华北地台中生代热液成矿的构造环境

本文阐述的是在海西末期自初始欧亚板埠形成后,具有早前寒武结晶基底的华北地台,自中生代开始,便处于古太平洋板块强烈挤压俯冲以及与北面西伯利亚板块,南面华南板是一步挤压俯冲所造成的两大构造应力场和构造环境中。前者所造成的构造线方向主要为ＮＥ和ＮＮＲ走向,并由于古太平洋板块作用于我国东部大陆的Ｆａｒａｌｌｏｎ、Ｋｕｌａ和Ｉａｎａｇｉｓｌ板块都具有左行运动的特征,这就造成华北地台、整个中国东部大陆ＮＥ和Ｎ     

中国东部中、新生代岩浆岩特征、演化及其与构造环境演化的联系

中国东部自中生代(～250Ma)开始,即处于世界上最大的大陆板块-欧亚板块与最大的大洋板块-古太平洋板块(包括库拉板块)和太平洋板块的敛合作用带中,随后,逐步由科迪勒拉型活动大陆边缘发展成为典型的西太平洋型活动大陆边缘。自250Ma以来,中国大陆东部的岩浆作     

中国东部中新生代反转构造及其记录的大洋板块俯冲过程

中新生代期间,中国东部可以划分西部沉降带(包括东北、华北和中下扬子盆地群)和东部沉降带(包括东海和南海盆地群)。各盆地内部反转构造表现为东强西弱、自东向西迁移的规律,反映了构造反转的动力来自东部,证实了反转构造是古太平洋或太平洋板块的俯冲效应。但反转构造总体又具有自西部沉降带向东部沉降带迁移的特征:西部沉降带以中生代末期的挤压反转为主,而东部沉降带以渐新世末和中新世末的新生代反转最为典型。可见,虽然在同一俯冲板块作用下,仰冲板块的反转时间和迁移规律却存在差异性,这可能与反转构造所隶属的仰冲板内背景或俯冲板块自身行为在不同地区存在时空差异有关。为确定哪一种反转机制,本文搜集了古地磁条带和最新的板块重建方案、太平洋海山K-Ar年龄等数据,初步厘定出中新生代期间太平洋板块运动学行为;也对中新生代期间中国东部的东北、华北和华南的地质特征等开展对比研究。本文认为,伊泽奈崎板块早期为平板式俯冲,160Ma左右板块拆沉并折返及岩石圈减薄,是西部沉降带的成盆机制;80 Ma左右伊泽奈崎板块向西的运动速度达到极值,对中国东部造成统一向西的挤压应力,是西部沉降带中生代的反转机制;大洋板块上发育的NW向破碎带的俯冲,可能加剧了这一期反转强度。60Ma左右伊泽奈崎板块俯冲潜没于欧亚大陆之下及太平洋板块俯冲启动并后撤,这是东部沉降带的成盆机制;中新世中晚期,菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块的俯冲挤压导致了中国东部大陆左旋压扭的应力场,这是东部沉降带新生代构造的反转机制。     

中国东部大陆内部中生代盆地分布特征与地球动力学背景探讨

在编制和分析中国东部大陆内部中生代盆地分布图的基础上,对中国东部大陆内部的松辽盆地、辽西盆地群、渤海湾地区盆地分布、规模等进行了对比,认为是由于地球动力学背景、岩石圈厚度等不同所致,并提出中国东部内部的大陆盆地动力学模式,即伊泽条崎板块以不同角度的对欧亚板块的俯冲,同时认为华北板块与华南板块碰撞后期效应不容忽视。     

