中国-俄罗斯原油管道工程(漠河-大庆段)冻土工程地质考察与研究进展

在2005-2007年期间,先后3次对中国-俄罗斯原油管道漠河-大庆段沿线的冻土工程地质条件等进行科学考察,开展了冻土工程地质条件及其在气候变化和人类活动作用下的评价和预测研究.考察研究结果表明:管道沿线多年冻土在各类融区、季节冻土和水系等分隔作用下呈片状或岛状分布,沿线岛状、稀疏岛状及零星岛状占多年冻土区段的40%左右;管道沿线多年冻土随着气候的转暖和人类活动的影响不断退化.地形地貌单元、植被分布、地表水分条件的变化等局部因素对多年冻土的分布和地下冰的赋存产生重要的影响,管道沿线大约分布有50 km左右的沼泽湿地,其表层为腐殖质土及泥炭层,泥炭层下面分布着含土冰层或地下冰,是管道沿线最差的冻土工程地质地段;由于中俄原油管道沿线水系发育多,冻胀丘、冰椎和冰幔等不良冻土现象广泛分布.科学考察的成果为管道沿线冻土工程地质条件评价和预测、管道的稳定性影响分析以及后期的长期检测系统设置等研究奠定坚实的基础,进一步为即将开工的中俄原油管道漠河-大庆段工程的设计、施工提供科学依据.     

中俄管道(漠河—乌尔其段)多年冻土环境工程地质区划和评价

在汇总大量勘察资料的基础上,充分考虑冻土区输油管道工程的特点,以及管道与冻土之间的相互作用和过程,重点阐述中俄输油管道沿线多年冻土环境工程地质条件,确定出中俄管道沿线冻土环境工程地质区划原则和指标。按不同类型多年冻土的区域分布规律及面积比率,并考虑地温、厚度及植被变化等特征,分成4个冻土工程地质区,即漠河—瓦拉干片状冻土区、瓦拉干—劲松大片融区的多年冻土区、劲松—加格达奇岛状多年冻土区和加格达奇—乌尔其零星多年冻土区。然后按多年冻土含冰(水)量类别,并兼顾土层冻胀、融沉分类级别,又在4个区内共划分出151个冻土类别地段,依次按区分级进行评价,最后将这151个地段归纳为4种类型的工程地质地段:良好、较好、不良、极差。     

粉质粘土的冻胀特性研究

利用冻胀试验装置,对京包、包兰线上冻害频发地段的粉质粘土进行了开敞系统中的一维冻胀试验,分析了不同环境冻结温度下土样冻结和冻胀的全过程。试验结果表明:(1)粉质粘土属冻胀敏感性土,土质加上外界水分的补给是该地区出现冻害的主要原因;(2)环境冻结温度直接影响土样的冻结过程进而对冻胀量产生影响,土样的冻结深度随环境冻结温度的降低而增加,开敞系统中土样的冻胀量随环境冻结温度的降低而减小;(3)土样的冻胀率和冻结速率之间成反比关系,冻结速率非常小的情况下,冻结深度几乎不再增加,但土冻胀率较大。     

石灰改良粉土的冻胀特性试验研究北大核心CSCD

粉土因毛细水发育表现出较强冻胀特性,在冻土区建设中需关注其冻害问题。土中掺入石灰是一种常见的化学土质改良方法,但石灰对粉土的冻胀特性影响尚不清晰。为研究石灰改良粉土的冻胀特性和效果,进行了开敞系统下的一维冻胀试验,分析不同掺灰量下的温度场、变形场和水分场变化规律和机理。研究发现:土样随掺灰量增大,其冻结深度先增大后减小,冻胀量和补水量持续减小,而冻胀率先减小后增大,各指标呈不同变化规律,冻胀特性复杂;一定条件下提高掺灰量可减小冻结深度和冻胀量直至低于素土,土样抗冻性提高;而随着掺灰量变化,石灰改良粉土的冻胀率始终高于素土,土样抗冻性改良不显著。因此,在实际工程中,不能仅通过单一指标评价石灰改良粉土的效果,需结合冻结深度、冻胀量和冻胀率三个指标,综合评价石灰对粉土抗冻性的改良效果。     

