火山岩区浅成低温热液金矿床研究进展

浅成低温热液金矿床是火山岩区一种重要类型矿床。人们普遍接受将其划分为冰长石－绢云母型和明矾石－高岭石型。近些年研究表明该类矿床与地热系统和斑岩型金矿有着密切的时空及成因关系,建立了一系列成矿模式,并成为研究的焦点。     

新疆阿希地区金矿概论

在新疆伊宁县阿希地区发现的大中型金矿床属于浅成低温热液金矿系统,赋存于晚古生代拉张环境下形成的吐拉苏火山盆地内,三级火山构造分别控制矿带、矿田和矿床.矿床围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组中酸性-酸性(偏碱性)陆相火山岩系,成矿时代为早石炭世杜内期,可分成冰长石-绢云母型和硅化岩型.在成矿时代、构造环境上有别于以前确认的浅成低温热液系统,对于扩大找矿领域,推进区域成矿学的研究均具一定意义.     

新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿特征

论述了新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿的地质特征,它与环太平洋火山带上的中、新生代冰长石-绢云母型金矿具有许多相似之处.揭示了该区成矿构造环境、成矿条件,论证了阿希金矿的矿床成因和金矿类型.     

新疆阿希地区金矿概论

在新疆伊宁县阿希地区发现的大中型金矿床属于浅成低温热液金矿系统，赋存于晚古生代拉张环境下形成的吐拉苏火山盆地内，三级火山构造分别控制矿带，矿田和矿床，矿床围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组中酸性－酸性（偏碱性）陆相火山岩系，成矿时代为早石炭世杜内期，可分成冰长石－绢云母型和硅化岩型，在成矿时代，构造环境上有别于以前确认的浅成低温热液系统，对于扩大矿领域，推进区域成矿学的研究均具一定意义。     

西天山地区浅成低温热液型金矿地质特征及成矿模式

新近发现于西天山吐拉苏地区的阿希大型金矿床及其外围的伊尔曼得、恰布坎卓它等金矿床(点)的矿化类型为浅成低温热液型，并进一步划分为冰长石—绢云母型和硅化岩型。矿床赋存于伊犁晚古生代裂谷区的吐拉苏—也里莫墩火山岩带中，矿床围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组中基性—中酸性陆相火山岩系。冰长石—绢云母型以阿希金矿为代表，矿床为沿火山口缘环状、放射状断裂充填的石英脉型；硅化岩型以伊尔曼得金矿为代表，矿化体呈层状、似层状，受火山岩系底部沉火山碎屑岩控制。结合该地区成矿地球化学特征分析，本文讨论了区内金矿成矿特征、成矿背景和成矿条件，建立了西天山地区浅成低温热液型金矿的成矿模式。     

新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石—绢云母型金矿特征

论述了新疆阿希晚古生代冰长石－绢云母型金矿的地质特征,它与环太平洋火山带上的中,新生代冰长石－绢云母型金矿具有许多相似之我成矿构造环境,成矿条件,论证了阿希金矿的矿床成因和金矿类型。     

低温浅成热液金矿若干问题讨论

本文根据29th IGC所交流的金矿地质内容,讨论了关于低温浅成热液金矿的若干问题,包括本类矿床的研究范畴、成矿时代、类型划分、形成的构造环境和主要的标志。本类金矿床是指火山岩地区地热系统所形成的金矿床。其形成时代主要是中新生代,并可早推至晚古生代;除形成于岛弧和其后的张裂构造环境之外,还见于陆核和中间地块的中生代上叠火山盆地;按照成矿地球化学条件及矿物共生组合可以分出冰长石-绢云母型和酸性硫酸盐型两类,按着成矿方式可以分出热液充填型、热液交代型和热液沉积型;主要标志表现在地热系统、赋矿围岩系统、成矿动力系统和矿床组合、矿物组成及热液蚀变系统等。     

福建碧田金银铜矿床冰长石的^40Ar／^39Ar年龄

采用40Ar/39Ar快中子活化年代学方法对采自碧田金银铜矿床的冰长石进行了年龄测定.结果表明,冰长石年龄为91.47土0.39Ma,代表了碧田矿床金-银矿化的形成时代.作为紫金山-碧田地区大规模铜金(银)矿化作用冰长石-绢云母型浅成低温热液贵金属矿床的典型代表,碧田矿床成矿年龄的确定,为本区不同类型铜金(银)矿床时空关系和成因机制的探讨提供了重要的依据.     