有关我国新构造运动起始时间的探讨

几十年来许多研究者从地貌、最新沉积和构造等方面,对中国的新构造运动进行了大量研究,但至今大家对新构造运动的含义却有着非常不同的认识。其关键问题是对新构造运动起始时间的看法差异很大,时间跨度从始新世晚期（40 Ma）到中更新世（0.73 Ma）,因此严重影响了新构造运动研究的深入和发展。现拟从动力条件方面探讨中国新构造运动的起始时间。通过分析中国现今地壳水平运动和现代构造应力场压应力轴的分布特征及其形成的动力条件,得出它们具有连续性和统一性,而二者分布方向较好的一致性表明,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞推挤是形成中国现今地壳运动和现代构造应力场的主要动力。然而在古近纪时中国东部和西部处于两种截然不同的大地构造环境,西部挤压、东部拉张。直到中新世中期青藏高原东部的川滇、巴颜喀拉-松潘等地块被侧向挤出,它们自北而南往北东-南东方向滑移并推挤中国大陆东部的地壳块体向前运动,才开始把中国西部和东部逐渐联成一个构造运动的统一体。这不仅得到中国东部一系列相应构造事件的印证,而且还从导致中国新生代地质构造发育的动力学环境变化方面进行了讨论。中国新构造运动开始于中新世中期,即距今约15～10 Ma.     

泉州市中心城区区域地壳稳定性分析

在前人工作成果的基础上,对泉州市中心城区的区域地壳结构、区域地质构造、新构造运动、区域构造应力场和区域地震活动性进行综合分析.分析结果表明,泉州市中心城区在第四纪中更新世之前位于环太平洋中、新生代构造一岩浆活动带中,地壳运动频繁而又强烈,区域地质构造复杂;现代处于菲律宾海板块对欧亚板块挤压形成的"台湾动力触角"影响区,但区内的断裂不具全新世活动性,新构造运动不强烈,有史以来未见≥5.0级地震记载,属于地壳相对稳定区,未来遭遇6.0级地震的危险性不大,其地震破坏性影响主要来自周边孕震区,特别是东部海域,与"台湾动力触角"的作用和滨海断裂带的活动有关.     

中国岩石圈应力场与构造运动区域特征

笔者系统分析了1918—2005年间中国大陆及其周缘发生的3130个中、强地震的震源机制解,根据其特征进行了岩石圈应力场构造分区,首次得到区域应力场的压应力轴和张应力轴空间分布的统计数字结果。在此基础上研究了应力场的区域特征、探讨了其动力学来源以及构造运动特征。总体结果表明,中国大陆及其周缘岩石圈应力场和构造运动可以归结为印度洋板块、太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间相对运动,以及大陆板内区域块体之间的相互作用的结果。印度洋板块向欧亚板块的碰撞挤压运动所产生的强烈的挤压应力,控制了喜马拉雅、青藏高原、中国西部乃至延伸到天山及其以北的广大地区。在青藏高原周缘地区和中国西部的大范围内,压应力P轴水平分量方位位于20～40°,形成了近NE方向的挤压应力场。大量逆断层型强震集中发生在青藏高原的南、北和西部周缘地区,以及天山等地区。而多数正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部高海拔的地区,断层位错的水平分量位于近东西方向。表明青藏高原周缘区域发生南北向强烈挤压短缩的同时,中部高海拔地区存在着明显的近东西向的扩张运动。中国东部的华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,又受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直到琉球海沟的广阔地域里存在着的统一的、方位为170°的引张应力场的控制。华北地区大地震的震源机制解均反映出该区地震的发生大体为NEE向挤压应力和NNW向张应力的共同作用结果。台湾纵谷断层是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间碰撞挤压边界。来自北西向运动的菲律宾海板块构造应力控制了从台湾纵谷、华南块体,直到中国南北地震带南段东部地域的应力场。地震的震源机制结果还表明,将中国大陆分成东、西两部分的中国南北地震带是印度洋板块、菲律宾海板块与太平洋板块在中国大陆内部影响控制范围的分界线。     

对中国东部中生代动力学机制的新认识

从20世纪70年代板块构造学说引入中国后,中国地质学家(包括笔者)普遍接受了太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲导致中国东部中生代强烈的构造-岩浆活动和相应的成矿作用的观点,乃至成为被认知的理论至今仍然广泛流传。但是,2000—2006年国土资源部开展的《中国岩石圈三维结构》专项研究成果表明:深部软流圈(层)物质上涌才是中国东部中—新生代强烈构造-岩浆活动的主要动力来源。在进一步研究中国东部巨厚的软流圈形成的原因时发现:中侏罗世以来,中国大陆受到了来自4个不同方向的动力挤压,由此导致软流圈物质汇聚到中国东部及邻区大陆之下。太平洋板块的俯冲力只是4个方向中的一个——由东向西挤压,它起到了阻挡软流圈物质继续向东部"洋区"流动的作用,可称它为"远程力效应"。     

