页岩油气储层纵向多重非均质性及其对开发的影响

页岩油气作为烃源岩层系内自生自储的油气资源,其可开发性受页岩储层特征的控制明显。由于不同类型富有机质页岩形成环境的差异性,页岩油气储层在纵向上具有多重非均质性,包括岩性的纵向非均质性、储层物性的纵向非均质性、岩石力学参数的纵向非均质性、地应力的纵向非均质性以及含气性特征的纵向非均质性等,这造成了页岩油气储层的纵向非均质性明显强于横向非均质性,有机质丰度、孔隙度、渗透率、储层的可压裂性、地应力、含气性及吸游比等参数在纵向上的变化均较大,且直接影响了后期页岩油气开发方案的设计与实施。优质开发目的层段的选择首先要考虑单段页岩油气储层的连续厚度在30~50 m左右、有机碳含量均值达到2.0%以上、有效孔隙度大于2.0%、岩石泊松比小于0.25、脆性较大、最小主应力相对上下邻层较小、含气性较高的层段。页岩油气开发井型的选择,水平井段的部署,压裂分段的长短、射孔簇的设计等均要充分考虑这种非均质性的影响。     

威远五峰组—龙马溪组页岩岩相展布及对水平井产量的影响

通过对威远地区14口评价井或导眼井五峰组—龙马溪组地层开展系统的笔石生物地层、岩相地层、测井响应、地球化学、元素地球化学等特征分析,证实了威远地区五峰组—龙马溪组古隆起的发育,指出古隆起发育控制页岩的厚度及岩相展布,明确优质页岩展布受古隆起发育控制,并提出水平井井位优化部署建议。主要结论如下:1）从生物地层、岩性地层、电性特征、地层厚度等方面证实在Z4-Z1—WY1—W5—WX井一带存在（水下）古隆起;2）不同时期地层分布及岩相主要受古隆起发育控制,隆起区及周边地层厚度薄,黏土矿物或碳酸盐矿物含量高,坳陷区沉积厚度大,硅质矿物含量高;3）威远地区五峰组页岩沉积期物源多来自其西部或北部,鲁丹阶早期以生物成因石英为主,物源较少,鲁丹阶晚期物源可能来自川南的黔中古陆,不同的物源方向意味着沉积体系的变化;4）鲁丹阶早期（LM1~LM3）地层储层品质最优,产量高,其储层参数平面展布受隆起发育控制,拗陷区域储层品质最好。建议以鲁丹阶早期地层为目标靶体实施水平井,优先部署该层段厚度较大区域水平井,尽量避开隆起发育区。     

四川盆地涪陵地区龙马溪组含气页岩段上部气层平面非均质性特征及其发育主控因素

涪陵地区五峰组-龙马溪组底部发育一套富有机质页岩,依据页岩品质、含气性将该套页岩储层纵向上细分为9个小层,并明确下部(1)～(5)小层优质含气页岩段为主力开发层系.2017年,焦石坝区块针对龙马溪组一段上部中低品位页岩气层((6)～(9)小层)启动了分层开发调整工作并取得了较好成效,但是上部气层页岩品质及厚度在平面上具备较强的非均质性,影响了分层开发调整工作的正常推进.通过对海底古地貌、水动力条件等开展系统研究,明确了上部气层的平面非均质性特征及其发育主控因素.上部气层自涪陵地区南部和北部向中部梓里场-白涛地区由混合页岩相(粘土和陆源石英二元混合)转变为长英质页岩相(岩矿以陆源长英质为主)和粘土页岩相,页岩品质略有变差,中部梓里场-白涛地区的北缘和南缘(7)小层出现明显减薄,普遍缺失上半段;同时在部分井区缺失(7)～(9)小层,缺失区呈现北东向条带状展布.构造火山活动、海平面升降、海底古地貌、陆源供给及底流沉积作用共同控制了上部气层的平面非均质性展布特征.     

