古植代陆地维管植物的多样演化和绝灭

本文描述了石炭－二叠纪陆地维管植物在物种，生态和遗传方面的多样性，并根据古生代末这些植物在时空上的演化过程和数量统计数字，确认二叠－三叠纪集群绝灭事件同样在植物中存在，进而还探讨了植物集群绝灭事件发生的原因，笔者认为其直接外部原因，可能是局部地质事件（如：构造活动，火山爆发）引起热带雨林大面积消失，使气候变干埋所致。又根据当今对化石植物生殖生物学的研究结果，认为当时大部分植物（即古植代植物）的生殖     

贺兰山北段晚石炭世和早二叠世植物群古生态研究

对贺兰山北段呼鲁斯太和沙巴台地区晚石炭世和早二叠世植物化石进行了研究，共鉴定植物化石２０属４０种，讨论了植物群的性质和时代。在研究植物群特征基础上，分析了植物化石埋藏类型，论证了植物群的古生态特征，划分了５个植物群落：（１）Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｅ群落；（２）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂｒｈｏｍｂｉｃｕｍ群落；（３）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｚｅｉａｎｕｍ群落；（４）Ｔａｅ－ｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｍｕｃｒｏｎａｔａ群落；（５）Ｐｅｃｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ群落。这５个植物群落的时代分别相当于晚石炭世早期、晚石炭世中期、晚石炭世晚期、早二叠世早期和早二叠世晚期。石松类植物在晚石炭世沼泽环境最为丰富，以华夏植物区大量的特有种为特征。而蕨类植物和种子蕨类植物在早二叠世的泥炭沼泽和泛滥平原环境占优势。这些植物群落在晚石炭世和早二叠世广泛分布在不同演化阶段的泥炭沼泽和碎屑低地环境，指示温暖潮湿的气候条件。     

新疆阿克苏沙井子四石厂早二叠世欧美型植物的新资料

阿克苏早二叠世植物化石,早在40年代诺林(1941)曾作过报道.1975年后作者曾多次去该区沙井子四石厂等地作过调研,经与西欧大量的标本仔细核对,认为四石厂地区植物化石兼具欧美式和华夏式植物群特点,其形态变异超出了国内常见同类植物化石的范围,是完全不同的新资料.文中着重对该区植物群面貌作了较详细地描述和讨论,并指出在地层对比和板块研究中将发挥应有的作用.     

北京十三陵雾迷山组微体植物群落

作者研究了北京十三陵雾迷山组微体植物化石,认为这些微体植物均具各自不同的生活习性以适应不同的微环境,构成不同的生物群落,包括藻席群落和非藻席群落。两种群落的份子保存为化石时有时相互混合,共同构成一个微化石组合。识别和区分同一组合不同群落份子对恢复其生活环境有着重要意义。     

试论宏体植物的早期演化

概述了地史早期宏体植物化石的记录。从细胞群体到组织-器官构造有大约11 亿年的漫长进化史。蓝田植物群和庙河生物群标志着震旦晚期(大约7-5.4 亿年间)发生了宏体植物演化史上的一次大辐射,非矿化、弱矿化、和矿化的高级藻类出现。寒武纪发生了另一次辐射。非矿化藻类是最有发展前途的类群,可能直接导致了维管植物的出现。     

