紫坪铺库区断层分布规律统计分析

定量描述地质构造的分布规律对诸如核废料地质处置、边坡稳定性分析、采矿工程以及水利水电工程都具有十分重要的意义。本文根据紫坪铺水库工程区域地质图,通过提取断层信息的方法,获得了断层分布图。对紫坪铺水利枢纽工程库区内尺度跨越3个数量级、共126条断层进行了统计分析,获得了断层长度-数量间的幂律关系,即N(r)~r-D。并通过分段线性拟合的方法,计算了幂指数的值。发现当断层长度r2.5km时,幂指数D=0.32;而当断层长度r2.5km时,幂指数D=1.58。该幂律关系对推演更小或更大规模断层分布具有重要意义。     

节理岩体分形描述

研究了岩体节理产状、迹长、间距和节理数目对岩体节理网络分维的影响和节理几何参数的分维特征。结果表明,随节理发育方向、迹长、间距和节理数目的变化,岩体节理网络分维发生变化,节理间距和迹长的空间分布具有较好的分维特性,岩体节理网络分维可以作为岩体节理几何特征的定量描述指标。     

海南岛中西部金矿集中区断裂构造的分形研究

利用数盒子法对海南岛中西部金矿集中区断层分布统计表明 :断层系统在 5～ 75km尺度内符合分形分布 ,其分维值为 1 .70。根据成矿系统的差异 ,将全区分为 9个子区块 ,各子区块断层系统在 2 .5～ 2 5km尺度内均符合分形分布 ,其分维值介于 0 .6 6～ 1 .72之间。断层分维值的大小可作为判断矿化强弱的指标 :断层的分维值≥ 1 .5 ,是矿化集中区的标志 ;分维值小于 1 .4 ,不利于规模成矿 ;断层的分维值较大 ,是形成金矿化的有利条件 ,若形成超大型矿床 ,则断层系统需处于临界分维状态(Dc≈ 1 .5 )。白沙元门地区断层分维 (D =1 .4 9)接近于临界分维 ,预示该区有良好的找矿前景。基于离散元方法 (UDEC)的数值模拟显示 :随着断层分维值增大 ,则变形趋强、连通性更好、渗透率增大 ;临界状态下断层间的连通性好 ,变形及渗透率突然增加且变形及流体流动局限于骨干断层中 ,即临界状态下最有利于形成含矿流体的局域化分布     

陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起地表变形的数值模拟分析

考虑地下开挖区与断层相对位置关系,采用简化数值模型对陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起的地表变形特征进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于下盘时,地表出现不连续变形的可能性小;当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于上盘时,随下向开挖进行地表断层处裂缝有减小趋势;而当断层位于地下开挖引起的地表变形拉张区时,断层出露处水平拉张明显,表现为拉张裂缝,随下向开挖深度增加、规模增大,不论开挖区位于上盘还是下盘,极可能导致地表出现正断层式的错动．     

采动影响下巷道围岩变形与破坏的弱结构面效应

岩体中弱结构面的产状要素和力学参数是影响深部巷道围岩变形和破坏的重要因素。通过对金川矿区地下开采过程中发生的与弱结构面效应有关的巷道变形特征、破坏模式与机理分析得出,在断层附近或穿过断层开挖时,往往会引起断层活化,引发巷道变形和破坏。当在节理岩体中开挖时会使围岩中低强度的节理裂隙等弱结构面正应力减小,抗剪强度降低,从而发生相对滑移、变形。此外,与巷道开挖相比,矿体开采的影响不仅在持续时间上,还是在影响以及程度上都是造成巷道变形和破坏的弱结构面效应更加显著的主要原因。     