页岩微纳米孔隙结构分形特征研究

页岩气作为非常规气,是一种重要能源。页岩的孔隙结构特征是衡量与评价页岩储层存储能力与可压裂性的重要参数。选取威远海相页岩（1#）、龙马溪海相页岩（2#）、瑶曲凝灰岩（4#）以及瑶曲陆相页岩（5#,6#）,进行压汞实验、氮气吸附性实验以及核磁共振实验。利用分形理论,表征孔隙结构的非均质性,揭示分形维数和孔隙结构之间的关系。结果表明:孔隙在0.1~100 μm范围采用压汞实验,陆相页岩样品得到的分形维数要比海相页岩样品大;孔隙在2~200 nm范围采用氮气吸附实验,海相页岩的分形维数比陆相页岩大;相比之下,孔隙在10 nm~10 μm范围采用核磁共振实验得到的焦石坝海相页岩与陆相页岩的分形维数大小比较接近。尤其是本文统计的氮气吸附实验样本中,焦石坝海相页岩的分形维数最大,即焦石坝海相页岩的微孔结构最为发育,非均质性最强。因此分形维数可作为一种用于评价页岩孔隙非均质性与储存压裂效果的重要参数。     

鄂西黄陵隆起东缘鄂宜页2井五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气储层特征与含气性

鄂西地区五峰组-龙马溪组已成为中国南方页岩气勘探的热点领域。为深化该区页岩储层及含气性特征认识,本文以鄂宜页2井钻井及测试分析资料为基础,以笔石带为标尺,对五峰组-龙马溪组下部黑色富有机质页岩的岩石学特征、有机地化特征、储集空间类型及结构特征进行深入研究,分析总结了页岩储层含气性特征及影响因素,并对页岩储层开展了综合评价。结果表明：鄂宜页2井五峰组-龙马溪组下部黑色岩系缺失LM5-LM6笔石带,富有机质页岩上延至LM7笔石带,总厚度约16 m;岩性以硅质页岩夹少量硅质岩、混合质页岩和黏土质页岩为主,有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型,Ro为1.88%~2.03%,显示黑色页岩已过大量生气阶段;页岩储集空间主要为小于100 nm的有机质纳米孔、直径大于5 μm的微米孔和构造微裂缝,其中纳米孔占比超过50%,孔隙容积、比表面积与有机碳含量存在显著正相关性;现场解析总含气量为0.068~3.33 m³/t,平均1.13 m³/t,高含气量段集中于凯迪阶WF2-WF3与鲁丹阶LM2-LM4,含气量与TOC、脆性矿物含量之间具有明显的正相关性;根据TOC、含气性、脆性矿物含量以及页岩沉积环境等参数进行综合评价,Ⅰ类储层主要对应于凯迪阶WF2-WF3笔石带以及鲁丹阶LM2-LM4笔石带以深水环境下形成的硅质页岩和硅质岩层段,总厚度约9 m,是该区五峰-龙马溪组水平钻井的最佳甜点段。     

四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素——以焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组为例

利用钻井、地震及样品实验数据资料,首先对焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,然后探讨了四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素。研究认为:焦石坝地区五峰组—龙马溪组泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度较高、储集物性以及含气性好、以及良好保存条件和可压性等特点;四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素是富有机质泥页岩的发育程度、保存条件、天然裂缝的发育和泥页岩的可压裂性等,因为富有机质泥页岩的发育为页岩气的生成和储集提供了丰富的物质基础,良好的保存条件是页岩气富集的关键,天然裂缝和可压裂性是高产的重要保证。     

焦石坝地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩纹层发育特征及其储集意义

目前针对海相富有机质页岩纹层对储层品质的影响方面尚未开展深入研究.通过钻井岩心、薄片鉴定、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、核磁孔隙结构和扫描电镜矿物定量评价（QEMSCAN）等测试分析,将川东焦石坝地区五峰组-龙马溪组一段页岩纹层按矿物组分划分为硅质纹层、钙质纹层和粘土质纹层3类,并识别出水平纹层、杂积纹层、粒序纹层、侵蚀交错纹层和楔状交错纹层5类页岩纹层沉积构造.结合纹层发育密度和最大纹层厚度,划分出3个纹层发育段,每一段又细分为弱发育段和强发育段.综合纹层发育特征和页岩储层物性参数可知:纹层强发育段其总有机碳含量和有机质孔隙均相对减少,而无机质孔隙相对发育,纹层发育影响了页岩孔隙类型和孔径占比的分布.      