陆生植物在二叠纪—三叠纪界线存在集群灭绝吗？

二叠纪—三叠纪界线（PTB）集群绝灭是显生宙以来海洋生物界发生的规模最大的一次灾变事件,但陆生植物在PTB是否存在集群绝灭却颇有争议。这个争议主要归咎于如何定义陆生植物的集群绝灭。通过考虑集群绝灭定义的4个基本特点（即量值、广度、幅度和时续）,本文简要评述了陆生植物穿过PTB的多样性变化,认为它与海洋动物在二叠纪末的多样性变化可能是互相耦合的,这暗示着海洋和陆地生态系统在PTB都遭受了剧烈的扰动。陆生植物穿过PTB发生了全球性的古植代—中植代交替,经历了大的群落重组和新种的演化,这个过程持续了约25Ma。基于孢粉学资料,晚二叠世—早三叠世植物群的演变具有明显的连续性,陆生植物在PTB没有突然发生大规模的绝灭事件。在不同的植物地理区、气候带和保存条件下,陆生植物穿过PTB的多样性变化具有明显的选择性,总体上都显示了危机—残存—复苏的演化式样。基于化石数据库,冈瓦纳植物区和华夏植物区陆生植物属的多样性在PTB显著衰减;而安加拉植物区和欧美植物区,属的多样性在PTB稍许增加。陆生植物中存在的一次高绝灭率事件（中三叠世安尼期）稍微滞后于海洋无脊椎动物和陆生四足动物在PTB同时发生的集群绝灭,这暗示着陆生植物与动物界发生集群绝灭的根本原因及其响应方式可能不尽相同。作为宏体自养型初级生产者的陆生植物拥有更加多样化的地方特有性分子、生存对策和生境,在PTB可能对灾变事件具有更强的缓冲能力和生存能力。因此,笔者等建议在分析全球陆生植物多样性变化式样时,应该综合考虑植物区、气候带、化石采样和保存偏差因素以及大化石和微体化石的相互补充和印证,而基于有限的资料（例如来自一个植物地理区、一个或少数的产地和植物分类群（或分类等级）以及单凭植物大化石的研究）来论证陆生植物在PTB存在集群绝灭极有可能是不可靠的。笔者等倾向于认为陆生植物在PTB不存在全球性的、突然的、多种分类单元的集群绝灭。     

关于鲁西侏罗纪一白垩纪岩石地层单位使用之我见

在中生代山东分为鲁东、鲁西、华北平原三个地层分区。鲁西地层分区在不同时期、不同研究者建立和使用了许多不同的岩石地层单位，使用比较混乱。本文对相关的岩石地层单位进行了讨论，提出了新的划分方案。侏罗系建议使用淄博群，划分为中、下侏罗统的坊子组和中、上侏罗统的三台组；白垩系建议使用下白垩统蒙阴组和西洼组；上白垩统固城组。其中固城组的时代根据所产化石由原来归为古新统而改为上白垩统。同时建议，废除“汶南（亚）组”和“分水岭（亚）组”，并且在鲁西地层分区不使用鲁东地层分区的“杨家庄组”、“曲格庄组”、“八亩地组”等岩石地层单位。     

宁夏及邻区石炭纪植物群

本文对宁夏及邻区石炭纪植物化石进行了系统研究，共鉴定植物化石２４属６２种，讨论了植物群的特征，划分了４个植物组合，即（１）Ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍｓｐｅｔｓｂｅｒｇｅｎｓｅ－Ａｒｃｈａｅｏｃａｌａｍｉｔｅｓｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ组合；（２）Ｍｅｓｏｃａｌｕｍｉｔｅｓｃｉｓｔｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｐｅｃｏｐｔｅｒｉｓａｓｐｅｒａ组合；（３）Ｃｏｎｃｈｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｒｉｃｈｔｈｏｆｅｎｉｉ－Ｐａｒｉｐｔｅｒｉｓｋａｉｐｉｎｇｉａｎａ组台；（４）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｐｏｓｔｈｕｍｉｉ－Ｎｅｕｒｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｏｖａｔａ组合．这４个植物组合的地质时代大致与西欧的杜内期－维宪期、纳缪尔期、维斯发期和斯蒂芬期相当，其代表岩组分别为前黑山组－臭牛沟组、靖远组、羊虎沟组和太原组．     