华北地台北缘中段中生代岩浆活动基本特征

本区地处欧亚板块东缘、横跨太平洋构造带北段第二和第三隆起带及其间的松辽沉降带。由于太平洋板块向大陆的俯冲作用,使本区成为活动的太平洋型大陆边缘的一部分,岩浆活动强烈(图1),与之有关的矿产十分丰富。按本区中生代构造发展过程可分为两个阶段,即侏罗纪陆缘造山带、裂谷系形成阶段与白垩纪陆缘裂谷形成阶段,新生代     

全球超大型斑岩铜矿浅析

燕山-喜马拉雅期构造运动,引起印度板块与欧亚板块剧烈碰撞、太平洋板块向东俯冲与美洲大陆向西漂移,产生了"加厚旋涌"效应,即下地壳的加厚并深插上地幔软流圈,改变了软流圈运动方式而上涌,伴随强烈的岩浆活动和成矿物质上涌,完成了大规模成矿作用,在特提斯-喜马拉雅地区和太平洋东部边缘产出世界级超大型斑岩铜矿系列.初步提出太平洋东部边缘成矿作用明显超过特提斯-喜马拉雅地区原因.     

Tectonic Characteristics and Evolution of the Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait is a part of the continental-margin rift of eastern China, which can tectonically be divided into the Taiwan Strait basin, southwestern Taiwan basin and Penhu-Beigang uplift. The basins are structurally semi-graban down-faulted ones in character. The Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary strata in the basins have a maximum thickness of over 10,000 m. The formation and development of the Taiwan Strait rift were not only affected by both the East China Sea basin and South China Sea basin but also closely related to the Central Range collision orogen of Taiwan. In the Cenozoic, the Taiwan Strait area experienced, under the influence of a multiple of tectonic mechanisms, three stages of evolution: poly-centre downfault-ing, down warping-faulting and foreland basin formation. The depositional centres of the basins migrated from west to east during the Tertiary, resulting in the thinning of the Palaeogene strata from west to east but that of the Neogene in the reverse direction. All this determine     

东海盆地形成的区域地质背景与构造演化特征

东海盆地处于西太平洋俯冲带前缘,是发育在华南克拉通基底之上的,以晚白垩世-新生代沉积为主的新生代盆地.东海盆地性质是在活动大陆边缘减薄陆壳之上的,由于洋-陆俯冲消减所引起的张裂、拉伸作用而形成的弧后裂谷型盆地,是西太平洋众多“沟-弧-盆”体系的一部分.东海盆地陆架外缘隆起控制着东海盆地的演化过程,该地质单元形成于晚白垩世,是陆缘隆起和增生楔的复合体,中新世后由于菲律宾海板块的活动而解体为现今的钓鱼岛隆褶带和琉球隆起.结合对陆架外缘隆起的研究后认为,东海盆地晚白垩世以来的演化历程具有3大构造阶段,即:第一阶段,古新世-中始新世西部坳陷形成发展期;第二阶段,中始新世-渐新世东部坳陷形成发展期,其中,中晚始新世太平洋板块的转向是东、西部坳陷构造迁移的分界点;第三阶段,中新世-全新世,东海盆地进入到菲律宾板块影响时期,原先的构造格局开始分解.      

试论南中国海盆地新生代板块构造及盆地动力学

南海地处欧亚、印度—澳大利亚和菲律宾海板块的交互带,是西太平洋地区面积最大的边缘海之一,其成因机制和演化过程对探讨特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域相互作用及油气勘探等问题具有重要意义,虽备受关注但仍存争议.综合目前该区及外围已有的大地构造等方面的资料,本文从探讨南海外围的构造格架及中-新生代演化过程入手,分析了南海及外围板块...     