福建碧田矿床冰长石的40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地质意义

采用40Ar-39Ar方法,测得碧田绢云母-冰长石型浅成热液Ag-Au矿床中与成矿同时的冰长石形成年龄为(94.69±2.25) Ma.这一结果显示,紫金山地区的酸性硫酸盐型浅成热液矿化比绢云母-冰长石型浅成热液矿化早5 Ma左右.综合目前的资料和测年数据,可以确定紫金山地区以花岗闪长斑岩为中心的斑岩-浅成热液成矿系统中水热-成矿事件的时间序列是(由先至后)花岗闪长斑岩侵位(105 Ma左右)→钾硅酸盐化及初始的Cu(Mo)矿化(104.5 Ma左右)→绢英岩化及含Cu-硫化物矿化(102.5 Ma左右)→明矾石化-硅化及酸性硫酸盐型浅成热液Cu-Au矿化(100 Ma左右)→冰长石化-硅化及绢云母-冰长石型浅成热液Ag-Au矿化(94.7 Ma左右).从花岗闪长斑岩侵位至绢云母-冰长石型浅成热液Ag-Au矿脉定位,其间经历了约10 Ma.反映紫金山地区与成矿有关花岗闪长斑岩有较长的热历史.     

对辽西二道沟金矿床成因的再认识——一个冰长石—绢云母型浅成低温热液矿床

二道沟金矿床产于酸性火山岩、闪长玢岩、变质岩等多种岩石中。成矿晚于围岩成岩时间,时差大于16Ma。矿石中缺少硫砷铜矿+黄铁矿土铜蓝组合及深成明矾石,但却含冰长石、绢云母、绿泥石。发育强烈的绢云母化、硅化。金矿生成温度在200—330℃之间。流体包裹体盐度为1.5—7.0wt％NaCI,K/Na和Ca/Na分别为0.32和0.26,水是流体的主要组分。氢、氧同位素资料反映,热液是由岩浆热液和大气降水混合形成的。δ~(34)S值分布在零附近,反映硫可能来自地幔。以上特点说明二道沟金矿床是一个比较典型的冰长石-绢云母型浅成低温热液矿床。     

Geological characteristics and origin of the Hadamengou gold deposit in Inner Mongolia,China

The Hadamengou gold deposit is located in the western segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). It is hosted by Archean metamorphic rocks of the Wulashan Group. The main ore types include gold-bearing quartz vein type, gold-bearing quartz-potassic feldspar vein type, and gold-bearing altered rock type. Gold mineralization is closely related to K-feldspathization. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data indicate that ore-forming fluids were dominated by magmatic water mixed with minor meteoric water. Sulfur and lead isotope data indicate that metallogenic materials were mainly supplied by the magmatic and Archean Wulashan Group. The gold mineralization was mainly formed during the Early Indosinian tectonic movement, which drove ore-forming fluids to the favorable depositional environment. The northern margin of the NCC is a prospective area for gold exploration. Gold deposits hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions have become one of the most important mineral exploration targets in northern China.     

