中国煤中砷的含量分布、赋存状态、富集及环境意义

砷是煤中有害微量元素之一,在煤加工利用过程中,砷会以各种形式释放出来,进入环境。本文在全面分析现有资料和文献的基础上,结合作者对中国煤中砷的研究成果,分析了中国煤中砷的含量与分布、赋存状态、富集因素以及环境意义。通过研究和分析可知,中国煤中砷的平均值约为5μg/g,但在不同地区、不同时代以及不同类型的煤中有较大的差异,除中国西南地区含量异常高外,一般含量均在10μg/g以内;煤中砷的赋存状态多种多样,主要以无机态的硫化物结合为主,并常与黄铁矿等矿物伴生,也存在有机态结合的砷;中国煤中砷的来源和富集主要是以陆源母岩、成煤植物、沉积环境和构造裂隙—热液作用等为主的多种因素综合控制的结果;在煤燃烧过程中,煤中的砷释放出来,并对长期生活在燃煤地区的环境和人体产生影响。本文还提出今后煤中砷研究的主要方向,以为煤中砷的研究提供参考资料。     

山西沁水煤田首阳山矿15#煤的稀土元素分布规律、赋存状态及其对成煤环境的指示

文章以沁水煤田长治首阳山矿15号煤为研究对象,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等方法对煤中的稀土元素进行测试和分析。探讨了15号煤中稀土元素的富集机理、配分模式、赋存状态以及成煤环境等地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)研究区煤层中的稀土元素含量均值为49.28μg/g,整体含量较低;(2) 15~#煤(除SYS15-2外)和夹矸中稀土元素均为轻稀土富集型(LREY),并且夹矸中轻稀土富集更加明显;(3)稀土元素主要赋存在黏土矿物中;(4)成煤环境整体上以弱还原环境为主,稀土元素物质来源主要为陆源碎屑。     

中国煤中镓的地球化学特征研究

<正>煤中稀有金属元素的研究,是当今煤地质学研究的重要内容之一。在前人研究的基础上,结合全国煤炭资源潜力评价的最新研究成果,系统综述了我国煤中镓的丰度、分布、赋存状态及其富集成因。研究发现:我国煤中镓的储量加权均值为6.62μg/g,略高于美国和世界煤中镓的平均含量。不同煤田中镓的分布差异较大,总体分为煤层顶底富集分布和煤层全层富集分布;就成煤时代而言,煤中镓含量随成煤时代的由老变新有降低趋势,石炭-二叠纪煤中镓含量最高,晚侏罗-早白垩世最低,煤中镓含量随煤级升高而     

中国煤中硒的环境地球化学

硒是煤中易挥发元素之一。伴随煤炭的开采、利用,煤中硒可能进入环境并引起环境质量的变化,影响生态环境和人体健康。本文在全面综合国内外研究文献的基础上,分析了中国煤中硒在不同省份、不同成煤时代中的含量及分布规律,总结了硒在煤中的赋存状态、形成机理和影响因素,概括了煤在燃烧和淋溶过程中硒的迁移转化及其环境影响,指出中国煤中硒的含量在不同煤田、不同成煤时代及不同变质程度的煤中,含量差别较大,全国平均值约为5.60 mg/kg。     

黔西晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤地球化学变异的地质成因

运用仪器中子活化分析(INAA)、电离耦合等离子体质谱(ICP—MS)、电离耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP—AES)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、冷原子吸收光谱(CVAAS)、离子选择性电极法(ISE)、逐级化学提取试验(SCEE)等,结合带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEMEDX)和MPV—Ⅲ显微镜下观察的煤岩学特征的分析,对贵州晴隆矿区上二叠统含煤岩系8号煤层中微量元素的含量和赋存特征及其影响因素进行了研究。发现该煤层中Cu(263.4μg／g)、Cr(154．2μg／g)、Hg(0．86／μg／g)、Mo(82．47μg／g)、Ni(63．3μg／g)、Pb(200．4／μg／g)、Se(4．25／μg／g)、U(154．8／μg／g)、Zn(214．6／μg／g)和Zr(754．3μg／g)等元素异常富集;而As和F的含量不高,其含量分别为1．58／μg／g和83．4μg／g。逐级化学提取结果显示,该煤层中Hg、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se和Zn元素主要赋存在低温热液成因的黄铁矿脉中;Cr、U和Zr主要存在于粘土矿物中,其中Cr和Zr可能与康滇古陆陆源碎屑供给有关;Cu不仅与粘土矿物有关,而且也和煤中黄铁矿有关。表明低温热液流体和陆源碎屑供给对该煤中主要微量有害元素的含量和赋存特征起了决定作用。     