中国东部及邻区早白垩世裂陷盆地构造演化阶段

早白垩世是中国东部及邻区强烈的伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄时期。根据裂陷盆地几何形态特征和展布型式 ,将早白垩世裂陷盆地分为泛裂陷型 (燕山—松辽断陷盆地群、蒙古断陷盆地群等 )、狭窄型 (沂沭裂谷系、伊兰—伊通裂谷带 )和菱形状型 (胶莱盆地、三江盆地、鸡西盆地等 ) 3种类型。通过综合分析和对比不同类型裂陷盆地沉积序列和构造演化历史 ,结合郯庐断裂带和秦岭—大别造山带白垩纪构造演化历史的研究成果 ,区分了中国东部早白垩世 2个显著不同的引张裂陷阶段和一个构造挤压反转阶段。早白垩世早期引张裂陷阶段 ( 1 4 0～ 1 2 0Ma)形成了宽广展布的燕山—松辽断陷盆地系和蒙古断陷盆地系 ,沿郯庐断裂带发生右旋走滑活动 ,控制了断裂带西侧南华北伸展走滑盆地和东侧胶莱、三江等和沿敦—密断裂带走滑拉分盆地的发育 ;早白垩世中期引张裂陷阶段 ( 1 2 0～ 1 0 0Ma) ,沿郯庐断裂带中、北段发生裂谷作用 ,形成沂沭裂谷系和伊兰—伊通裂谷带 ;早白垩世晚期 ( 1 0 0～ 90Ma)在区域NW SE向挤压应力场作用下 ,所有早白垩世裂陷盆地发生不同程度的构造反转 ,沿郯庐断裂发生强烈的左旋走滑运动。最后指出 ,太平洋古板块向东亚大陆边缘俯冲诱发的大陆岩石圈底侵作用、拆沉作用、地幔底辟和对流 ,以及来自西部块体     

中国东部中新生代裂陷盆地与伸展山岭耦合机制

中国东部中、新生代伸展构造系包括由松辽盆地、华北盆地和江汉盆地等构成的裂陷盆地 ,以及由大兴安岭、太行山及雪峰山等构成的伸展山岭。从大陆裂解和伸展构造动力学来看 ,主要存在底侵作用、对流作用和拆层作用 3种机制。因此裂陷盆地与伸展山岭耦合关系主要是深部壳幔作用在浅层的响应。     

Significance of indigenous Eocene larger foraminifera Discocyclina dispansa in Western Foothills,Central Taiwan: A Paleogene marine rift basin in Chinese continental margin

The Western Foothills of Taiwan was known to be composed of Late Oligocene to Pleistocene shallow marine strata continuously deposited on the stable passive Chinese continental margin without significant stratigraphic break. Here we present multiple micropaleontological evidences, including occurrence of larger foraminifera Discocyclina dispansa ex. interc. sella-dispansa and calcareous nannoplanktons, to show that there are Middle Eocene marine strata (first named as the Chungliao Formation) exposed in the Tsukeng anticline of the Western Foothills, central Taiwan. Occurrences of intact tests with thin delicate outer rims and well-preserved embryonic chambers suggest that the Discocyclina dispansa ex. interc. sella-dispansa (Lutetian to Bartonian in the Tethys region) are buried indigenously on shallow inner shelf during an episodic transgression in the Early Middle Eocene. The conclusion is consistent with a biostratigraphy study of calcareous nannoplanktons (Zones NP14–15) in the shale/sandstone alternations overlying the Discocyclina-bearing bed of the Chungliao Formation and calcareous nannofossils of Zone NP16 integrated with an age dating of 38.8 ± 1 Ma (Late Middle Eocene) on zircon grains of the overlying Pinglin Tuff. The Middle Eocene syn-rift sequences (Chungliao Formation and Pinglin Tuff) exposed along the Tsukeng anticline are unconformably covered by the latest Oligocene–Miocene post-rift sequence, a scenario similar to what have been drilled in the East China Sea-Taiwan Strait-South China Sea. This rift basin (named as the Nantou Basin) is sitting on the Peikang Basement High margin which further extends southwestward to the Central Uplift of the Pearl River Mouth Basin in the northern slope of the South China Sea. The present work documents a hitherto unknown occurrence of the exposed early Tertiary marine rift basin sequence in the Western Foothills of Taiwan. The study extends our knowledge of the Western Foothills geohistory from the Late Oligocene downward to the Early Middle Eocene. The occurrence of the Paleogene Nantou rift basin in the Western Foothills may also suggest that there could have similar Paleogene rift sequences exposed in other parts of the Taiwan mountain belt like the Hsüehshan Range and the Central Range east of the Western Foothills.     