长白山地区和龙第二林场铁-金-银多金属矿床成矿特征及找矿方向

在长白山地区和龙第二林场铁矿地质调查的基础上,结合钻探及物化探资料,发现区内存在金银矿,空间上与铁矿共生。铁矿为磁铁石英岩型,产于太古代斜长角闪片麻岩和斜长角闪岩中,属于沉积变质型铁矿床;金银矿为含金石英脉型,产于侵入到老变质岩中的酸性岩脉中,属浅成热液型金银矿床。二者属于两期不同成矿物质的空间叠置,发育成为特有的铁、金、银多金属矿产类型。工业品位矿体主要见于北西向韧性剪切带与太古代变质岩体交汇部位,尤其是沿矿体走向(北西向)和切割矿体走向(北东向)两组断裂交汇部位。沿西拉木伦河缝合带,在韧性剪切变形较强的老变质岩区,寻找北西—北东断裂和岩脉发育带,是该类铁-金--银多金属矿床的主要找矿方向。     

西天山伊什基里克山早石炭世火山岩浆作用及其成矿

西天山伊什基里克一带早石炭世大哈拉军山组为岛弧环境的钙碱性钠质火山岩,Au-Cu异常与该火山岩的空间分布有较好的套合性,区内的金、铜矿点和矿化点也全部赋存其中,因而显示良好的金-铜成矿条件,其中与俯冲构造有关的浅成低温热液型金矿为最主要类型.同一时代的库勒萨依斑岩为钙碱性系列岛弧浅成岩,SiO₂含量57.06%~70.74%,高Al₂O₃、Na₂O、Sr和相对富集LREE,低MgO、Y、Yb和强烈亏损HREE; Na₂O/K₂O＞1,Sr/Y平均57.67,正Eu异常,因而具有典型O型埃达克岩特征.库勒萨依斑岩与Mo异常套合好,已发现钼矿床,找矿前景良好.库勒萨依斑岩与大哈拉军山组火山岩共同构成了早石炭世岛弧火成岩组合,丰富了本区的构造岩石组合类型,对恢复西天山大地构造演化有重要意义,也为深化西天山区域成矿规律的研究,指导寻找与岛弧火成岩有关的金-铜矿和与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼矿提供了理论依据.      

金矿自然重砂矿物组合规律及其找矿指示意义

对云南、海南、江西、湖北、河南、新疆、浙江、山东、辽宁等27个省185个典型金矿床的自然重砂矿物进行统计分析,发现自然重砂矿物对金矿具有良好的响应,自然金、黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、白铅矿、辰砂等对寻找金矿具有指示意义。不同成因类型的金矿床反映出的自然重砂矿物组合不同,斑岩型金矿床的标型指示矿物组合为自然金+黄铁矿+方铅矿+重晶石+闪锌矿+白铅矿+金红石,卡林型—类卡林型金矿床的标型指示矿物组合为自然金+黄铁矿+方铅矿+辉锑矿+毒砂+雄(雌)黄,而造山型+矽卡岩型+热液型+构造蚀变岩型金矿床的标型指示矿物组合为自然金+黄铁矿+方铅矿+辰砂。不同区域的金矿床反映出的自然重砂矿物组合也各有差异,闪锌矿为南方各省金矿床的特征矿物,辰砂和白钨矿为北方地区金矿床的特征矿物,重晶石和白铅矿为西部地区金矿的特征矿物。综合研究认为,自然重砂具有直接找矿和指导找矿的作用,按照特定成因类型和区域金矿床所建立的自然重砂矿物组合对建立矿床找矿模型具有重要的意义。     

