准噶尔盆地石炭系不同类型烃源岩生烃模拟研究

选取不同沉积环境发育的多种类型的烃源岩,通过烃源岩生烃热模拟实验,对比分析不同类型烃源岩的生烃产物、产率特征及生烃演化规律。结果表明,准噶尔盆地石炭系不同沉积环境发育的烃源岩产烃能力差异较大,最大烃产率从高到低依次为:弧间盆地泥岩、弧后盆地泻湖相泥岩、残留洋盆滨浅海相泥岩、沉凝灰岩。烃源岩的产烃率大小受控于其母质与埋藏热演化条件,有机质类型越好,产烃率相对越高;而受火山作用影响越剧烈,产烃率越低。下石炭统广泛发育的弧间、弧后盆地暗色泥质岩类烃源岩具备高产烃率,为有利烃源岩发育区,乌伦古坳陷和滴水泉地区为准噶尔盆地石炭系油气勘探的有利方向。     

青藏高原海相烃源岩生排烃模式

<正> 烃源岩的油气生成、演化及排出模式是进行生油评价研究和盆地资源量计算的基础,而烃源岩的油气生成模拟实验是建立生排烃模式的重要方法。对青藏高原所采集的大量样品筛选出11个海相烃源岩样品进行热压模拟实验,对生成的汕气和模拟残渣进行了产     

干酪根中类脂肪链含量的测定及石油地质意义

选取了红外光谱中2750～3000cm-1C-H振动峰面积作为反映干酪根中脂肪链含量的特征参数,并以完全饱和脂肪链的微晶石蜡为基准,建立了对干酪根中脂肪链含量进行测定的实验方法,同时讨论了实验条件、无机矿物、干酪根样品加入量等因素的影响。并通过对东营地区不同类型干酪根的低熟烃源岩样品进行的高压热模拟实验,研究了干酪根中脂肪链的百分含量与成熟度、沥青转化率及干酪根原素组成之间的关系。结果表明干酪根中脂肪链含量不仅与干酪根的类型有关,而且随成熟作用增加明显降低,其与热模拟生油量的关系和烃源岩的产烃率曲线相似,在脂肪链含量由15%降至5%时出现一个生油高峰。所以,脂肪链百分含量这一参数有可能成为烃源岩的判别及评价的一个新的重要指标。     

煤系烃源岩生气热模拟实验研究

为了客观评价煤系烃源岩的生气特征和生气量,采用限定体系黄金管热模拟实验技术,对采自鄂尔多斯盆地的不同地质时代煤系烃源岩(煤岩和煤系泥岩)样品进行了生气热模拟实验研究,详细讨论了煤系烃源岩热解生气特征与气体碳同位素变化。结果表明,煤系烃源岩具有较好的生气性能,煤岩与煤系泥岩热解生成气态烃产率相差不大,两者具有相似的生气演化特征,即随热模拟温度升高,煤岩和煤系泥岩热解生成甲烷的产率逐渐增加,甲烷最大产率分别达211.69 m3/t和184.47 m3/t,而C2-5产率是先增加后降低,在热模拟温度430℃~470℃达到最大值,分别为19.14 m3/t和6.87 m3/t;煤岩和煤系泥岩热解气组分碳同位素值总体上随热模拟温度升高而变重,且相同热模拟温度时具有δ13C1δ13C2δ13C3的特征,其中煤系泥岩热解气甲烷、乙烷碳同位素值较煤岩分别偏轻0.3‰~2.1‰和1.4‰~3.7‰。在此基础上,建立了煤系烃源岩(煤岩和煤系泥岩)的生气模式。     

海相烃源岩二次生烃潜力定量评价新方法

烃源岩二次生烃的演化过程是残余干酪根热解演化与残留油热裂解转化两个既相互联系又完全不同的物理化学反应过程的叠加。本文利用自制高压釜热压生烃模拟实验装置,采取分阶段连续递进模拟实验方式,以海相烃源岩样品为例分别评价了残余干酪根的生烃潜力与残留可溶有机质转化油气潜力,建立了一套不同起始与终止成熟度海相烃源岩二次生烃潜力的定量评价方法,并首次明确提出了干酪根生油指数KIo、干酪根生气指数KIg、干酪根生烃指数KIh等评价烃源岩生烃潜力的参数,弥补了ROCK EVAL热解评价方法无法分别评价烃源岩在不同生烃演化阶段所生成的“油”或“烃气”潜力的不足。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩热模拟实验及生烃潜力