基于分形几何理论的DFN模型构建方法研究

以重庆梁-忠（梁平县-忠县）高速公路礼让隧道为工程研究背景,通过测线法调查现场节理,获得了节理产状分布概率密度函数,并从分形几何学的角度分析了节理间距及迹长的分形分布规律,推导出能反映节理间距及迹长分布状态的分形维数D及分形分布概率密度函数。在该基础上采用Matlab软件以及Monte-Carlo随机分析方法,产生节理参数随机数,结合3DEC中最新模块离散裂隙网络(DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型并验证了模型的有效性,结果表明,分形分布比负指数分布包含更多的间距、迹长分布信息,更接近于实际分布;分形维数D反映了节理间距、迹长在其变化范围内的分布特征,分形维数的大小取决于小间距、小迹长部分数量在总节理数量中的比例,为节理裂隙岩体网络模型构建提供了一种新方法。     

岩体表面节理迹长与节理真实长度尺寸的概率关系

空间节理长度不能直接进行测量,只能通过岩石暴露面上节理迹线长度来量测,但是节理迹线是节理面与岩面交切的结果,迹长在多大程度上能代表节理真实长度是值得研究的,本文利用计算机模拟的方法分析了迹长与节理真实长度的统计关系。     

煤矿断层构造复杂程度的非线性分析

煤矿中断层构造对开采条件、瓦斯突出、矿井突水等都有显著的影响。以陈四楼煤矿为例,利用分形理论计算了深部采区断层构造的分维,对断层构造的复杂程度进行了讨论和划分;分析了不同区域断层构造分维值出现差异的原因;建立了断层构造分维与矿井突水单位涌水量的对应关系,随断层分维的增加,矿井突水的单位涌水量也将随之增大。研究区的断层分维在0.7925～1.4534,断层总体的复杂程度为中等。     

岩体表面节理变长与节理真实长度尺寸的概率关系

空间节理长度不能直接进行测量,只能通过岩石暴露面上节理迹线长度来量测,但是节理迹线是节理面与岩石交切的结果,迹长在多大程度上能代表节理真实长度得值得研究的。本文利用计算机模拟的方法分析了迹长与节理真实长度的的统计关系。     

非贯通随机节理岩体的结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响

为研究非连通随机节理岩体的结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响,首先探讨了二维节理网络的生成原理,给出了结构效应影响的5个表征参数,即节理密度、节理倾角角度、节理倾角离散程度、节理迹长长度和节理迹长离散程度。以大岗山水电站主厂房洞室为背景工程,研究节理岩体结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响。结果表明,相同地震动水平下节理密度增加则洞室地震位移增加;节理角度在0°～80°范围内时,随节理倾角增加洞室的地震位移增加;节理离散程度较大时,随节理倾角离散程度减小洞室的地震位移减小,但当节理离散程度较小时则基本无影响;随节理迹长长度增加,洞室地震位移也增加;节理迹长的离散程度则对对洞室地震位移影响较小。结论可供节理岩体中地下洞室的抗震设计参考。     

The relationship between length and width of plutons within the crustal-scale Cobequid Shear Zone, northern Appalachians, Canada

The lengths and widths have been measured for 69 component bodies of composite plutons along the Cobequid Shear Zone. Plutons on major fault strands, those with mylonite zones >0.1 km wide, exhibit evidence of multiple intrusion of magma batches. Small plutons along short faults in stepover zones appear related to rapid emplacement of magma in bodies 1.5–4 km long by 0.1–2 km wide. Such small plutons show low enrichment in incompatible elements in older component bodies, but increasing amounts in younger bodies as a result of progressive magma expulsion from crystal mush during crystallization and shear-enhanced compaction in fault zones. Wider plutons generally occur along longer fault strands accommodating more strain and penetrating deeper into the crust and show enrichment in incompatible elements. The width of the mylonitic fault zone is about 15% of the width of these plutons. The length-to-width ratio of component bodies and composite plutons varies between 2 and 11. The best-fit line describing these data has a slope of 1.056, which implies scaling behavior between plutonism and tectonic processes. Scalar properties of plutonic bodies are similar to those of faults, but scalar relationships observed in component bodies do not apply to composite plutons.     

