陕西富平地区中奥陶统等深流沉积的特征及其地质意义

陕西富平赵老峪地区中奥陶统赵老峪组发育一套与深水碳酸盐岩重力流沉积、放射虫硅质岩、火山凝灰岩伴生的等深流沉积。根据岩性特征可以将该等深流沉积划分为砾屑等深积岩、砂屑等深积岩、粉屑等深积岩和灰泥等深积岩4种类型,识别出较完整的、由单一灰泥或粉屑或砂屑等深积岩叠置组成的4种等深积岩层序。等深流的流向从东北向西南方向,说明中奥陶世富平地区可能是秦岭北侧弧后盆地伸进浅水台地的一个北东向的深海前槽。富平赵老峪地区下奥陶统马家沟组和华北地块其他地区一样都发育浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,中奥陶统突变为深水斜坡-盆地边缘相的碳酸盐岩重力流及等深流沉积,而同期华北地块主体隆升为陆,反映了在扬子板块向华北板块俯冲的背景下,秦岭北侧早古生代弧后盆地北测的陷落下沉作用。     

柴达木盆地北缘早奥陶世台地-斜坡-盆地相沉积特征及控制因素

通过对柴北缘地区的野外地质调查及室内实验分析,根据地质剖面中发育的岩石组合类型、沉积构造等特征,对研究区早奥陶世台地斜坡盆地相沉积体系进行了详细研究。认为研究区早古生代持续的海平面上升、柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞是控制该时期盆山格局及沉积充填演化的重要因素。柴北缘早奥陶世台地边缘颗粒滩相发育在多泉山组中下部,岩性以生物碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩以及泥晶灰岩为特征。而研究区斜坡相深水物质主要是由重力流搬运的碳酸盐岩再沉积物组成,共识别出包括细粒沉降微晶泥、滑塌角砾岩、颗粒流、瘤状灰岩、碎屑流以及浊积岩等不同类型的斜坡异地沉积物。研究区盆地相处于碳酸盐岩沉积体系岛弧碎屑岩沉积体系两大沉积体系的转换位置。受到柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞等影响,隆升的陆壳基底及大陆岛弧物质向盆地提供大量碎屑物质,因此在靠近岛弧边缘地区发育了砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流沉积体系下的弧后盆地沉积产物。     

鄂西桐梓组一段碳酸盐台洼重力流沉积特征及其研究意义

鄂西秭归、长阳、巴东等地奥陶系桐梓组一段中碳酸盐台洼重力流沉积主要有４种类型：塌积角砾岩、碎屑流砾屑灰岩、颗粒流含砾砂屑灰岩、近源浊积灰岩。沉积特征和时空分布情况表明它们发生在两河口期早期海侵背景下（ＴＳＴ）。最初的岩崩塌积沉积受控于被动大陆边缘板内应力作用产生的构造事件,后来的重力流沉积旋回明显受渐进式海侵海平面升降波动的影响。台洼重力流沉积提供了早奥陶世华南被动大陆边缘向前陆盆地演变之前奏幕式事件在碳酸盐台地内的地层记录。讨论鄂西乃至上扬子区奥陶纪两河口期碳酸盐台洼重力流沉积的背景、成因、受控因素及研究意义。     