渭北煤田下峪口矿二叠纪煤中稀土元素地球化学研究

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP MS）对渭北煤田韩城下峪口矿二叠纪主采煤层及其顶底板中的稀土元素进行了测定。在此基础上,全面分析了稀土元素的含量特征和分布模式,探讨渭北煤田二叠纪煤中稀土元素的主要来源及赋存状态。结果表明：与华北和中国煤均值相比,本区煤层中稀土元素相对不富集,∑REY平均含量为87.70 μg/g;剖面上,2号煤中稀土含量稍高于3号煤,3号煤层中自上而下,稀土元素含量呈降低的趋势,在顶底板中出现富集。研究区煤层中轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素明显富集,Ce呈微弱正异常,成煤沼泽受海水的影响程度较小。Eu明显负异常,且∑REY含量与CaO含量呈负相关关系,说明当时的成煤环境为酸性还原环境。煤层与其顶底板样品中稀土元素分布模式相似,成煤期间物质来源基本一致,陆源物质供应相对稳定。煤中稀土元素含量与灰分呈不太显著的正相关关系（R=0.216）,表明煤中稀土元素可能以无机态和有机吸附态共存。     

瓦斯地质讲座 第二讲 瓦斯的成因

瓦斯只是原始煤成气在煤层中保存下来的一部分,而大部分都以煤出气的形式逸散了。 瓦斯是伴随着煤的形成而生成的,在成煤作用的全过程中自始至终都产生瓦斯。因此,瓦斯的原始含量与成煤物质、成煤环境、煤的变质程度、煤层和围岩的性质等均有关。又因后期地质构造是决定瓦斯运移和保存的重要因素,所以瓦斯的最终赋存又必然与地质构造密切相关。      

豫西裴沟矿二叠系构造煤中稀土元素分布与赋存特征

煤中稀土元素(REE)可以提供丰富的沉积环境与物源信息,同时也是潜在的稀土元素矿产资源。运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱方法(XRF)和X射线衍射方法(XRD),对豫西裴沟矿二_1煤层中稀土元素含量、分布与赋存特征进行了研究。结果表明,该煤层(50)REE含量范围为22.15~278.45μg/g,平均为90.68μg/g;稀土元素的赋存与无机组分相关,与黏土矿物特别是高岭石关系最为密切;稀土元素在不同分层样品中的含量差异显著,成煤后剧烈的构造运动和煤体变形对稀土元素的含量与分布没有明显影响;部分煤分层中稀土元素的含量已经达到工业开采品位,具有潜在的开发利用前景。     

煤中稀土元素研究综述

研究煤中的稀土元素具有重要的的理论价值与应用价值。煤中稀土元素主要来源于陆源碎屑,成煤期火山灰沉降及成煤后热液流体的影响,都可能造成煤中稀土元素含量变高。稀土元素在煤中的赋存状态复杂,因各自的形成环境不同而不同。煤中稀土元素的含量主要受控于陆源碎屑的供给,并且还受成煤过程中的微环境和古地理条件的影响。侵入煤层的岩浆只有温度足够高才可以改变煤中稀土元素的分布模式,煤的变质作用对稀土元素的含量和迁移规律几乎没有影响。利用煤中稀土元素的地球化学特征可以识别成煤环境。     

黔西地方流行病——氟中毒起因新解

国内外闻名的黔西地方流行病氟中毒常常归因于黔西晚二叠世煤中高含量的氟以及不科学的燃煤方式。通过对黔西50个煤层刻槽样品的研究发现，黔西晚二叠世煤中氟的含量范围为16．6～500μg／g，算术均值为83．1μg／g，接近于中国大部分煤中氟的含量(82μg／g)和美国煤中氟的平均含量(98μg／g)。当地饮用水和新鲜的玉米中氟的含量亦很低，不足以导致氟中毒。然而，当地居民把粘土作为煤燃烧的添加剂和制作煤球的粘合剂，这种粘土中的氟含量很高，为100．8-2455．7μg／g，均值为1027．6μg／g，它是造成黔西地方流行病氟中毒的根本原因。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.