乌干达Albertine地堑含沥青砂岩的发现及其地球化学意义

Albertine地堑是乌干达共和国具有油气勘探潜力的中新生代断陷，通过野外考察及对采集样品的地球化学分析及综合研究，对该地堑的油气潜力有了一些初步认识，油－油对比表明，Paraa和Kibiro油苗具有相似的生烃源岩，而且烃源岩母质类型较好，含丰富的淡水灌类，Kivuku油苗母质类型较差，以陆生高等植物输入为主；油苗应源自5白垩系或下敏感系地层中的某一套烃源岩；2块含沥青砂岩具有相同的有机质来源,以陆源有机质输入为主，且明显不同于油苗，可能来自上敏感系地层本身，即该地堑至少存在两套成熟烃源岩，成熟度分析表明，Paraa和Kibiro油苗成熟度较高，为烃源岩在生烃高峰期的产物；Kibuku油苗成熟度稍低，为烃源岩在生烃高峰前的产物；含沥青砂岩成熟度低于油苗；沉积环境分析表明，该地暂沉积环境变化较大，特别是沉积水体的咸度变化较大，油苗的原始母质为淡水湖相沉积，Kibiro地区的生烃凹陷水体较深，淡水藻类发育；Kibuku地区生烃册陷水体较浅，陆生植物繁盛，含沥青砂岩的原始母质为咸水沉积环境。     

金刚石中水的研究

根据红外光谱定量分析的原理，利用吸收峰位之间的相关性，判别出金刚石中结构水(-OH)的伸缩振动频率为3760cm^-1；水分子的反对称伸缩与对称伸缩振动频率分别为3630cm^-1和3200cm^-1。在分别垂直于金刚石(100)、(110)及(111)方向上的定向显微红外光谱研究表明：-OH、H2O及C-C键在不同方向上所测得的浓度是不相同的；样品本身存在晶格畸变；-OH和H2O共有的OH基团在金刚石中的取向并不相同；-OH和H2O并没有进入金刚石的晶格，更多的可能是存在于金刚石的空隙中。     

四川软玉猫眼的谱学综合鉴定

采用拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、电子探针波谱以及X射线粉晶衍射谱对四川软玉猫眼进行谱学研究。结果表明软玉猫眼主要由透闪石组成。计算所得的平均化学式为：（Ca1.96Na0.02）（Mg4.52Fe0.59Mn0.03）5.14[（Si7.92Al0.04）7.96O23]。其红外吸收频率主要出现在940 cm^-1-1105 cm^-1、650 cm^-1-760 cm^-1和450 cm^-1-510 cm^-1范围内。3600cm^-1-3800 cm^-1范围内OH基伸缩振动拉曼谱带分裂,并向低波数方向位移,主要与Mg^2＋和Fe^2＋的含量有关。     

一个新的宝石矿物--草莓红"绿柱石"的振动谱学特征

高铯草莓红“绿柱石”是一种新的宝石矿物，利用振动谱学-傅立叶红外光谱和拉曼光谱研究了此矿物中水在隧道结构中的状态，发现三方晶系的草莓红“绿柱石”的振动谱学特征与其它绿柱石有区别，红外光谱中Si-O伸缩振动峰位于1039cm^-1，两个强度近于相同的Ⅱ型水特征伸缩振动吸收峰位于3591cm^-1和3545cm^-1，认为与隧道中含高Cs离子有关，其特征拉曼谱峰为1120cm^-1和1096cm^-。     

柴西油砂山地区油砂有机地球化学特征研究

为深入研究油砂山地区油砂的古沉积环境、成熟度及母质来源,促进柴西地区非常规资源勘探开发,本文以油砂山干柴沟组油砂为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱分析,发现该区油砂正构烷烃受到轻度损失,降解程度为1级;该区油砂具有低的m(Ts)/m(Tm)值,相对低的m(C29ββ)/m[(ββ+αα)]和m(C29ααα-20S)/m[20(S+R)]的值,表明油砂油属低成熟油砂油;m(Pr)/m(Ph)较低,表明其源岩沉积强还原环境;油砂油样品具较高的m(r-蜡烷)/m(0.5C31)值,显示为高盐度咸水环境沉积;甾烷C27、C28和C29参数成"L"型或"V"型分布,表明油砂油母质来源水生生物相对较多。     