中国南方三叠纪大陆斜坡事件碳酸盐沉积

在中国南方,三叠纪大陆斜坡上的事件碳酸盐沉积包括重力流石灰岩和等深流石灰岩,重力流石灰岩主要发育于中、下扬子地区的下三叠统和滇黔桂地区的中、下三叠统大陆斜坡。在中扬子地区,重力流石灰岩主要分布于北部的石门、蒲圻、大冶和南部的涟源,萍乡等地下二叠统大冶组:在下扬子地区,重力流石灰岩主要分布于安庆、铜陵、镇江等地的下三叠统殷坑组、龙山组和扁担山组:在滇黔桂地区、中、下三叠统的一个显著特征,就是有发育良好的各种类型及其组合的重力流石灰岩,它们在广大地区内呈绵延不断的长带分布,这条大陆斜坡带大致沿福泉—惠水—紫云—贞丰—西林—那坡—平果—邕宁—凭祥—线分布。根据岩石组构反映出的沉积时载体内部机械行为和占优势的沉积支撑机制。可将这些重力流石灰岩分为5种基本类型。即滑动流石灰岩、岩屑流石灰岩,颗粒流石灰岩、浊流石灰岩崩石灰岩。这些基本类型组成了6种岩石组合,即:滑动流—岩屑流石灰岩、滑动流 岩屑流—浊流石灰岩,滑动流 岩屑流 颗粒流 浊流石灰岩、岩崩堆积—岩屑流石灰岩、岩屑流—浊流石灰岩、岩屑流—颗粒而—浊流石灰岩组合等。其中前两种组合主要发育于早三叠世,中三叠世以     

四川盆地西缘早三叠世早期碳酸盐重力流沉积与环境

四川竹园坝?梨园里地区下三叠统飞仙关组地层中,碳酸盐砾屑沉积类型有:碎屑流和浊流;根据岩性组合可分三种组合层序:Ⅰ.碎屑流与半深水泥晶灰岩沉积组合层序;Ⅱ.碎屑流与浊流沉积组合层序;Ⅲ.复合层序?据重力流形成环境,计算了古斜坡坡度,测定了古流向,结合重力流形成及古构造?古地理演化,提出了区内碳酸盐重力流的演化及沉积模式?     

西秦岭临潭地区泥盆纪——三叠纪沉积环境恢复与盆地构造演化

根据西秦岭临潭地区泥盆纪—三叠纪沉积盆内细碎屑岩的主量、微量、稀土元素特征追溯源区背景,反演母岩性质,建立了该区沉积盆地与构造演化模式.认为沉积盆地的物源总体来自盆地的北部,北部经历了晚泥盆世的陆相—湖相沉积,石炭纪的滨岸海滩相-温暖潮湿的近岸海湾（潟湖或潮坪）相-浅海陆棚相沉积,到二叠纪的浅海陆棚-浅海陆棚内的堡礁或堤礁建造;沉积盆地南部为稳定的碳酸盐台地相.三叠纪,盆地经历了大陆斜坡浊流沉积—大陆斜坡（半深海）浊流沉积—滨浅海沉积环境复杂的环境变化.沉积盆地形成演化整体划分为3个阶段：被动大陆边缘台盆台地稳定发育阶段;弧后盆地形成演化阶段;弧后前陆盆地叠合阶段.     

扬子陆块东南缘早古生长的巨型斜坡带

寒武、奥陶纪、在扬子陆块东南缘，发育一条横垣两千多公里的古台缘斜坡带。本文综合研究了此斜坡带的沉积类型，计有重力滑塌、滑移沉积、重力流沉积、等深流沉积、上升流沉积、风暴流沉积以深水瘤状灰岩和生物扰动灰岩。台缘斜坡带沉积序列所反映的大地构造背景为被动大陆边缘，当时华南小洋盆为－拉伸下沉盆地。     

中国地台区张裂盆地沉积

本文着重讨论中国地台区某些张裂盆地的沉积与演化特征。张裂盆地可分为陆内断陷和裂谷、克拉通边缘裂陷槽和被动大陆边缘。裂谷在发展过程中依次形成玄武岩-红层-蒸发盐组合或玄武岩-红层-煤系组合→深湖相组合→红层组合。中小型断陷的岩石组合类似但多不完整。豫陕裂陷槽的岩石组合为下部硅碎屑岩组合,以钾玄岩系为主体的火山岩组合,上部硅碎屑岩-碳酸盐组合,以及较深水相泥硅质岩组合。地处被动大陆边缘的扬子地台南部早寒武世海是以波浪作用为主的陆架,其东南边缘的石煤可能是远洋、半远洋沉积。本文还扼要讨论了张裂盆地在控制某些矿产资源的形成与分布方面的一些问题。     

燕山地区长城纪沉积演化及构造背景

燕山长城纪沉积相特征及环境系统反映出坳拉槽盆地的沉积特点?盆内发育着冲积扇?扇三角洲?浊流沉积?碳酸盐滑塌角砾沉积?颗粒流沉积及火山硅质混合沉积等与同沉积构造活动有关的沉积相型?从早期的大陆内部冲积环境到晚期的环边台地─斜坡─碳酸盐深水盆地,环境系统从较封闭状态向半开放方向演化,其演化过程与盆地构造的扩张活动有着密切关系的?     

鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘奥陶纪地质事件群耦合作用

北祁连造山带和北秦岭造山带在早古生代经历了相似的洋陆转化过程,于奥陶纪时发育了汇聚板块边缘的沟-弧-盆体系,分别形成了北西向展布的北祁连造山带走廊南山北缘早古生代岛弧及弧后盆地和东西向展布的北秦岭造山带早古生代岛弧及弧后盆地。期间,秦岭-祁连洋的俯冲造山作用和鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘沉积类型和内陆湖盆的发展演化之间存在有机的联系,构成了盆-山耦合体系,引发一系列构造事件、火山喷发事件和多种类型的事件沉积等。它们之间存在着一系列成因机制上的联系,有着共同的宏观背景。鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘在几乎相同时期存在一次构造背景的转变,由被动大陆边缘转化为主动大陆边缘,并诱发了多期火山喷发事件,在盆地西南缘奥陶系形成多套斑脱岩夹层,这些斑脱岩可能为同时期或者稍后的钾盐矿(包括含钾卤水)的形成提供了重要物源。同时,鄂尔多斯盆地南缘由浅水碳酸盐台地陷落为深水斜坡,在盆地西、南缘奥陶系有规律的集中发育重力流沉积(海底扇、浊积岩等)、滑塌沉积和震积岩等事件沉积。从形成机制上,华南板块向北俯冲触发了火山活动和地震,火山喷发在奥陶系集中沉积了多套凝灰岩夹层,地震活动导致同时期大套重力流沉积,并触发相对深水区沉积物向深水区移动,使得重力流沉积转化为浊流沉积,形成了具有良好储层的浊积岩。统计表明,上述事件发育的时间与秦岭地区构造活动相对最活跃的时期基本一致。因此这些分布稳定的凝灰岩薄层和中奥陶世集中有规律分布的重力流沉积砂体为华南板块向华北本快俯冲背景下形成的,它们之间存在耦合关系。     

陕西富平上奥陶统赵老峪组硅质岩地化特征及地质意义

陕西富平上奥陶统赵老峪组发育了一套与深水碳酸盐岩伴生的硅质岩沉积,其地化特征对揭示硅质来源及构造背景等具有重要意义.在研究区地层野外剖面实测、硅质岩岩石地化分析基础上,研究了该区硅质岩硅质来源及构造环境.赵老峪组岩性以深灰色薄板状灰岩为主,夹层状放射虫硅质岩、砾屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、含斑块灰岩和火山凝灰岩,其中硅质岩呈隐晶质－微晶质,含放射虫化石.样品Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）均值0.68,MnO/TiO₂均值0.18,ΣREE均值46.41,δCe均值0.95,δEu均值1.13,La_N/Yb_N均值1.15,La_N/Ce_N均值1.08,显示大陆边缘的构造环境,硅质来源主要为陆源来源.结果表明赵老峪组硅质岩发育于奥陶纪扬子板块向华北板块俯冲背景下,形成于华北地块南缘与北秦岭之间的二郎坪弧后前陆盆地北部大陆边缘.      