东海白垩纪-第三纪古地理

作者据海区和周边岛屿的地质、地球物理和钻井资料描述了东海的白垩纪-第三纪古地理。并绘制了该时期的系列古地理图，从而有可能归纳出东海在某些时期具有“南海北陆”，古地貌上犹如今日渤海-黄海陆缘海盆及其周边陆地环抱等特点。同时简略地讨论了海水进退和古气候，分析了东海东部活动大陆边缘构造背景出现的时间。     

Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas

During the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, extension was widespread in Eastern China and adjacent areas. The first rifting stage spanned in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times and covered an area of more than 2 million km² of NE Asia from the Lake Baikal to the Sikhot-Alin in EW direction and from the Mongol–Okhotsk fold belt to North China in NS direction. This rifting was characterized by intracontinental rifts, volcanic eruptions and transform extension along large-scale strike–slip faults. Based on the magmatic activity, filling sequence of basins, tectonic framework and subsidence analysis of basins, the evolution of this area can be divided into three main developmental phases. The first phase, calc-alkaline volcanics erupted intensely along NNE-trending faults, forming Daxing'anling volcanic belt, NE China. The second phase, Basin and Range type fault basin system bearing coal and oil developed in NE Asia. During the third phase, which was marked by the change from synrifting to thermal subsidence, very thick postrift deposits developed in the Songliao basin (the largest oil basin in NE China).Following uplift and denudation, caused by compressional tectonism in the near end of Cretaceous, a Paleogene rifting stage produced widespread continental rift systems and continental margin basins in Eastern China. These rifted basins were usually filled with several kilometers of alluvial and lacustrine deposits and contain a large amount of fossil fuel resources. Integrated research in most of these rifting basins has shown that the basins are characterized by rapid subsidence, relative high paleo-geothermal history and thinned crust. It is now accepted that the formation of most of these basins was related to a lithospheric extensional regime or dextral transtensional regime. During Neogene time, early Tertiary basins in Eastern China entered a postrifting phase, forming regional downwarping. Basin fills formed in a thermal subsidence period onlapped the fault basin margins and were deposited in a broad downwarped lacustrine depression. At the same time, within plate rifting of the Lake Baikal and Shanxi graben climaxed and spreading of the Japan Sea and South China Sea occurred. Quaternary rifting was marked by basalt eruption and accelerated subsidence in the area of Tertiary rifting. The Okinawa Trough is an active rift involving back-arc extension.Continental rifting and marginal sea opening were clearly developed in various kind of tectonic settings. Three rifting styles, intracontinental rifting within fold belt, intracontinental rifting within craton and continental marginal rifting and spreading, are distinguished on the basis of nature of the basin basement, tectonic location of rifting and relations to large strike–slip faults.Changes of convergence rates of India–Eurasia and Pacific–Eurasia may have caused NW–SE-trending extensional stress field dominating the rifting. Asthenospheric upwelling may have well assisted the rifting process. In this paper, a combination model of interactions between plates and deep process of lithosphere has been proposed to explain the rifting process in East China and adjacent areas.The research on the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensional tectonics of East China and adjacent areas is important because of its utility as an indicator of the dynamic setting and deformational mechanisms involved in stretching Lithosphere. The research also benefits the exploration and development of mineral and energy resources in this area.     