通过热模拟实验及热模拟产物组分和稳定碳同位素分析,对柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩的生烃能力及产物特征进行了研究。结果表明:石炭系烃源岩的气态烃产率为67.27～161.01m3/t(TOC),总气体产率为220.51～453.39m3/t(TOC),显示柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩具有较高的生气能力;液态有机质产率仅为1.73～4.30kg/t(TOC),残余生油能力相对较低,但考虑到石炭系烃源岩的成熟度已经接近生油窗的下限值(1.3%),因此模拟实验的液态有机质产率不能真实反映石炭系烃源岩的生油潜力。根据模拟实验的气态烃产率可知,柴达木盆地东部石炭系泥质烃源岩的生气强度为14.2×108～42.5×108 m3/km2,显示其具备形成规模气藏的生烃条件。      

玛湖凹陷风城组烃源岩特征与生烃模式

基于最新油气勘探成果及烃源岩有机地化分析数据和热模拟实验结果，评价了准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组烃源岩的生烃能力，并进一步建立其生烃模式。研究区风城组发育一套沉积环境、岩性复杂多变的碱性湖泊相烃源岩，沉积水体盐度、碱度及成岩环境等变化快，致使源岩岩性复杂多变。其残余有机质丰度不高，类型为Ⅰ—Ⅱ型，大部分处于成熟阶段，热演化进程较慢。该组三个地层段均发育中—好烃源岩，少部分为很好烃源岩。风城组碱性湖泊相源岩生烃能力、模式与正常湖相源岩基本一致，为单峰式生油高峰，但其特点为生油持续时间长、总产油率远高于产气率、转化率高，主体处于生油阶段。油气勘探实践也证实玛湖凹陷是以含油为主的油气系统，在浅层或深层均以形成油藏为主。     

鄂尔多斯盆地海相烃源岩的成藏有效性分析

明确海相烃源岩的勘探前景对于鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界勘探非常重要。鄂尔多斯盆地中东部广布的下奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩动荡、富氧的古地理环境决定了其有机质丰度低、有机质类型差、生烃潜力低的先天性,不能成为有效烃源岩。盆地西、南缘广大地区呈“L”型连片分布的深水斜坡相中奥陶统平凉组泥页岩和泥灰岩有效烃源岩厚度80～200 m,有机质类型好（以Ⅰ型为主）,有机质丰度高（>02%）,存在大面积中等以上烃源岩,并基本处于高、过成熟阶段,有过较高程度的生排烃过程。生烃热模拟实验表明平凉组烃源岩在演化程度达到Ro值21%时,产烃率（TOC产烃）可高达22433 kg/t,原始生烃潜力巨大,地质历史上已累计生成资源量约432亿 t 油气当量,勘探前景广阔。     

辽东湾古近系烃源岩生烃动力学研究

辽东湾海域勘探面积超过1.5×104 km2,200余口探井集中在构造高部位,洼陷部位烃源岩样品很少,这给油气资源评价带来很大困难。为了查明不同洼陷、不同层位、不同性质烃源岩的油气生成情况,进行了生烃动力学研究,得到了定量评价油气生成的效果。首先根据地球化学分析,选出不同类型的未成熟烃源岩样品,进行生烃热模拟实验,对实验数据进行了一级平行生烃反应的活化能计算,得到不同母质类型烃源岩活化能分布模型;再根据不同洼陷、不同层位烃源岩热演化历史和生烃动力学特征,计算了它们的油气生成率,再现了各个洼陷和层位烃源岩的油气生成过程。这为辽东湾烃源岩评价和油气资源预测提供了依据。     

生烃热模拟研究进展及对非常规油气成藏研究约束

生烃热模拟实验是烃源岩成烃潜力与资源评价的重要手段,也是揭示页岩油气等非常规能源成藏序列的重要正演方法。生烃热模拟实验可以根据体系的开放性分为开放体系、封闭体系和半开放体系热模拟实验,选择不同的模拟实验方法应用于不同的研究目的。开放体系是与干酪根初始裂解反应最相近的热模拟方法,半开放体系是最为接近实际地质体中烃源岩热演化的热模拟体系,封闭体系更适用于Ⅲ型干酪根生烃模拟的研究,是认识重烃二次裂解的重要方法。在有机质热演化过程中,生成油气会受温度、压力、水介质、催化剂等条件的影响,这些外界因素也会对热模拟实验产生重要影响。热模拟实验在非常规资源中应用较广泛,既可以研究烃源岩的生排烃特征、成烃潜力及油气滞留特征;也可以分析作为储层的泥页岩的储集物性及孔隙类型演化特征等。目前热模拟实验在碳酸盐岩烃源岩热模拟实验、页岩热演化过程中的微米-纳米孔隙结构变化特征,有机质生排烃与泥页岩储集物性的协同演化关系这三个方面取得重要进展,也是未来的主攻方向。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.