中俄原油管道(漠河—大庆段)地基土融沉稳定性评价研究

中国-俄罗斯原油管道工程(简称中俄原油管道)规划全长1,035 km,中国境内段965 km,俄罗斯境内段70 km。中俄原油管道(漠河—大庆段)穿越约500 km多年冻土区,沿途地形起伏,水系和沼泽发育,冻土工程地质条件复杂,影响因素多样。提出以管道地基土的最大融沉变形量为评价准则,以多年冻土的年平均地温和含冰量为评价指标,对多年冻土进行工程分类,并依据分类结果进行评价。依据计算结果以-1.0℃和-2.0℃对中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土进行冻土工程分类。具体分为:稳定型、过渡型、高温不稳定型(-1.0~-2.0℃)以及极高温极不稳定型(≥-1.0℃)。分别对应良好、较好、不良以及极差评价结果,并以此为基准选择传统埋设、埋设、埋设+换填、埋设+换填+隔热或架设等管基设计原则。对管道沿线约430 km多年冻土区进行了详细和逐段的评价。评价结果表明评价指标简单、实用,评价结果合理、恰当,可推荐在其它多年冻土区类似管道工程中使用。     

饱和粉土冻结过程中的水分迁移试验研究

改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明：当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区典型土样冻胀率特性研究

青藏铁路穿越高原多年冻土区546km,沿线分布着各种地形地貌单元,包括盆地、高山区、高平原、谷地等,各处的地层岩性和冻土赋存环境各不相同．通过对青藏高原多年冻土区典型土样的冻胀率试验,分析了高原多年冻土的冻胀率与含泥量、含水率、干密度之间的规律．结果表明：高原冻土具有较大的冻胀率,其冻胀率随含泥量的增加而增加,随含水率...     

中俄输油管道(漠河-大庆段)主要冻土环境问题探析

中俄输油管道(漠河-大庆段)全长约965 km,其中穿越不连续多年冻土区约 441 km.管道穿越中国东北大兴安岭山地丘陵和松嫩平原的北部.沿线地形复杂,冻土类型及分布情况复杂.该区是中国东北主要的寒温带森林、冻土湿地分布地区,冻土生态环境比较脆弱.管道建设将不可避免的影响到沿线植被、冻土、湿地、水资源和野生动植物等生态要素.分析了管道沿线多年冻土区主要的冻土环境特征,工程地质和环境风险问题,并提出了一些建议.由于冻土区管道在商业运行的初期和后期,发生各类泄漏事故的几率较高.因此,中俄输油管道还需准备应急预案和措施.     

中俄输油管道(漠河-大庆段)主要冻土环境问题探析

中俄输油管道(漠河-大庆段)全长约965km,其中穿越不连续多年冻土区约441km.管道穿越中国东北大兴安岭山地丘陵和松嫩平原的北部.沿线地形复杂,冻土类型及分布情况复杂.该区是中国东北主要的寒温带森林、冻土湿地分布地区,冻土生态环境比较脆弱.管道建设将不可避免的影响到沿线植被、冻土、湿地、水资源和野生动植物等生态要素.分析了管道沿线多年冻土区主要的冻土环境特征,工程地质和环境风险问题,并提出了一些建议.由于冻土区管道在商业运行的初期和后期,发生各类泄漏事故的几率较高.因此,中俄输油管道还需准备应急预案和措施.     

大小兴安岭多年冻土区输油管线地质灾害成因及防治

大小兴安岭多年冻土区是中国重要的地理区域之一,特殊的高冰低温环境,使油气管道铺设方式的选择和由其引发的地质灾害治理显得尤为重要。通过对该区多条输油管道沿线不同季节的监测勘察,提出冻土区管道敷设方式优选地上式、地面式和廊道式。地埋式易诱发冻胀丘、冰椎、冻土沼泽、热融滑塌、水毁等不良地质现象,从而导致管道不均匀抬升下降,翘曲变形、露管或悬管等灾害多发。针对输油管线已发生的地质灾害,对比前后期不同的防治工程措施,提出了混凝土桩连系梁支撑架空治理管道融沉、截水墙结合植被护坡等更为有效的防治方法。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.