鄂西宜昌斜坡带五峰组—龙马溪组页岩优势岩相及其生气潜力

【研究目的】不同页岩岩相的矿物组分、含气性和可压性等的差异,决定不同岩相的开发潜力不同,页岩岩相的划分及评价对找寻页岩气勘探开发甜点具有重要指导意义。【研究方法】基于钻井、岩心和分析测试资料,综合利用地质理论结合硅质矿物-黏土矿物-碳酸盐矿物含量三端元图解,对鄂西宜昌斜坡带上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组下段含气页岩岩相进行划分,结合有机碳含量、含气量、岩心镜下特征等划分优势岩相。优选有机质丰度、硅质矿物含量、黏土矿物含量3项指标与页岩含气量进行相关性分析,建立了五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准。【研究结果】研究区优势岩相均为II类优势岩相,II₁类（最优）优势岩相为S-2混合硅质页岩相和S-3含黏土硅质页岩相,位于龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组上段,厚6 m;II₂类（次优）优势岩相为S硅质页岩相,位于五峰组下段,厚4 m。【结论】宜昌斜坡带和涪陵地区具有相似的岩相垂向演化序列,优势岩相均位于五峰组—龙马溪组一亚段,但同一岩相组合的页岩厚度和品质差异较大,发生在鲁丹阶早期的湘鄂西水下隆起和鲁丹阶晚期的水下隆起是造成宜昌地区优势岩相的厚度和品质均要差于涪陵地区的主要原因。创新点：建立五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准,提出龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组是优势岩相发育层位。     

煤系页岩气储层非均质性研究——以宁武盆地太原组和山西组为例

储层非均质性是影响煤系页岩气勘探开发的主要瓶颈之一。以宁武盆地太原组和山西组泥页岩为研究对象,通过钻孔资料、TOC、XRD、扫描电镜、压汞及低温液氮测试,划分泥页岩发育层段,分析煤系页岩TOC、矿物成分、孔隙度、孔容、比表面积参数宏观非均质性及孔隙结构非均质性,探讨宏观—微观非均质性影响因素。研究表明:太原组和山西组泥页岩平均厚度分别为32.77m和67.68m,可划分为5个层段和4种暗色泥页岩类型,黑色页岩具有TOC、孔隙度、水敏性中等,脆性高特点,是最利于开发的优质储层段;微孔主要受黏土矿物含量影响,呈现出正相关关系,在黏土矿物含量较低时,微孔与TOC呈现正相关;煤系泥页岩宏观非均质性主要受沉积和构造影响,微观非均质性受成岩演化影响。研究成果可为优选煤系页岩气优质储层段和压裂工艺提供可靠依据。     

优化BP神经网络在川西上三叠统陆相页岩含气性预测中的应用

含气性评价是页岩储层优选及甜点区优选的关键,但页岩储层在纵向上具有强非均质性及含气性差异,常规含气性评价方法预测效果较差。为了克服该问题,本文引入LM算法,利用优化BP神经网络模型对川西上三叠统陆相页岩储层含气性进行测井评价。研究结果表明,TOC含量、粘土矿物含量、岩石密度、有效孔隙度、气相渗透率及含气饱和度6个测井参数对页岩储层总含气量的影响程度最大。优选这6个测井参数作为输入层样本,进行LM-BP神经网络训练。页岩储层总含气量预测结果的相对误差分布在0.1%~15%,平均相对误差为5.52%,误差较小,表明该方法的有效性。     

非常规源岩层系油气形成分布与前景展望

经过十余年理论技术持续攻关,中国陆上实现了致密砂岩气规模发展、页岩气快速发展、煤层气持续发展、致密油稳步发展和页岩油加快探索,源岩层系油气已成为中国非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分.源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气2种资源类型,普遍具备有效配置的烃源岩、储集层和聚集保存3个方面基础地质形成条件,展现出源内或近源大面积连续分布标志特征,海相页岩气主要分布于深水陆棚区,致密砂岩气和煤层气一般分布于主要聚煤期煤系,页岩层系石油一般主要发育于长期持续沉降的富油湖盆.源岩层系油气开发追求“平面甜点区”“纵向甜点段”较好经济资源条件,页岩气需含气量高、孔隙度高、TOC含量高、热演化程度适中、气层埋藏适中、保存条件好、储层可压性好、储量规模大,致密砂岩气需全天候气源、中粗粒砂岩、含气层系多、大面积聚集、稳定斜坡区、中浅层埋藏,致密油甜点区段一般具有烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性“六特性”经济资源条件.中国非常规源岩层系油气资源丰富,源岩层系天然气是天然气上产的“主力”,源岩层系石油是石油稳产的“砝码”,实现地下原位“煤岩燃烧气化、页岩熟化气化”“2个革命性领域”突破是推进源岩层系油气领域“跨越式”发展的关键路径.      