植物化石角质层分析实验技术总结及探索

植物化石角质层的微细构造特征是植物化石重要的鉴定和分类依据之一,同时也是获取地质历史时期气候信息的重要途径之一。对保存有角质层的植物化石,如何更好的获取角质层特征,选择合适的实验技术尤为重要。本文采用三种不同的实验方法,即王水+次氯酸钠浸解法,次氯酸钠浸解法以及硝酸浸解法,对地质时期植物化石角质层的获取方法进行了探索性实验研究。实验结果表明,对于砂质泥岩中的植物化石适合用王水+次氯酸钠浸解法进行处理;含煤层或者聚煤期泥岩中的植物化石适合用次氯酸钠浸解法进行处理;灰白色泥岩或者含有硅藻土泥岩中的植物化石适合用硝酸浸解法进行处理。本文采用的三种角质层浸解法在角质层研究方面可根据化石材料的具体情况进行选择,也可同时进行三种方法的尝试进而获得最佳实验效果。该研究总结了不同地质时期植物化石角质层对三种实验方法的反应,为研究植物化石的角质层特征提供更加有效的实验途径。     

内蒙古固阳茜连脑包一带早白垩世植物及其埋藏学研究

内蒙古中部早白垩世地层发育,含植物化石较好,但经系统描述和报道的材料并不多。对固阳城西茜连脑包一带下白垩统的植物化石进行了系统采集,化石采自固阳组灰黑色泥岩以及灰绿色、黄绿色粉砂质泥岩中。在对植物化石进行系统鉴定及描述的基础上,探讨了化石植物的埋藏环境。其中保存于灰黑色泥岩中的植物化石形态较为完整,且泥岩指示弱水动力条件,因而这些化石可能为近原地埋藏;而保存于粉砂质泥岩中的化石保存较为破碎,且粉砂质泥岩表示水动力较强的环境,故这些化石可能经过水流搬运,为异地埋藏。通过以上化石的保存状态及岩性特征,可知茜连脑包一带早白垩世固阳组化石埋藏类型为近原地埋藏和异地埋藏两种,且植物化石指示较温暖湿润的古气候环境。     

Paleobotanical analysis of materials from fossil gopher burrows and upper pleistocene host deposits, the Kolyma River lower reaches

The comparative analysis of palynomorphs and plant megafossils (fruits, seeds, twigs, leaves) in the Upper Pleistocene host sediments and materials filling in fossil burrows of gophers, their coprolites included, at the Duvannyi Yar, Stanchikovskii Yar and Zelenyi Mys sites of the Kolyma Lowland is carried out. Genera Salix, Lychnis, Silene, Draba, Potentilla, Larix, and families Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Cyperaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae are determined among palynological remains and megafossils. Factors responsible for qualitative and quantitative differences in taxonomic compositions of palynological and megafossil assemblages are biological peculiarities of plants, different character of fossilization of palynomorphs and large plant remains, geographic conditions, different genesis of assemblages (allochthonous for microfossils and autochthonous for megafossils), and inadequately known morphology of certain spore and pollen taxa. The comprehensive paleobotanical analysis leads to the conclusion that the study region was occupied in the Late Pleistocene by plant communities of humid to somewhat dryer tundra with separate areas of pioneering and steppe vegetation.     

Sequences of Holocene forest history in the Scandes, inferred from megafossil Pinus sylvestris

Kullman, Leif 1987 03 01: Sequences of Holocene forest history in the Scandes, inferred from megafossil Pinus sylvestris. Boreas , Vol. 16, pp. 21–26. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
Altogether 54 ¹⁴C-datings of megafossil Pinus sylvestris L. from above the present tree-limit in the southern Swedish Scandes were evaluated. The samples were discussed in relation to the present-day tree-limit of pine. Pine reached almost 200 m higher than at present shortly after deglaciation and remained at very high altitudes until at least 4,000–3,500 ¹⁴C years B.P. The conclusion was that the precise biological and climatological interpretation of these regionally sampled data is still obscure. It is impossible to judge whether clusters of megafossil pine represent periods relatively favourable for pine growth and reproduction or merely periods advantageous for production of dead wood and its long-term preservation. In terms of climate, these alternatives reasonably implicate widely different conditions.     