On the tectonic origin of Iberian topography

The present-day topography of the Iberian peninsula can be considered as the result of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Iberian plate (including rifting and basin formation during the Mesozoic and compression and mountain building processes at the borders and inner part of the plate, during the Tertiary, followed by Neogene rifting on the Mediterranean side) and surface processes acting during the Quaternary. The northern-central part of Iberia (corresponding to the geological units of the Duero Basin, the Iberian Chain, and the Central System) shows a mean elevation close to one thousand meters above sea level in average, some hundreds of meters higher than the southern half of the Iberian plate. This elevated area corresponds to (i) the top of sedimentation in Tertiary terrestrial endorheic sedimentary basins (Paleogene and Neogene) and (ii) planation surfaces developed on Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the mountain chains surrounding the Tertiary sedimentary basins. Both types of surfaces can be found in continuity along the margins of some of the Tertiary basins. The Bouguer anomaly map of the Iberian peninsula indicates negative anomalies related to thickening of the continental crust. Correlations of elevation to crustal thickness and elevation to Bouguer anomalies indicate that the different landscape units within the Iberian plate can be ascribed to different patterns: (1) The negative Bouguer anomaly in the Iberian plate shows a rough correlation with elevation, the most important gravity anomalies being linked to the Iberian Chain. (2) Most part of the so-called Iberian Meseta is linked to intermediate-elevation areas with crustal thickening; this pattern can be applied to the two main intraplate mountain chains (Iberian Chain and Central System) (3) The main mountain chains (Pyrenees and Betics) show a direct correlation between crustal thickness and elevation, with higher elevation/crustal thickness ratio for the Central System vs. the Betics and the Pyrenees. Other features of the Iberian topography, namely the longitudinal profile of the main rivers in the Iberian peninsula and the distribution of present-day endorheic areas, are consistent with the Tertiary tectonic evolution and the change from an endorheic to an exorheic regime during the Late Neogene and the Quaternary. Some of the problems involving the timing and development of the Iberian Meseta can be analysed considering the youngest reference level, constituted by the shallow marine Upper Cretaceous limestones, that indicates strong differences induced by (i) the overall Tertiary and recent compression in the Iberian plate, responsible for differences in elevation of the reference level of more than 6 km between the mountain chains and the endorheic basins and (ii) the effect of Neogene extension in the Mediterranean margin, responsible for lowering several thousands of meters toward the East and uplift of rift shoulders. A part of the recent uplift within the Iberian plate can be attributed of isostatic uplift in zones of crustal thickening.     

中国陆地基本地貌类型及其划分指标探讨

平原、台地、丘陵、山地等是地表最基本的地貌形态,这些名称不仅为专业领域广泛引用,也为普通人所知晓。近100年来多种地貌分类方案中都涉及这些地貌类型名称,有的称其为地貌"基本形态"。由于每种地貌形态都不仅包含形态特征,而且还有一定的成因意义,因此应称其为基本地貌类型。通过对已有的基本地貌分类及其划分指标进行系统分析和评估,认为中国陆地基本地貌类型按照起伏高度和海拔高度两个分级指标组合来划分的原则符合起伏复杂、多台阶中国地貌的基本特点。在传统的平原、台地、丘陵和山地分类的基础上,按起伏高度对山地进一步细分,即划分平原、台地、丘陵（<200m）、小起伏山地（200～500m）、中起伏山地（500～1000m）、大起伏山地（1000～2500m）和极大起伏山地（>2500m）等7个基本地貌"形态"。本文对前人以现代雪线、多年冻土下线和森林上线高度为依据确定地貌面海拔高度的分级指标进行了全面分析,由于它们的海拔高度在全国各地存在巨大差异,我们认为海拔高度等级指标并不符合中国实际。通过全国重点地区1∶500000地形图山地顶面海拔高度分布和1∶1000000国家数字高程模型（DTM）数据库编制的中国地面高程分布图进行较系统的分析,我们提出了应以1000m,2000m,4000m和6000m作为划分低海拔（<1000m）、中海拔（1000～2000m）、亚高海拔（2000～4000m）、高海拔（4000～6000m）和极高海拔（>6000m）地貌海拔高度分级指标。根据7个地貌起伏高度形态和5个海拔高度等级,将全国组合成从低海拔平原至极大起伏极高山28个基本地貌类型。