滇黔北昭通示范区龙马溪组页岩气资源潜力评价

研究区位于滇黔北坳陷威信凹陷的中西部区域——川南低陡褶皱带南缘带,本文利用钻井、野外露头、区域地质等资料,对研究区龙马溪组页岩气基本地质特征进行了分析,并采用体积法对页岩气资源量进行了评价。研究成果表明,区内龙马溪组下段暗色页岩有机质含量及成熟度较高,有机质类型偏腐泥型;岩石脆性矿物含量高,物性一般,总含气量中等,总体与长宁、威远等邻区同层位产气页岩较为相似,并与北美主要产气页岩具有一定可比性。初步估算研究区龙马溪组页岩气资源量24871.8×10~8m~3,展现出良好的勘探前景,但受储层发育、保存条件等影响,页岩气资源分布严重不均,纵向上质量较好的页岩气资源主要集中在龙马溪组底部第1小层,平面上主要分布于研究区北部的川南低陡褶皱带内,该区内保存条件好的宽缓复向斜带和箱状背斜构造带是下步勘探的有利区。     

Geological Factors Controlling the Accumulation and High Yield of Marine-Facies Shale Gas: Case Study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan Area of Southeast Sichuan,China

The main geological factors controlling the accumulation and yield of marine-facies shale gas reservoirs are the focus of the current shale gas exploration and development research. In this study, the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan area of southeast Sichuan was investigated. Shale cores underwent laboratory testing, which included the evaluation of total organic carbon(TOC), vitrinite reflectance(Ro), whole-rock X-ray diffraction(XRD), pore permeability,and imaging through field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Based on the results of natural gamma ray spectrum logging, conventional logging, imaging logging, and seismic coherence properties, the exploration and development potential of shale gas in the Dingshan area have been discussed comprehensively. The results showed that(1)layer No. 4(WF2-LM4) of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation has a Th/U ratio 2 and a Th/K ratio of 3.5–12. Graptolites and pyrite are relatively abundant in the shale core, indicating sub-high-energy and low-energy marine-facies anoxic reducing environments.(2) The organic matter is mainly I-type kerogen with a small amount of II1-type kerogen. There is a good correlation among TOC, Ro, gas content, and brittle minerals; the fracturing property(brittleness) is 57.3%. Organic and inorganic pores are moderately developed. A higher pressure coefficient is correlated with the increase in porosity and the decrease in permeability.(3) The DY1 well of the shale gas reservoir was affected by natural defects and important latestage double destructive effects, and it is poorly preserved. The DY2 well is located far from the Qiyueshan Fault. Large faults are absent, and upward fractures in the Longmaxi Formation are poorly developed. The well is affected by low tectonic deformation intensity, and it is well preserved.(4) The Dingshan area is located at the junction of the two sedimentary centers of Jiaoshiba and Changning. The thickness of the high-quality shale interval(WF2-LM4) is relatively small, which may be an important reason for the unstable production of shale gas thus far. Based on the systematic analysis of the geological factors controlling high-yield shale gas enrichment in the Dingshan area, and the comparative analysis with the surrounding typical exploration areas, the geological understanding of marine shale gas enrichment in southern China has been improved. Therefore, this study can provide a useful reference for shale gas exploration and further development.     

