流域水文模型的发展

本文列出了当今世界上比较流行的15个流域水文模型。对现行概念性集总式流域水文模型的结构和参数的特点进行了评论,指出了这类流域水文模型存在的主要缺陷。对新一代流域水文模型, 即分布式流域水文模型,尤其是其中具有物理基础的分布式流域水文模型,进行了较为深入的分析,指出其之所以优于集总式流域水文模型的主要原因。最后对流域水文模型进一步发展所必须具备的理论和技术条件做了初步讨论。     

流域水文模型研究进展

本文介绍了流域水文模型的分类,论述了流域水文模型基础理论——产汇流理论的发展及其自身的研究进展,探讨了流域水文模型的研究趋势和发展困境,并对未来做出了展望,以期能推进流域水文模型的研究。     

国内外水文模型概论

概述了水文模型的分类、流域水文模型及其应用，水循环各子系统模型的研究，水文模型率定与参数优选等，有助于人们对水文模型的认识。     

水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用

水文网络模型是地理信息系统对流域实际河网水系的一种规范化描述,它采用拓扑关系来确定流域水流的空间聚合与分散。准确地描述水文网络对成功模拟流域水流的空间分布起着至关重要的作用。水文网络数据模型的关键在于如何表达水文网络的构成要素,以及如何建立要素间的拓扑关系。本文重点阐述了水文网络模型在分布式流域水文模拟中的应用。实例研究证明,采用水文网络模型来表达流域河网水系结构有助于准确地模拟流域上水流的空间与时间分布。     

分布式流域水文模型刍议

本文，对水文模型，流域水文模型，分布式流域水文模型的概念进行了阐述；对分布式流域水文模型的性质、特点进行了论述，并对其在实时洪水预报中应用前景进行了分析。     

遥感信息在水文动态模拟中的应用

以浙江省曹娥江流域为试验区,采用萨克拉门托流域水文模型,重点探讨了利用LandsatTM影象资料直接或辅助确定水文模型参数的途径和方法。研究表明,应用遥感信息确定萨克拉门托流域模型参数,进行日、月和年径流的动态模拟是完全可行的,并可取得较满意的精度,从而为无资料地区的水文动态模拟和监测提供了新经验。     

构建式流域实时水文预报系统关键技术研究

目前的水文预报模型很多,但都缺乏统一的模式。通过对水文预报模型的高度抽象,定义了水文预报模型的标准化接口,统一了各类水文预报模型的输入、输出、参数、状态,以及运行过程;在此基础上,实现了水文预报方案的标准化"构建"模式,即通过标准化水文预报模型的相互组合实现流域水文预报方案的标准化创建。基于以上关键技术,成功开发了构建式流域实时水文预报系统,并取得了良好的应用效果。     

流域水文模型发展展望

介绍了流域水文模型的理论基础,总结了流域水文模型与计算机技术集成化,地理信息系统与遥感技术的嵌套应用趋势以及水文模型发展中将会遇到的问题。     

数字高程模型在流域水文模型应用中的若干问题

数字高程模型(DEM)在流域水文模型中得到了广泛应用,主要是因为DEM能够自动提取流域水文模型所需要的确定流域排水结构的水文信息。回顾并讨论了DEM在流域水文模型应用中的几个问题,主要包括河网自动提取的方法、DEM中排水方向的确定以及封闭洼地的处理,同时还包括在流域水文模型中应用时DEM的结构类型及尺度问题。由于由DEM生成的模拟河网与流域实际河网间存在一定的差别,最后还讨论了如何对模拟河网进行矫正的问题。     

相似流域选择的模糊集模型与方法

提出水文计算中相似流域选择的模糊集模型与方法,以改进水文计算中选择相似流域的经验性方法.原则上模型也可用于其他水文相似问题.     