Sedimentation during carbonate ramp-to-slope evolution in a tectonically active area: Bowland Basin (Dinantian), northern England

The Bowland Basin (northern England) contains a series of carbonates and terrigenous mudstones deposited during the Ivorian to early Brigantian. Two regional depositional environments are indicated by facies and facies associations. Wackestone/packstone and calcarenite facies indicate deposition in a carbonate ramp environment, while lime mudstone/wackestone, calcarenite and limestone breccia/conglomerate facies, often extensively slumped, represent a carbonate slope environment. Stratigraphic relations suggest that the depositional environment evolved from a ramp into a slope through the Dinantian. Two main sediment sources are indicated by the sequence; an extra-basinal terrigenous mud source and a supply of carbonate from the margins of the basin. Deposition from suspension and from sediment gravity flows, in situ production and remobilization of sediment during sedimentary sliding were important processes operating within the basin. Periods of enhanced tectonic activity in the late Chadian to early Arundian and late Asbian to early Brigantian are indicated by basin-wide horizons of sedimentary slide and mass flow deposits. Both intervals were marked by a decline in carbonate production resulting from inundation and uplift/emergence. The first of these intervals separates deposition on a seafloor with gentle topography (carbonate ramp) from a situation where major lateral thickness and facies variations were present and deposition took place in a carbonate slope environment. The second interval marks the end of major carbonate deposition within the Bowland Basin and the onset of regional terrigenous sedimentation.     

Platform and off-platform carbonates of the Upper Cambrian of western Maryland, U.S.A.

Upper Cambrian carbonates in western Maryland are comprised of platform facies (Conococheague Limestone) west of South Mountain and basin facies (Frederick Limestone) east of South Mountain. Conocheague platform carbonates contain interbedded non-cyclic and cyclic facies. Non-cyclic facies consist of cross-stratified grainstones, thrombolitic bioherms, and graded, thin-bedded dolostones. These were deposited in shallow, subtidal shelf lagoons. Cyclic facies are composed of repeated sequences of cross-stratified grainstone; ribbon-rock; wavy, prism-cracked laminite; and planar laminated dolostone. The cyclic facies are shallowing-upward cycles produced by lateral progradation of tidal flats over shallow, nearshore subtidal environments. Cyclic and non-cyclic facies are interbedded in the Conococheague in a layer cake fashion, but no higher-order cyclicity can be found. The Frederick Limestone is dominated by monotonously thick sequences of graded, thin-bedded limestones, interbedded with massive peloidal grainstones and beds of breccia up to 10 m thick in the lower Frederick. The breccias contain transported megaclasts of Epiphyton-Girvanella boundstones. The basal Frederick was deposited in a slope-to-basinal setting east of a rimmed shelf. An Epiphyton-Girvanella marginal reef along the shelf edge was the source of the blocks in the breccias. The upper Frederick Limestone formed on a carbonate ramp.     

贺兰奥拉槽早古生代深水重力流体系的沉积特征和充填样式

位于鄂尔多斯西缘的贺兰构造带为一中元古代一古生代的奥拉槽。在区内的中寒武和中奥陶统中识别了一套巨厚的深水重力流沉积,其中包括下斜坡滑塌泥石流复合体、浊积扇以及碳酸盐岩斜坡扇裙等沉积类型。主要的相单元包括充填沟道或进入扇面形成的泥石流钙质角砾岩和砾岩、充填辫状水道的多层叠置的砂岩和砂砾岩、上叠扇的砂、泥岩互层以及浊积砂屑或含砾砂屑灰岩等。在中奥陶世该奥拉槽发展成一深水一半深水海槽,沿盆地西侧发育有浊积扇,而东侧仅有碳酸盐岩滑塌扇裙。它们可能是沿深水盆地两侧深大断裂产生的陡坡或水下断崖分布的,代表了早古生代贺兰奥拉槽在强烈沉陷期特定的深水盆地充填。     

鄂西地区茅口组重力流沉积特征及古地理意义

通过对鄂西地区中二叠统详细的野外剖面测量及沉积微相分析,发现鄂西地区中二叠统茅口组发育重力流沉积,沉积类型多样,发育于碳酸盐岩斜坡沉积环境中,自上而下分为滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积、颗粒流沉积。滑塌沉积主要发育于湖南慈利江垭剖面,颗粒流与碎屑流发育于湖北长阳资丘剖面。滑塌沉积物主要由杂乱堆积的棱角状—次棱角状砾屑灰岩组成,分...     