辽东地区金矿床类型、成矿特征及找矿潜力

辽东地区是我国重要的金矿集区之一,中生代构造、岩浆活动强烈,并伴生强烈的金成矿作用。根据金矿床时空分布及成矿特征,将辽东地区划分为三个金矿集区:青城子、五龙、猫岭。矿集区内金矿包括石英脉型金矿和蚀变岩型金矿这两种类型,并分别受高角度断裂和低角度断裂构造体系控制。辽东地区金矿成矿时代主要为早白垩世,少量早侏罗世。已有H-O同位素、成矿流体及地质研究表明:(1)区内金成矿与中生代岩浆活动有关、受断裂构造控制,并以强烈硅化-绢云母化为特征标志;(2)区内金矿床属于岩浆热液型矿床;(3)充填作用和混合作用可能是辽东地区金矿床成矿物质沉淀的机制。辽东地区金矿成矿系统按其产出环境及特点,可分为两个亚系统:产于中生代花岗质岩体内岩浆热液金成矿系统(五龙式)及产于古元古代变质岩中岩浆热液金成矿系统(青城子式、猫岭式)。结合区域找矿进展和近期研究工作,建立了辽东地区金矿找矿预测地质模型,认为本区具有与胶东地区相似的金矿成矿条件,成矿潜力巨大,研究工作对区域矿产勘查部署工作有指导意义。     

中硫型浅成低温热液金多金属矿床基本特征、研究进展与展望

继20世纪80年代以来低硫型和高硫型浅成低温金矿床概念提出及成矿模型建立之后,相继发现一些浅成低温热液矿床不具上述两类矿床端元的成矿特点,相反兼具过渡性质;很多学者将其作为单一矿床类型,定义为中硫型浅成低温热液矿床。作为一个新的矿床类型,中硫型矿床是否有单独划分的必要?该类矿床具有什么样的地质特征?长期以来这些问题令人困惑。本文从大量文献中,在全球范围内甄别出24个比较明确的中硫型浅成低温热液金(多金属)矿床,基于其基本特征和研究进展的系统梳理与分析,从中硫型矿床的时空展布、地质特征、矿物组合、金属源区特征、中硫型与高硫型金(铜)矿和低硫型金矿的主要区别,以及目前国际研究进展及难点等方面进行总结阐述。中硫型金多金属矿床具有如下六大特征:(1)发育富碳酸盐-贱金属硫化物成矿体系,碳酸盐矿物可见于各成矿阶段热液脉系中,尤其在热液晚阶段以碳酸盐矿物为主;贱金属硫化物主要为Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe等的硫化物;(2)发育中硫化态矿物组合,如贱金属硫化物黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、黝铜矿等;可少量发育明矾石和冰长石;(3)含矿脉系中富硫化物(总量大于5%),且在斑岩铜矿系统中较富黄铜矿;(4)普遍发育浅色贫铁闪锌矿(有待进一步证实);(5)普遍赋存在挤压岛弧背景下斑岩Cu-Au-Mo矿的外围;(6)空间上可与高硫型和低硫型金多金属矿床共存。普遍发育斑岩型Cu-Au-(Mo)矿床和浅成低温热液型矿床的世界著名三大成矿域(滨太平洋成矿域、古亚洲洋成矿域和特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿域),同样具有形成中硫型矿床的有利成矿条件。未来关于中硫型矿床的研究亟需解决以下几个关键问题:(1)目前尚未有文献对"富碳酸盐-贱金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe等)"进行详细报道,这种成矿体系是如何形成的?流体中CO_2、H_2S及贱金属元素对Au的运移和沉淀有何影响?此问题是认识中硫型金多金属矿床成矿机制的关键所在。(2)中硫化态矿物的矿物(黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿、黄铜矿等)的沉淀环境?与高硫化态、低硫化态矿物有何区别?(3)从成矿系统、成矿过程和矿物形成的复杂性来考虑,显然以闪锌矿中Fe S的含量多少作为区别IS型、HS型、LS型矿床的特征地化标志过于简单,且与已有关于闪锌矿的矿物学研究成果相矛盾,因此仍需进一步工作。(4)早期形成的作为赋矿围岩的火山岩地层或者次火山岩体是否提供了成矿物质?是否充当了浅成低温热液矿物沉淀的地球化学屏障?其具体过程是怎样的?以上问题的解决可辅助揭示IS型矿床的成因机制和形成过程,并为同类型矿床的勘查工作提供支持。     