辽河盆地过渡带有机地球化学（Ⅰ）──不同赋存状态的有机质与过渡带气的形成

辽河盆地东部凹陷中部沙一段和沙二段烃源岩主要处于成岩演化阶段，本文通过对其可溶有机质和干酪根的研究探讨了它们与过渡带气之间的关系，发现可溶有机质与同一样品的干酪根之间往往表现出不同的生源组成，前者以Ⅱσ—Ⅲ型有机质为特征，而后者主要属Ⅰ—Ⅱ．型母质。在埋深１８５０～３０６０ｍ的范围内，沥青Ａ、非烃和沥青质的红外特征吸收及其有关参数呈一致的变化规律。由此划分出三个明显不同的演化阶段．并指出２２００～２７７０ｍ左右为沥青Ａ、非烃和沥青质急剧降解的阶段，２５００ｍ左右达到高峰，其结果与过渡带气的形成密切相关。干酪根在该阶段虽然也表现出脱氧、脱脂基因特征，但以生成解聚沥青为主，与过渡带气不存在直接的联系。因此认为可溶有机质，尤其是其中的非烃和沥青质是东部凹陷过渡带气最主要的母源物质。     

辽河盆地过渡带有机地球化学（Ⅰ）──不同赋存状态的有机质与过渡带气的形成

辽河盆地东部凹陷中部沙一段和沙二段烃源岩主要处于成岩演化阶段，本文通过对其可溶有机质和干酪根的研究探讨了它们与过渡带气之间的关系，发现可溶有机质与同一样品的干酪根之间往往表现出不同的生源组成，前者以Ⅱ_b-Ⅲ型有机质为特征，而后者主要属Ⅰ-Ⅱ_a.型母质。在埋深１８５０～３０６０ｍ的范围内，沥青Ａ、非烃和沥青质的红外特征吸收及其有关参数呈一致的变化规律。由此划分出三个明显不同的演化阶段.并指出２２００～２７７０ｍ左右为沥青Ａ、非烃和沥青质急剧降解的阶段，２５００ｍ左右达到高峰，其结果与过渡带气的形成密切相关。干酪根在该阶段虽然也表现出脱氧、脱脂基因特征，但以生成解聚沥青为主，与过渡带气不存在直接的联系。因此认为可溶有机质，尤其是其中的非烃和沥青质是东部凹陷过渡带气最主要的母源物质。     

柴西油沙山地区油沙有机地球化学特征研究

为深入研究油沙山地区油沙的古沉积环境、成熟度及母质来源,促进柴西地区非常规资源勘探开发,本文以油沙山干柴沟组油沙为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱分析,发现该区油沙正构烷烃受到轻度损失,降解程度为1级;该区油沙具有低的m(Ts)/m(Tm)值,相对低的m(C29ββ)/m[(ββ+αα)]和m(C29ααα-20S)/m[20(S+R)]的值,表明油沙油属低成熟油沙油;m(Pr)/m(Ph)较低,表明其源岩沉积强还原环境;油沙油样品具较高的m(r-蜡烷)/m(0.5C31)值,显示为高盐度咸水环境沉积;甾烷C27、C28和C29参数成"L"型或"V"型分布,表明油沙油母质来源水生生物相对较多。     

不同密度镜质组的热解色谱特征及生烃潜力的研究

摘要：用热解色谱（Ｒｏｃｋ－Ｅｖａｌ）对２个褐煤样、３个气煤样的２８个分离组分进行了研究,揭示了不同密度镜质组组分之间生烃潜力具有较大的差异性;镜质组不仅可以作为重要的生气母质,而且还可以作为重要的生油母质。     