Geometry and growth of an inner rift fault pattern: the Kino Sogo Fault Belt, Turkana Rift (North Kenya)

A quantitative analysis is presented of the scaling properties of faults within the exceptionally well-exposed Kino Sogo Fault Belt (KSFB) from the eastern part of the 200-km-wide Turkana rift, Northern Kenya. The KSFB comprises a series of horsts and grabens within an arcuate 40-km-wide zone that dissects Miocene–Pliocene lavas overlying an earlier asymmetric fault block. The fault belt is 150 km long and is bounded to the north and south by transverse (N50°E and N140°E) fault zones. An unusual feature of the fault system is that it accommodates very low strains (<1%) and since it is no older than 3 Ma, it could be characterised by extension rates and strain rates that are as low as 0.1 mm/yr and 10⁻¹⁶ s⁻¹, respectively. Despite its immaturity, the fault system comprises segmented fault arrays with lengths of up to 40 km, with individual fault segments ranging up to 9 km in length. Fault length distributions subscribe to a negative exponential scaling law, as opposed to the power law scaling typical of other fault systems. The relatively long faults and segments are, however, characterised by maximum throws of no more than 100 m, providing displacement/length ratios that are significantly below those of other fault systems. The under-displaced nature of the fault system is attributed to early stage rapid fault propagation possibly arising from reactivation of earlier underlying basement fabrics/faults or magmatic-related fractures. Combined with the structural control exercised by pre-existing transverse structures, the KSFB demonstrates the strong influence of older structures on rift fault system growth and the relatively rapid development of under-displaced fault geometries at low strains.     

甘肃北山南部活动断裂的发现及其区域构造意义

在河西走廊北侧、北山南缘新发现属于不同断裂系统的两条晚第四纪活动断裂,分别称之为旧井-板滩断裂和俄博庙断裂。其中,旧井-板滩断裂长约28 km,距玉门市约55 km,由4条分支断裂组成,呈复杂的"Y"字形分布。总体走向北东40°~50°,倾向北西,倾角60°~70°,控制了西侧两个晚新生代盆地的发育。俄博庙断裂长约18 km,距金塔县城约50 km,走向近东西,倾向北西,倾角60°~80°。根据卫星影像解译、断错地貌调查、探槽开挖和光释光测年结果,旧井-板滩断裂断错了一系列山脊、冲沟和阶地,在距今约2万年以来有过活动,以正左旋走滑为主;俄博庙断裂北向逆冲形成清晰的线性陡坎,并左旋断错了冲沟,在距今约3万年以来有过活动,以逆左旋走滑为主。以上两条断裂的新构造活动揭示了青藏高原北缘晚新生代以来的远程应变传递已经进入北山造山带南缘。      

鸭绿江断裂带的主要特征及其研究意义

鸭绿江断裂带是郯庐断裂带东侧的一个次级断裂,也是辽宁东部规模较大的断裂带,具有多期活动特点,先后经历了晚印支-早燕山期(T₃-J₁)左行平移韧性剪切活动、中燕山期(J_2-3)早期低角度伸展滑脱和晚期挤压逆冲活动、晚燕山期(K₁)至末燕山期(K₂)左行正走滑活动、末燕山晚期-喜马拉雅早期(N)右行走滑活动等4个阶段.它控制着侏罗纪、白垩纪岩浆岩、沉积盆地和矿产的分布,也控制着白垩纪中酸性、中基性火山岩喷发.该断裂带为切割地壳硅镁层的深断裂.最大左行平移20 km,最大垂直断距4 km.该断裂带两侧地质构造特征可以对比,对其研究具有重要的指导意义.     