Experimental evidence for eukaryotic fossil preservation: Onion skin cells in silica solution

Research on the origin of eukaryotes often focuses on the exceptional preservation found in silicified Precambrian fossils. Nuclei like subcellular structures in well-preserved fossil becomes confusion and arguments, which focus on whether the partial degradation of prokaryotes produces artifacts that resemble a ‘nucleus’, or fossilized nuclei of eukaryotes. In order to understand the mechanisms of silicification and identify the fossilized subcellular and microstructures in rocks, a series of laboratory controlled experiments were performed for simulating the silicification process. The effects of different silica solutions in eukaryote fossilization were studied in our experiments by exposing onion skin cells (epidermis) to silica solutions. Onion skin provides a good experimental model because of its well characterized cellular structures which are easily observed. The designed experiments revealed that the possibility of onion cell preserved as a “fossil” with nuclear structures, the first week fossilization, or mineralization as rapid as 1 week is important. And the experiment also revealed interactions between silica and the onion skin cell wall surface functional groups were weak. The preservation of nuclei in the onion skin model was due to precipitation in highly supersaturated silica solutions rather than simply the high silica concentration. When the silica gel precipitates slowly at low supersaturation states, the nuclei were not well preserved, but the rapid precipitation at high supersaturated silica conditions preserved nuclear structures. A better understanding of the processes involved in onion skin fossilization will further contribute to issues concerning the silicification of other eukaryotic materials.     

实验埋葬学及其研究进展

实验埋葬学是涉及地质学、生物学、化学、物理学等学科的一门交叉渗透性研究科学。它是在实验条件下研究生物或生物残体由生物圈转变到岩石圈的一系列变化过程及其与环境因素之间的相互作用关系。通过对环境因素的控制,研究各生物类别和组织类型的保存潜力及可能的保存状态,以及各环境因素在化石形成过程中的作用和结果。近年来的实验研究已为解决软躯体化石库的成因、早期核生物的鉴定、牙形动物和伊迪卡拉生物群的属性等一系列古生物学上的难题提供了新的思路。     

Land use history of Jebel Marra,Sudan, as related to the present distribution of woody vegetation

This study attempts to relate vegetation distribution to land use history in Jebel Marra, the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. There are evidences that most,if not all, of the woody vegetation communities in Jebel Marra have been derived from some more complex types by continuous disturbance ssince antiquity. Here past and contemporary land use types are described and associated to woody plants distribution. Empirical stratified sampling methods of plant geographers and ecologists are applied to both natural and artificial systems. Frequencies, densities and diversities for all woody plant communities are estimated by standard ecological indices. It was found that throughout known history woody plant communities were subjected to different degrees of suppression. Thus, the present distribution of the woody plant communities reflects the different stages as well as modes of suppression. Drastic population movements and the resulting changes in land use types since antiquity, seem to be the chief explanation behind the variations in modes of suppression.     

Chemical characterization of Lower Devonian vascular plants

Vegetative remains of three coalified Lower Devonian vascular plants (Zosterophyllum, Psilophyton, Renalia) were analyzed using flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The distributions of pyrolysis products are compared with those from younger vascular plant fossil xylem (Cordaixylon, Callixylon) and cuticle (Pachypteris). The likelihood of the chemical preservation of characteristic higher plant macromolecules (e.g., lignin and cutan) in the Lower Devonian plant fossils is considered in light of this comparison and associated thermal maturity assessments. Reflectance values from vitrinite-like macerals, which may not be vitrinite sensu stricto in the Lower Devonian host rocks for the fossils selected for this study, are shown to provide a reasonable assessment of the thermal maturity of these early vascular plant fossils. Although lignin altered through burial maturation is the most likely source of the prominent alkylphenols and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Lower Devonian tracheophyte flash pyrolysates, a contribution from thermally modified tannins cannot be ruled out. Comparison of the highly aliphatic pyrolysates from the Zosterophyllum and Psilophyton axes with that of a thermally mature fossil gymnosperm leaf revealed that cutan was an important component in the Devonian plant remains. This is the earliest chemical evidence for the presence of cutan in vascular plants.     

