部分生产企业和学者研究关于天然玄武岩成功拉丝的研究进展,分析研究了山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩影响连续纤维用玄武岩矿拉丝性能的七大参数指标,结果表明,研究区橄榄玄武岩除酸度系数偏低外,各项参数均符合连续拉丝纤维生产各项指标,可为后续开展纤维用玄武岩地质调查工作提供参考,助力资源的开发利用研究。     

山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征及开发利用研究

玄武岩纤维是国际上重点发展的新材料之一,附加价值极高。以天然玄武岩拉制的连续纤维是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料,具有强度高,电绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐高温等多种优异性能。笔者等通过对山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征、岩相学特征及岩石地球化学特征进行分析研究,发现产出于中新世临朐群牛山组偏基性火山岩的致密块状橄榄玄武岩,是拉丝纤维用的理想原矿石。笔者等梳理了国内部分生产企业和学者研究关于天然玄武岩成功拉丝的研究进展,分析研究了山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩影响连续纤维用玄武岩矿拉丝性能的七大参数指标,结果表明,研究区橄榄玄武岩除酸度系数偏低外,各项参数均符合连续拉丝纤维生产各项指标,可为后续开展纤维用玄武岩地质调查工作提供参考,助力资源的开发利用研究。     

玄武岩纤维原料特征的统计及分析研究

玄武岩纤维是以玄武岩或他种成分相近的岩石为主要原料,经熔融后拉制而成的一种高性能纤维。天然矿石的成分波动会造成拉丝困难或纤维性能不稳定,本文收集了54组原料岩石以及114组玄武岩纤维样品的化学成分数据,研究归纳了玄武岩纤维所需原料的岩石学特征、参数指标特征和其他特征,分析提出了可拉丝岩石相关参数指标的最佳区间。适于生产玄武岩纤维的原料矿石,其特征可总结如下：岩石学方面,以基性岩以及SiO2含量为53%~57%的中性岩为佳,岩石类型最佳为玄武岩或安山玄武岩;岩石结构最佳为间隐结构、玻基斑状结构或玻璃质结构;构造的影响是间接的,主要为气孔或杏仁构造中可能含有的一些不利矿物的影响;矿物组成方面,蛇纹石、沸石等含水矿物会在熔融过程中产生气泡,影响纤维制备连续性的同时也有利于原料的充分熔融,镁橄榄石、磁铁矿等高熔点矿物会使原料在熔融阶段难以完全熔化,导致熔体不均匀并容易析晶。参数指标方面,可拉丝岩石的酸度系数（Mk）最佳区间为4.0~5.5;黏度系数（Mv）为2.0~3.0;硅铝氧化物与其他氧化物比值为1.5~3.0;氧化物组成的物质的量分数分布为n(RO)=20%~30%,n(RO2)=57%~70%,n(R2O3)=10%~16%（R为阳离子）。     

连续玄武岩纤维矿石中TiO2、MgO含量的探讨

玄武岩纤维是以天然玄武岩为生产原料，高温熔融后经漏板拉丝制备而成的纤维。玄武岩纤维中TiO₂、MgO组分含量较低，但对纤维形成的影响不可忽略。根据峨眉山玄武岩中TiO₂、MgO含量不同的斜斑玄武岩和致密玄武岩进行拉丝试验，从玄武岩纤维成丝率、纤维断裂强度、熔制性能等分析，结合已有研究成果对玄武岩中TiO₂、MgO含量进行讨论。结果表明，连续玄武岩纤维矿石中的TiO₂、MgO可增强玄武岩纤维的热性能和化学性能，在一定范围内TiO₂含量增加、MgO含量减少，可提高玄武岩纤维的稳定性和成丝率，增强纤维断裂强度。在现有的工艺条件下，根据不同类别的玄武岩，可将连续玄武岩纤维矿石中TiO₂含量扩大到4%，增加矿石原料的选取范围。     

滇东北会泽地区玄武岩岩石类型及地球化学特征

滇东北会泽地区广泛分布玄武岩,主要岩石类型为溢流相致密状、杏仁状、斑状玄武岩,通过对滇东北会泽地区二叠系峨眉山玄武岩岩相岩石类型调查及地球化学特征分析研究,根据地球化学特征进行玄武岩系列划分,岩石成因分析,构造环境判别。     

玄武岩制备连续纤维熔融反应热力学研究

玄武岩纤维由天然岩石直接熔融拉丝制备而成，性能优异，其原料调控对纤维制备和性能提升有重要影响，熔融反应的热力学分析是研究原料特征的重要手段。本文以代表性玄武岩样品为原料，分析其矿物组成，进而构建复杂硅酸盐体系热力学模型，研究其在1400℃时的熔融反应热力学。结果表明，单一矿物如长石、辉石熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为负值且相对较小；钛铁矿、磁铁矿、磷灰石等矿物熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为正数。所选玄武岩样品熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为-225～-257 kJ/mol,表明可自发进行；样品熔融过程的理论能耗为2.4～2.5 GJ/t,接近某些玻璃纤维池窑工艺能耗(考虑窑炉热效率)。纤维的制备条件和性能参数与原料的成分关系密切，以直径约9μm的纤维为例，其拉丝温度及缠绕机线速度等条件各不相同，纤维表面光滑，断裂伸长率约3%～4%,弹性模量59～66 GPa,抗拉强度1700～2400 MPa;采用Giordano的模型，计算出不同原料成纤粘度(lgη)约0.70～1.21 Pa·s。本研究的热力学模型及实验结果可为玄武岩纤维制备的原料优选、能耗计算、条件调控及性能预测提供参考。     

海南岛玄武岩石粉废渣制备连续纤维实验研究

玄武岩石粉废渣是玄武岩石材破碎加工过程中产生的废料,其粒度细、销路差,尚无成熟的大规模综合利用方法。本文采集海南岛不同地区的8组玄武岩石粉废渣,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析其化学成分和矿物组分,通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、能谱仪(EDS)及熔融实验分析其结晶性能,筛选出最符合玄武岩纤维原料特征的样品进行纤维制备研究。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及XRD分析纤维表面形貌与结晶晶相,将其性能与标准纤维进行对比。结果表明,1 450℃时制得的纤维频繁断丝,表面结晶出大量树枝状及针状的硅灰石、石英、黄长石和磁铁矿;升温至1 480℃并保温1 h后成功制得的连续纤维,仍含有黄长石和磁铁矿,断裂强力略低于标准纤维。研究结果表明利用海南岛玄武岩石粉废渣制备连续纤维具有一定可行性,本研究为海南岛玄武岩石粉废渣的处理提供了导向性建议和理论基础。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.