大洪山区钾镁煌斑岩的矿物特征及含矿性探讨

本文分析了大洪山区钾镁煌班岩中的矿物特征,利用造岩矿物和副矿物的电子探针分析结果与西溴含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩中相应矿物进行对比。并用特征副矿物镁铝榴石、铬铁矿的化学成分作Cr_2O_3—CaO图,Cr_2O_3-MgO图,利用Cr/(Cr+Al)的比值参数,判别岩体的含矿性。认为该区钾镁煌斑岩目前虽然尚未发现金刚石,但成矿有利因素较多。     

西昆仑北缘钾镁煌斑岩及超镁铁岩地质特征

产于塔里木地台铁克力克隆起内的钾镁煌夺岩石化学成分与亚洲钾煌斑岩的平均岩这成分接近,与澳大利亚西后利地区钾镁煌斑岩一致。稀土元素、微量元素组成与世界已 知钾镁煌斑岩具有相同特征。铁克力克隆起南缘柯岗－塔伦深断裂南阔绰人串珠状分布的超镁铁岩体,与钾镁煌斑岩具有相同的地质背景。该深断裂与西昆仑北缘深断裂交汇处是寻找含矿钾镁煌斑岩的有利部位。     

贵州省镇远地区钾镁煌斑岩岩石特征

贵州省镇远地区的钾镁煌斑岩(Lamproite)的分布在大地构造上受地台和地台内隆起与坳陷间的深断裂控制,为浅成侵入脉岩,呈岩墙或岩床产出,规模不大,厚几厘米至数米,长数十米至千米,已见于深冲、白坟、思南塘等岩群。岩石具煌斑结构,块状构造,斑晶为钛金云母、透辉石、假像橄榄石,基质除上述矿物外,还有透长石、白榴石、角闪石、磷灰石、锆石、金红石等,还见到微量镁铝榴石和铬铁矿。其中钛金云母、铬铁矿、镁铝榴石的矿物化学成分与西澳同类岩石十分接近,投入米切尔,J·格尼有关图件中,均落入钾镁煌斑岩趋势区。岩石化学成分属钾质超基性岩,K_2O>Na_2O,K_2O/Na_2O为20.85～66.51,富含TiO_2,但MgO较西澳同类岩石略低。富含Sr、Ba、Zr、Nb、P等痕量元素。稀土总量高,富集轻稀土。稀土分配模式与西澳同类岩石一致。D_5岩体中经1987年再次选矿证实含微量金刚石。     

钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石矿床找矿准则和找矿判别模型

利用钾镁煌斑岩的地质特征、标型矿物和岩石化学参数,预测钾镁煌斑岩含金刚石的可能性,指导金刚石的普查找矿工作,国内外学者已做过一定的研究,总结出一些有效的成矿规律。我们在前人研究的基础上,收集了若干典型含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩、不含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩及与钾镁煌斑岩相似岩石的各种地质资料,总结了对形成金刚石有利或不利的地质因素,     

初论金刚石原生矿床成矿系列

目前所知产金刚石的岩石类型包括金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、榴辉岩、蛇绿岩套、碱性超基性杂岩、碱性超基性煌斑岩和橄榄岩类(方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩等) 等偏碱性超镁铁质岩石, 而有经济价值的金刚石原生矿床仅见于金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩中, 除此之外的其他岩石类型中仅见有少量微粒金刚石.金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩都起源于地幔深部, 就此意义上讲, 二者是同源的, 但其岩石化学成分、主要矿物组成、产出大地构造背景以及同位素资料等, 却存在着比较明显的差异.由此构成了金刚石原生矿床的两个成矿系列: 金伯利岩成矿系列和钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列.金伯利岩成矿系列又可以根据其化学成分划分为3个亚系列, 即: 高Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列, 低Cr, Ti, Mg成矿亚系列和介于二者之间的一种具有复杂化学成分的成矿亚系列.钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列则可以根据其主要矿物组成, 划分出橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列、白榴石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列以及介于两者之间的白榴石-橄榄石钾镁煌斑岩成矿亚系列共3种次级成矿系列.与此同时, 无论是金伯利岩成矿系列, 还是钾镁煌斑岩成矿系列, 又都可以根据其野外地质产状, 划分为以下3个成矿亚系列(形成时间从早到晚) : (1) 火山沉积凝灰岩成矿亚系列; (2) 火山凝灰角砾岩成矿亚系列; (3) 火山-次火山侵入相成矿亚系列.      