麻黄属的起源时间讨论

利用分子钟对麻黄属起源时间的估测和基于带有生殖特征的大化石标定的最小起源时间有很大的差距,分子钟估测麻黄属起源于古近纪的渐新世,而大化石则标定麻黄属起源不晚于早白垩世巴列姆期.麻黄属化石和分子钟结果之间的冲突至少有三种不同的解释:即古近纪瓶颈、古老支系缓慢绝灭和频繁的基因交流减缓了分子进化速率.本文的分析表明古老支系缓...     

The First Observation on Plant Cell Fossils in China

For a long time, paleontologists have been focusing on hard parts of organisms during different geological periods while soft parts are rarely reported. Well-preserved plant cells, if found in fossils, are treated only as a rarity. Recent prowess in research on fossil cytoplasm indicates that plant cytoplasm not only has excellent ultrastructures preserved but also may be a quite commonly seen fossil in strata. However, up to now there is no report of plant cell fossils in China yet. Here plant cell fossils are reported from Huolinhe Coal Mine （the early Cretaceous）, Inner Mongolia, China. The presence of plant cytoplasm fossils in two cones on the same specimen not only provides further support for the recently proposed hypothesis on plant cytoplasm fossilization but also marks the first record of plant cytoplasm fossils in China, which suggests a great research potential in this new area.     

Mineralogy of fossilized ammonites

The composition and structure of mineral substance in shells of three Jurassic ammonites (Cadoceras elatmae) from the Makar’ev South outcrop in Kostroma oblast, Russia, have been studied. The studied shells differ in degree of preservation. The shell of one ammonite with partly retained internal structure has been replaced with quartz, carbonate-bearing apatite-(CaF), and newly formed aragonite. Other shells without retained internal structure underwent phosphatization rather than replacement with quartz. This difference serves as the basis for a discussion on fossilization conditions. Silicification of the shell supports preservation of its wall and elements of the internal structure. It is suggested that quartz might be biogenic in origin and was formed in cavities of phosphate substance, which had replaced the soft tissue of ammonites.     

A comparison of terpenoid and leaf fossil vegetation proxies in Paleocene and Eocene Bighorn Basin sediments

Plant-derived terpenoids, long recognized as biomarkers, can help reveal the major taxonomic groups of land plants present in ancient environments, even if rocks and sediments do not preserve plant macro- or microfossils. Previous studies have used simple di- to triterpenoid ratios to reconstruct floral changes in the geologic past, but few have compared terpenoid ratios with estimates of floral composition from fossils. Further, reconstructions have not taken into account differences in biomarker production (i.e. concentration relative to leaf biomass) between different types of plants. Here, we have examined terpenoids from early Cenozoic fluvial rocks from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA), where fossil flora has been studied in detail. We analyzed the distributions of diterpenoids, triterpenoids and n-alkanes from leaf wax in a total of 43 samples from 15 stratigraphic horizons of late Paleocene (63 Ma) to early Eocene (53 Ma) in age. In nearly all samples, triterpenoids, derived from angiosperms, were significantly lower in abundance than conifer-specific diterpenoids, a finding that contrasted with plant fossil evidence for the same rocks. This suggests that di- to triterpenoid ratios severely underestimate the abundance of angiosperms in paleovegetation. Angiosperms dominated n-alkane production among modern plants, and we propose a new paleovegetation proxy based on the ratio of diterpenoids (conifers) to n-alkanes (angiosperms), corrected for lipid production estimated from extant vegetation. Using diterpenoids and alkanes, we infer the composition of paleovegetation to be similar to that inferred from plant fossils. Although the approach works well for the Bighorn Basin, we stress the new paleovegetation proxy will need to be evaluated for other time periods, communities, paleogeography and depositional environments with pollen or megafossil data available.