Geological features and origin of gold deposits occurring in the Baotou–Bayan Obo district, south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China

Located at western portion of northern margin of North China craton, the Baotou–Bayan Obo district is one of the most important Fe–REE–Nb and Au metallogenic provinces in China. Presently, about 52 gold deposits and prospects have been discovered, explored and mined, among which Shibaqinhao, Laoyanghao, Houshihua, Saiyinwusu, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. All these gold occurrences can be subdivided into three groups (or types) according to its host rocks: (1) hosted by Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks; (2) hosted by Proterozoic sedimentary rocks; (3) hosted by or related to Hercynian alkaline intrusive rocks. The first group contains the Shibaqinhao, Laoyanghao and Houshihua gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these three deposits occurs within Archean amphibolite, gneiss and granulite as gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The Saiyinwusu deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Proterozoic sandstone, quartzite and carbonaceous slate as quartz veins and replacement bodies along the fracture zones. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Wulashan, Donghuofang and Luchang deposits. Gold mineralization at these three deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline syenite or melagabbro stocks and dyke swarms or along their contacts with Archean metamorphic wall rocks as K-feldspar–quartz veins, dissemination and veinlets. Pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, native gold and calaverite are major metallic minerals.δ³⁴S value of sulfides (pyrite, galena and pyrrhotite) separates from groups 1 and 2 varies from −4.01‰ to −0.10‰ and −3.01‰ to 2.32‰, respectively. δ³⁴S values of Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic wall rocks for groups 1 and 2 deposits range from −20.2‰ to −17.0‰ and −15.8‰ to −16.2‰, respectively. The values are much lower than their hosted gold deposits. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian alkaline intrusions associated with the gold deposits show positive δ³⁴S values of 1.3‰ to 4.8‰, which is higher than those Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks and their hosted gold deposits. δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite and galena) from the Donghuofang and Wulashan deposits (group 3) increase systematically from veins (−14.8‰ to −2.4‰) to the Hercynian alkaline igneous wall rocks (2.8‰ to 4.8 ‰). All of these deposits in groups 1, 2 and 3 show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot between the Hercynian alkaline intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of lead from mantle-derived alkaline magma with lead from Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks.Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidence suggest that the ore fluids for the groups 1 and 2 deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian alkaline syenite and mafic intrusions. The Hercynian alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for these groups 1 and 2 deposits. Evolved metamorphic fluids produced by the devolatilization, which circulated the wall rocks, were also progressively involved in the alkaline magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominate the ore fluids during late stage of ore-forming processes. Most of these gold deposits hosted by Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks occur at or near the intersections of the NE- and E–W-trending fracture systems. The ore fluid of the group 3 deposits may have resulted from the mixing of Hercynian alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric waters. The deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian alkaline igneous processes along deep-seated fault zones within Archean terrain.     

斑岩铜矿-浅成低温热液银铅锌一远接触带热液金矿矿床模型：一个新的矿床模型——以德兴地区为例

在前人研究的基础上,通过系统的野外考察,论证了位于赣东北德兴地区德乐中生代火山盆地中的德兴铜矿、银山银铜铅锌矿和金山金矿及蛤蟆石金矿属于同一成矿系统。德兴铜矿是典型的斑岩铜矿,成矿流体和金属元素主要来自岩浆;银山银铜铅锌矿是一个下部为斑岩铜矿、上部为浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿,成矿流体早期以岩浆为主,晚期有较多的大气降水参与,成矿物质主要来自岩浆;金山和蛤蟆石金矿是远接触带热液矿床,成矿流体为岩浆热液与大气降水的混合产物,金主要来自围岩——双桥山群浅变质岩。这3套矿床以中酸性花岗斑岩或石英斑岩（高钾钙碱质花岗岩）为核心具有明显的分带性,自中心向外或深部向浅部为：斑岩铜金钼矿、浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿和远接触带热液型金矿。这种矿床组合关系不同于已知的经典斑岩铜矿模型和斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液金银矿床模型,因而,有必要提出一个新的模型：斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液银铅锌矿一远接触带热液金矿模型。这套矿『末形成于中侏罗世,抑或是古太平洋俯冲板片局部重熔或撕裂重熔的产物,抑或是在活动大陆边缘岩浆弧后伸展带由地幔底侵的结果。     