Reservoir Characteristics and Preservation Conditions of Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze Block, South China

The Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze block represents one of the most important shale gas plays in China. The shale composition, porosity, organic thermal maturity, and methane sorption were investigated at the Qilongcun section in the Dingshan area, southeastern Sichuan Basin. The results show that the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale contains: (1) sapropelic I organic matter; (2) a 40-m thick bedded sequence where total organic carbon (TOC) content is > 2%; (3) a 30-m thick layer at the base of the Longmaxi Shale with a brittle mineral content higher than 50%; and (4) a mean methane adsorption capacity of 1.80 cm3/g (7 MPa pressure). A positive correlation between TOC and sorbed gas indicates that organic matter content exerts an important control on methane storage capacity. Based on the analysis of the shale reservoir characteristics, the lower member of the Longmaxi Shale can thus be considered a favorable stratum for shale gas exploration and exploitation. It has similar reservoir characteristics with the Longmaxi Shale in the Jiaoshiba area tested with a high-yield industrial gas flow. However, based on tectonic analysis, differences in the level of industrial gas flow between the low-yield study area and the high-yield Jiaoshiba area may result from different tectonic preservation conditions. Evidence from these studies indicates the shale gas potential of the Longmaxi Shale is constrained by the reservoir and preservation conditions.     

Geological Features and Reservoiring Mode of Shale Gas Reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba Area

Abstract: This study is based on the sedimentation conditions, organic geochemistry, storage spaces, physical properties, lithology and gas content of the shale gas reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba area and the gas accumulation mode is summarized and then compared with that in northern America. The shale gas reservoirs in the Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba have good geological conditions, great thickness of quality shales, high organic content, high gas content, good physical properties, suitable depth, good preservation conditions and good reservoir types. The quality shales at the bottom of the deep shelf are the main target interval for shale gas exploration and development. Shale gas in the Longmaxi Formation has undergone three main reservoiring stages: the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and compaction when shale gas reservoirs were first formed; the middle stage of deep burial and large-scale hydrocarbon generation, which caused the enrichment of reservoirs with shale gas; the late stage of uplift, erosion and fracture development when shale gas reservoirs were finally formed.     

阿尔金山前下—中侏罗统页岩气成藏地质条件分析

阿尔金山前侏罗系出露大套厚层的暗色泥页岩,生烃潜力优越,具备陆相页岩气形成条件,是有利的勘探接替区。通过野外地质调查、样品采集和测试分析,研究下—中侏罗统泥页岩的沉积展布、有机地球化学特征及储集性能,并探讨了该区页岩气的勘探潜力。研究表明: 富有机质泥页岩主要处于滨浅湖—半深湖相、沼泽相沉积环境中,其在平面上呈NE向展布,单层厚度和累计厚度均较大; 泥页岩的有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₁、Ⅱ₂型干酪根; TOC含量为0.55%~10%,平均为2.28%; 镜质体反射率(R_o)为1.0%~1.6%,平均为1.269%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段,为页岩气藏形成提供良好的生烃条件; 其矿物特征表现为脆性矿物含量高,大于51%,有利于后期的水力压裂改造和页岩气开采; 通过扫描电镜观察,泥页岩储层发育微孔隙及微裂缝,为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间和运移通道。初步预测,后期改造相对较弱的月牙山地区为页岩气勘探的有利目标区。     

阿尔金山前下—中侏罗统页岩气成藏地质条件分析

阿尔金山前侏罗系出露大套厚层的暗色泥页岩,生烃潜力优越,具备陆相页岩气形成条件,是有利的勘探接替区。通过野外地质调查、样品采集和测试分析,研究下—中侏罗统泥页岩的沉积展布、有机地球化学特征及储集性能,并探讨了该区页岩气的勘探潜力。研究表明: 富有机质泥页岩主要处于滨浅湖—半深湖相、沼泽相沉积环境中,其在平面上呈NE向展布,单层厚度和累计厚度均较大; 泥页岩的有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₁、Ⅱ₂型干酪根; TOC含量为0.55%~10%,平均为2.28%; 镜质体反射率(R_o)为1.0%~1.6%,平均为1.269%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段,为页岩气藏形成提供良好的生烃条件; 其矿物特征表现为脆性矿物含量高,大于51%,有利于后期的水力压裂改造和页岩气开采; 通过扫描电镜观察,泥页岩储层发育微孔隙及微裂缝,为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间和运移通道。初步预测,后期改造相对较弱的月牙山地区为页岩气勘探的有利目标区。