印度金刚石产地、源岩命名和划分方案

中印度的马奇格万含金刚石的岩筒是古老的前寒武纪含金刚石岩筒之一。据现在已有资料分析,它的开采时期早于南非的金刚石的开采(1870年)。它是印度目前唯一开采的矿床。经对马奇格万岩筒综合调查后,其成分主要是金云母、蛇纹石、硫化物。不同于典型金伯利岩的成分,主要是缺少碳酸盐矿物;含高的 Ti_2O 和 P_2O_5,高钛的金云母及低含量的指示矿物(镁铝榴石、铬铁矿、钛铁矿)。但它不同于钾镁煌斑岩的成分,表现在其含 K_2O(0.46—1.79重量%)少。没有发现单斜辉石,钾质锰闪石。认为它是介于金伯利岩及钾镁煌斑岩之间的岩石类型。本文介绍一种划分钾镁煌斑岩分类的方案—四面体扩展法。     

论扬子板块寻找金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩的前景

本文主要讨论川滇西部地区钾质煌斑岩的矿物岩石学简要特征、产出构造背景及 其与西澳大利亚、贵州的钾镁煌斑岩对比，以判断扬子板块寻找含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩的有利 地区。 西澳含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩为板内岩浆活动产物，富含Ba. K, Rb, Sr、挥发份和轻稀 土，K20/Na2,O比值>10, K2O/Al2O3比值≤1.2, Ti02(2.64 ~ 8.12%)含最高，属高钾、贫铝、 贫钠、富钦的超钾质岩系。爆发速度快，属未分异的高爆发特点的火山角砾凝灰质橄榄钾镁煌 斑岩类。 川滇西部地区不含金刚石的橄辉钾质煌斑岩类为板块边缘岩浆活动产物，产于造山带和推 覆构造环境，为K2O/Na2O. K2O/Al2O3,比值低(表1)，钾、钦含量中等，钠、铝弱饱和的钾 质岩系。挥发分含量低，熔岩喷发速度慢，属分异的超浅成相钾质煌斑岩脉类，只有少量爆夏‘ 火山角砾凝灰岩类。     

西昆仑克里阳地区钾镁煌斑岩岩石学特征及其意义

对西昆仑克里阳钾镁煌斑岩的岩石学特征及源区性质进行了详细研究 ,并同国内外钾镁煌斑岩及其他超钾质岩石作了对比。该钾镁煌斑岩富 Al2 O3、贫 Ti O2 ,不相容元素相对亏损 ,为不含金刚石类型。其源区富集程度不高 ,交代作用较弱 ,且起源深度较浅 ( >1 1 5km)。高的 C、Sr、Pb同位素组成表明该钾镁煌斑岩可能受到了壳源物质的混染。这些特征暗示西昆仑地区有其他含金刚石源岩的存在。     

新宁—灰汤断裂带花岗斑岩与煌斑岩脉的分布特征及其找矿意义

新宁一灰汤断裂南东盘,分布有数条北西向的花岗斑岩脉带,每条岩脉带内,产出有相同的矿床组合及类似的分带规律,构成一个北东向的多金属成矿带。成矿带北西部分为锑金成矿区,南东侧是铅锌铜钨成矿区。新宁—灰汤断裂与桃江—城步断裂控制的煌斑岩脉,具有明显区别,在某些地段具有钾镁煌斑岩主要特征,它对我省金刚石原生矿的突破,是一条重要线索与新途征。     

宁乡县云影窝含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩地质特征

宁乡云影窝地区,共发现钾镁煌斑岩体27个,其中岩管6个。可分为岩浆型和火山碎屑型两个岩相,金云透辉橄榄钾镁煌斑岩、透辉金云橄榄钾镁煌斑岩及钾镁煌斑岩质火山角砾岩、钾镁煌斑岩质碎屑角砾岩四种类型.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ号岩管含微粒金刚石。共发现××颗。这一发现,标志着湖南原生金刚石普查找矿已取得重大进展。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.