UNAM Scientific Shallow-Drilling Program of the Chicxulub Impact Crater

A scientific drilling program is being carried out by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) at the southern sector of the Chicxulub impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Eight boreholes, ranging in depth from 60 m to 702 m, with a total of 2.62 km of continuos core, were recovered. A high recovery rate of up to 99% (overall average recovery rate for the eight boreholes is 87%) allows us to investigate in detail the stratigraphy of the impact lithologies and the Tertiary carbonate sequence. Three of the boreholes (UNAM-5, UNAM-6, and UNAM-7, with core recovery rates from 89 to 99%) sampled impact breccias that were classified in two units—an upper breccia sequence rich in basement clasts, impact glass, and fragments of melt (suevitelike breccia) and a lower breccia sequence rich in limestone, dolomite, and evaporite clasts (bunte-like breccia). Depths of contact between the Tertiary carbonate sequence and the impact breccias are 332.0 m in UNAM-5, 222.2 m in UNAM-7, and 282.8 m in UNAM-6, giving the depth to the K/T boundary. In UNAM-7, the contact between the upper and the lower breccias is at 348.4 m, which yields a thickness of 126.2 m for the suevitelike breccia. The rest of the boreholes sampled part of the Tertiary carbonate sequence (～200 m thick), composed mainly of limestones, dolomitized carbonates, and calcarenite, with some fossiliferous horizons.     

Sedimentary facies during early stages of flooding in an extensional basin: the Brèche Rouge de Carboneras (Late Miocene, Almería/SE Spain)

The intramontane basins of the Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain) formed subsequent to the main phase of orogenic deformation during the middle Miocene in a close genetic relation to the Trans-Alboran Shear zone. Left lateral movements along a local branch (Carboneras fault zone, CF; strike NE–SW) of this zone played a major role in controlling the formation and dynamics of the Nijar-Carboneras Basin. To the south of the fault, a major phase of strike-slip faulting is recorded during the late Tortonian. The expression of this event is the Brèche Rouge de Carboneras (BRC), which seals a deep denudational surface on top of dislocated fault blocks formed by volcanics of the Cabo de Gata complex and early Tortonian shallow marine calcarenite. The sedimentary facies of this widely distributed unit in the Carboneras-Subbasin mirror the submarine topography and the distribution of the fault zones. Along strike-slip fault zones, autoclastic breccias and neptunian dikes preferentially oriented NW–SE and NE–SW occur, which are interpreted to represent the near-surface expression of the faults. Red limestone forms the groundmass of the autoclastic breccia and infills of neptunian dikes, which exhibit multiple phases of opening of fissures, gravitational sedimentary infill, lithification, and renewed creation of cracks. Steep relief, probably along fault scarps, was mantled by epiclastic volcanic conglomerate with a red carbonate matrix. Well-lithified coarse skeletal limestone rich in planktonic foraminifera formed pavements along sediment starved rocky surfaces in deep water. Laterally, within topographic depressions, the pavement limestone grades into thick accumulations of skeletal rudstone composed of fragmented azooxanthellate corals and stylasterid hydrozoans, which were concentrated by powerful bottom currents and gravitiy flows. Within the shallow water zone of dip slope ramps, cross-bedded calcarenite and calcirudite formed. Based on textures, fabrics and biota, rocks of the BRC were grouped into nine genetic lithofacies which document cryptic, deep-aphotic and shallow-photic environments typical of a sediment starved extensional basin.     

黔中、黔南下、中三叠统沉积相和层序地层

本文记述了对黔中、黔南地区早、中三叠世的碳酸盐岩和陆源的屑岩沉积的分析研究结果,着重讨论了该区沉积层序及其形成机制。早二叠世该区为缓坡,中三叠世演变为陡坡,沉积层序发生了变化。沉积盆地边缘沉积与海平面波动有密切关系,对斜坡上的层序地层及海平面波动作了初步研究。