Porphyry Cu–Au–Mo–epithermal Ag–Pb–Zn–distal hydrothermal Au deposits in the Dexing area, Jiangxi province, East China—A linked ore system

Based on previous studies and detailed field investigations of the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, the Yinshan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit and the Jinshan shear zone – hosted gold deposit in the Dele Jurassic volcanic basin, in the northeastern Jiangxi province, East China, we propose that the three deposits share spatial, temporal and genetic relationships and belong to the same metallogenic system. Dexing is a typical porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit in which both ore-forming fluid and metals are derived from the granite porphyry. The Yinshan deposit consists of a porphyry copper ore located in the cupola of a quartz porphyry stock, in the lower part, and Ag–Pb–Zn ore veins in the upper part. The hydrothermal fluids were mainly derived from the magma in the early stages of the mineralizing event and became mixed with meteoric waters in the late stages. Its ore metals are magma-derived. Both the Jinshan base metal veins and the Hamashi, Dongjie and Naikeng quartz vein-type gold deposit are hosted by brittle–ductile structures, which are distal in relation to the porphyry intrusions and were formed by mixed magmatic fluids and meteoric water, whereas the gold was mainly leached from the country rocks (Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group phyllite and schist). The deposits show a distinct spatial arrangement from porphyry Cu, to epithermal Ag–Pb–Zn and distal Au. We suggest a porphyry–epithermal–distal vein ore system model for this group of genetically related mineral deposits. They were formed in a back-arc setting in a Middle Jurassic active continental margin, with magmas derived from the subducted slab.     

Epithermal precious metal deposits of Italy–an overview

Epithermal precious metal deposits have only quite recently been added to the metallogenic view of Italy. It was only in the late 1980s that two districts were recognized, in Sardinia and southern Tuscany, previously long known for a large variety of other commodities. The Sardinian epithermal precious metal district is associated with the Oligocene-Miocene Sardinian calc-alkaline magmatic cycle. The most relevant areas include the Au deposit at Furtei, already in production, and the Osilo prospect, where extensive exploration is under way. The deposit at Furtei contains at least six tonnes of gold metal. The mineralogy of the deposit and of the alteration assemblages is typical of the acid-sulfate (high-sulfidation) class of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. Fluids associated with alteration and mineralization have moderate temperatures (200–300 °C) and low salinities (less than 6% wt. NaCl equivalent); high-temperature, high-salinity fluids similar to porphyry-style systems also circulated at Furtei. At Osilo, a number of quartz veins containing up to several ppm Au have been identified. The alteration assemblage includes adularia and illite, i.e. is typical of low-sulfidation deposits. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures range from 198 to 270 °C, with salinities of less than 4% wt. NaCl equivalent. In southern Tuscany, a number of carbonate-hosted (“Carlin type”) gold showings occur at the edges of the geothermal fields of Larderello, Amiata and Latera, an area previously known for Sb mineralization. In fact, many showings coincide with former Sb mines, and stibnite, along with pyrite, is the most common sulfide mineral. Gold is typically invisible. Fluids hosted in a variety of minerals from these occurrences span a relatively large temperature range (132 to 245 °C), with constantly low salinities (less than 7% wt. NaCl equivalent). The onset of (presumably meteoric) hydrothermal fluid circulation can be ascribed to the emplacement of Neogene Tuscan magmatic rocks, but the ultimate source of gold remains speculative. Received: 13 October 1998 / Accepted: 5 February 1999