The Mw = 6.0, 7 September 1999 Athens Earthquake

On 7 September 1999 at 11:56 GMT a destructive earthquake (M_w = 6.0) occurred close to Athens (Greece). The rupture process is examined using data from the Cornet local permanent network, as well as teleseismic recordings. Data recorded by a temporary seismological network were analyzed to study the aftershock sequence. The mainshock was relocated at 38.105°N, 23.565°E, about 20 km northwest of Athens. Four foreshocks were also relocated close to the mainshock. The modeling of teleseismic P and SH waves provides a well-constrained focal mechanism of the mainshock (strike = 105°, dip = 55° and rake = -80°) at a depth of 8 km and a seismic moment M₀ = 1.010²⁵ dyn·cm. The obtained fault plane solution represents normal faulting indicating an almost north-south extension. More than 3500 aftershocks were located, 1813 of which present RMS < 0.1 s and ERH, ERZ < 1.0 km. Two main clusters were distinguished, while the depth distribution is concentrated between 2 and 11 km. Over 1000 fault plane solutions of aftershocks were constrained, the majority of which also correspond to N–S extension. No surface breaks were observed but the fault plane solution of the mainshock is in agreement with the tectonics of the area and with the focal mechanisms obtained by aftershocks. The hypocenter of the mainshock is located on the deep western edge of the fault plane. The relocated epicenter coincides with the fringe that represents the highest deformation observed on the differential interferometric image. The calculated source duration is 5 sec, while the estimated dimensions of the fault are 15 km length and 10 km width. The source process is characterized by unilateral eastward rupture propagation, towards the city of Athens. An evident stop phase observed in the recordings of the Cornet local stations is interpreted as a barrier caused by the Aegaleo Mountain.     

Observed correlations between aftershock spatial distribution and earthquake fault lengths

We observe the spatial distributions of the magnitude of aftershocks following the six earthquakes of focal depth shallower than 20 km with magnitude more than 5.0 from 1983 to 1987 in Japan. The upper limit of the aftershock magnitude is examined as a function of the distance from mainshock hypocentre. The observed spatial distributions of the upper limit are bimodal, with a tendency of the upper limit to decrease as the distance from mainshock hypocentre increases. Moreover, we observe the correlations between the aftershock spatial distribution and earthquake fault length. We focus on the largest aftershocks in each of two aftershock sequences constituting the bimodal distribution. The distances of the two largest aftershocks from the mainshock hypocentre are equal to the fault lengths of shallow earthquakes in Japan and to the maximum earthquake fault lengths.     

汶川8.0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征

2008年5月12日14时28分04秒,四川省汶川县发生M_S8.0大地震。发震断裂为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂带分布在北川-映秀断裂上的映秀-石坎子段和江油-灌县断裂上的磁峰-睢水段。平武县平通镇地表破裂现象典型,在T1和T2阶地上形成了地震断坎和裂缝。应用高精度GPSRTK技术对平通镇地震断坎及两侧作详细的地形测量,并测量了线性显著的路面中线和鱼塘西边壁。在室内生成高分辨率DEM与大比例尺地形剖面图,量取同震垂直与水平位移,并估算压缩缩短量和断层产状。结果显示汶川8.0级地震在平通镇形成的同震垂直位移为3.0±0.1m,右旋水平位移为4.0±0.2m,压缩缩短量为2.5m,断层产状为NE40°/NW∠50°。平通镇的同震右旋位移与本次地震的最大右旋位移相近,而逆冲垂直位移有所降低。     

Co-seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,Sichuan,China

There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts.and the other in the front of Longmen Mts.The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively.The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°-60°E in the ground,which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast.The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50°to 60°.The...     

Co‐seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,Sichuan, China

Abstract: There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts. and the other in the front of Longmen Mts. The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively. The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°–60°E in the ground, which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast. The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50° to 60°. The vertical offset of the co-seismic fault ranges 2.5–3.0 m along the Yingxiu-Beichuan co-seismic fault, and 1.5–1.1 m along the Doujiangyan-Hanwang fault. Movement of the co-seismic fault presents obvious segmented features along the active fault zone in central Longmen Mts. For instance, in the section from Yingxiu to Leigu town, thrust without evident slip occurred; while from Beichuan to Qingchuan, thrust and dextral strike-slip take place. Main movement along the front Longmen Mts. shows thrust without slip and segmented features. The area of earthquake intensity more than IX degree and the distribution of secondary geological hazards occurred along the hanging wall of co-seismic faults, and were consistent with the area of aftershock, and its width is less than 40km from co-seismic faults in the hanging wall. The secondary geological hazards, collapses, landslides, debris flows et al., concentrated in the hanging wall of co-seismic fault within 0–20 km from co-seismic fault.