Assessing impact of urban impervious surface on watershed hydrology using distributed object-oriented simulation and spatial regression

In this study, we investigated the relationship between watershed characteristics and hydrology using high spatial resolution impervious surface area (ISA), hydrologic simulations and spatial regression. We selected 20 watersheds at HUC 12 level with different degrees of urbanization and performed hydrologic simulation using a distributed object-oriented rainfall and runoff simulation model. We extracted the discharge per area and ratio of runoff to base flow from simulation results and used them as indicators of hydrology pattern. We derived percentage of ISA, distance from ISA to streams, and stream density as the watershed characteristics to evaluate the relationship with hydrology pattern in watersheds using ordinary least square, spatial error and spatial lag regression models. The comparison indicates that spatial lag regression model can achieve better performance for the evaluation of relationship between ratio of runoff to base flow and watershed characteristics, and that three models provide similar performance for the evaluation of relationship between discharge per area and watershed characteristics. The results from regression analyses demonstrate that ISA plays an important role in watershed hydrology. Ignorance of spatial dependence in analyses will likely cause inaccurate evaluation for relationship between ISA and watershed hydrology. The hydrologic model, regression methods and relationships between watershed characteristics and hydrology pattern provide important tools and information for decision makers to evaluate the effect of different scenarios in land management.     

Remote Sensing for Watershed Hydrology: Issues and Challenges

With significant development since the beginning of the 21st century, hydrologic remote sensing becomes one of the most active disciplines in earth sciences, offering numerous opportunities and advances for watershed hydrology and other disciplines of geography. This commentary highlights the specialty and restriction of remote sensing for watershed hydrology on three aspects: watershed closure in water budget, watershed-scale effectiveness of hydrologic parameter retrievals, and watershed model inputs for data assimilation. The current challenges include rational watershed-scale validation, uncertainty control in retrievals, and error sources in data assimilation.     

Simulation of surface runoff in theWujiang River watershed based on GIS

Surface runoff in the Wujiang River watershed was simulated by a GIS-based method using precipitation, hydrology data, and land-use data. The volume of surface runoff is chiefly controlled by climates, topographical characteristics and types of land use at the watershed. Five subwatersheds that can represent the whole watershed were chosen and their average annual precipitation, average annual surface runoff and current land use were calculated respectively in the grid model of the Wujiang River watershed based on the climate and hydrology data from 1965 to 2000 and the land-use data acquired in the year of 2000. Surface runoff is assumed to be a function of precipitation and land use and the multiple regression tool is used to determine the relationship between surface runoff, precipitation and present land use. Thus, the rainfall-runoff model for each land-use type has been established. When calibrating these models, the results show that the percent errors are all below 7%, which indicates that the accuracy of this simulation is high.     

地貌瞬时单位线研究进展

自从Rodriguez-Iturbe等人开创了地貌瞬时单位线的研究以来,从理论上探讨用流域地形地貌参数定量流域水文响应,已成为近20年来水文学中最富有吸引力的研究课题之一。总结了基于Horton-Strahler河流分级和水系随机模型推导流域地貌瞬时单位线获得的主要研究成果,对地貌气候瞬时单位线作了综述。     

数字高程模型分辨率对流域地形特征参数的影响

地形特征(如高程和坡度)和水文特征(如河流长度和河流坡度)是分布式流域水文水质模型的基础输入参数,用于量化描述模型模拟流域的自然特征。这些特征参数的准确性直接影响水文水质过程模拟的准确性。应用数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)在4个不同地形的子流域研究了10种不同分辨率DEM对平均高程、流域面积、坡度、河流坡度、最长河长等参数的影响。结果表明,随着DEM分辨率降低,流域地形变缓,流域平均坡度逐渐减小;随着DEM网格分辨率的变化,子流域划分范围和河道位置也都可能发生变化,且该变化在地形起伏较小的丘陵平原地区较明显,子流域集水面积和河长进一步随之改变;河流坡度随DEM分辨率降低则呈无规则变化。从地形和水文参数两方面揭示了DEM 分辨率在分布式流域模型中的不确定性影响。     

耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型模拟效率评价

耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型是开展流域湿地变化的水文效应及其水文功能评估的有效工具，其模拟效率直接关系到模拟精度和应用价值。选取中国湿地主要分布区之一的嫩江流域，利用PHYSITEL/HYDROTEL模型平台，构建孤立湿地和河滨湿地模块并与流域水文模型耦合，并从拟合优度指数和模拟效率角度评价了耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型模拟效率。结果表明，耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型，拟合和验证期间模型的拟合度指数均有所提高，嫩江富拉尔基和大赉水文站控制流域的Nash-Sutcliffe系数和克林效率系数平均提高了3.08%和4.64%，均方根误差和相对偏差平均降低了12.72%和55.93%，且整个研究时段模拟结果的流量指数总体更接近于观测的径流数据。可见，耦合湿地模块的流域水文模型可提高水文过程模拟精度，更好地定量评估湿地水文功能，为流域水资源精准调控与湿地修复保护提供重要支撑。     

基于DEM的流域降雨径流模拟——以蒲石河流域山区为例

DEM是目前用于流域地形分析的主要数据,基于DEM的水文模拟技术,在流域地形分析及水系构建等方面已形成了比较成熟的算法,给传统的水文模拟技术带来了根本性的变化。以蒲石河流域山区为例,借助流域水文软件WMS,结合ARCVIEW和SURFER软件,计算了流域的面积、周长、坡度与形状因子等参数。在生成山区数字高程模型的基础上,采用WMS嵌入的HEC-1模型对一场降雨进行了降雨径流模拟研究。     

An intermediate-scale model for thermal hydrology in low-relief permafrost-affected landscapes

Integrated surface/subsurface models for simulating the thermal hydrology of permafrost-affected regions in a warming climate have recently become available, but computational demands of those new process-rich simu- lation tools have thus far limited their applications to one-dimensional or small two-dimensional simulations. We present a mixed-dimensional model structure for efficiently simulating surface/subsurface thermal hydrology in low-relief permafrost regions at watershed scales. The approach replaces a full three-dimensional system with a two-dimensional overland thermal hydrology system and a family of one-dimensional vertical columns, where each column represents a fully coupled surface/subsurface thermal hydrology system without lateral flow. The system is then operator split, sequentially updating the overland flow system without sources and the one-dimensional columns without lateral flows. We show that the app- roach is highly scalable, supports subcycling of different processes, and compares well with the corresponding fully three-dimensional representation at significantly less computational cost. Those advances enable recently developed representations of freezing soil physics to be coupled with thermal overland flow and surface energy balance at scales of 100s of meters. Although developed and demonstrated for permafrost thermal hydrology, the mixed-dimensional model structure is applicable to integrated surface/subsurface thermal hydrology in general.     

基于DEM的小流域坡长计算方法研究

基于坡地水文学、GIS空间分析原理、流域侵蚀地貌学等理论方法,对小流域坡长提取及不同坡长计算方法进行对比研究.并基于格网DEM分析目前国内外坡长的不同算法,来揭示坡长在小流域的空间分布规律.     

数字黑河的思考与实践3:模型集成

介绍了"数字黑河"模型集成研究的进展.①流域科学研究中的模型集成由发展流域集成模型和建模环境这2个主题所构成,前者可概括为"水-土-气-生-人"集成模型,后者是支持集成模型的高效开发的软件工具,注重于应用先进的信息技术为建模提供支撑.②将模型集成分为知识途径和技术途径,讨论了建模环境在模型集成中的作用,以及科学模型和流域管理模型的关系.③回顾了黑河流域模型集成的总体目标是发展两种类型的集成模型,其中第一种回应科学目标,是地球系统模型在流域尺度上的具体体现,以建成能够综合反映流域水文-生态-经济相互作用的模型为标志;第二种集成模型回应管理目标,以建成空间显式的流域水资源决策支持系统为目标.④对黑河流域已有的水文、地下水、水资源、陆面过程、土地利用、生态、社会经济与生态经济建模工作做了系统的综述.⑤分析了黑河流域集成模型研究中存在的问题和所面临的挑战.