羌塘盆地中生代源岩中动物型原沥青的成因及意义

通过对羌塘盆地中生代碳酸盐岩中广泛存在的环状、串珠状动物型原沥青进行显微傅立叶红外、热模拟及光性变化特征的研究，结果发现；动物型原沥青形成于有孔虫的壳壁（外皮），在不同温度的热模拟实验中，其光性变化与镜质组具有明显的相关性，与沥青的热演化特征基本相似，因此，其反射率（Rb)可作为青藏高原中生代碳酸盐岩源岩成熟度评价的基础。     

可溶抽提物中沥青质的地球化学特征

以花海盆地花深一井下新民堡群11块岩心样品,用苯-甲醇抽提物的沥青质,经元素、红外光谱、电子顺磁共振波谱分析,并参照核磁共振资料,研究了沥青质的性质、结构、有机质类型、烃类的形成和演化的关系。 探讨该盆地原始有机质属以腐殖型为主的混合型,初步证实沥青质的结构是稠核芳烃为主、在其侧链上连有短的烷基。该井样品随深度的演化明显分阶段性,1800米为其生油门限的深度。     

Kinetic studies of asphaltene pyrolyses and their geochemical applications

Pyrolysis kinetics are determined for a series of asphaltene samples associated with different types of kerogens. The activation energy distributions obtained for asphaltenes related to type I kerogens cover a wide range, with significant hydrocarbon generation with activation energies above 350 kJ/mol. The ranges of activation energy distributions are relatively narrow for asphaltenes associated with type II and III kerogens, with little hydrocarbons generated with activation energies above 350 kJ/mol. If the type of associated kerogen can be reasonably constrained, the pyrolysis kinetics of the asphaltenes is potentially a very useful tool for assessing the maturity levels of reservoired oils. The results of pyrolysis kinetics indicate that there is still significant potential for asphaltenes to regenerate hydrocarbons.     

Geochemical studies on the organic matter from the Douala Basin (Cameroon)—II. Evolution of kerogen

Optical examinations, elemental analysis, i.r. spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis have been used to characterize the kerogens from the Logbaba (Upper Cretaceous) cores from the Douala Basin (Cameroon). It is shown that those kerogens are derived from the same type of organic matter, having mainly a land-plant origin. This conclusion fits very well that obtained from the examination of the soluble organic matter (see Part I). Thus the evolution of the properties of kerogens during burial is not due to a change in the nature of organic matter and can be related mainly to catagenesis. Owing to the existence of a high geothermal gradient in the basin and a sampling along a 4000 m thick sedimentary column, this evolution can be followed over a large range and correlated to the formation of petroleum and gas.     

A comparison of results from two different flash pyrolysis methods on a solid bitumen sample

A Cambrian solid bitumen from northwestern Sichuan Basin, southern China was analyzed using two different flash pyrolysis methods coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, including Pyroprobe® and analytical laser micropyrolysis. Results show that pyrolysis products from a Pyroprobe® (model 5000) analysis are dominated by mono-, di- and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whilst those from laser micropyrolysis are dominated by aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alk-1-ene/n-alkane doublets), which is consistent with the results from an FT-IR spectrum of the solid bitumen. According to the molecular compositions of the pyrolysates from two types of pyrolysis, results from a 532 nm continuous wave laser may be more suitable for pyrolysis research of bitumen/asphaltene. Thus, differences in pyrolysis techniques must be considered when used to characterize oil asphaltenes or source rock kerogens.     

论有机质生烃潜能与生源的关系及干酪根的成因类型

作者对我国若干盆地数百个样品的综合分析表明,（1）藻类等低等水生浮游植物来源的有机质经过一定程度的沉积 成岩氧化可形成贫氢的腐泥型干酪根（Ⅲ型或Ⅳ型）:（2）不仅高等植物的某些特殊生化组分可对富集形成壳质型干酪根,其木质纤维组分办可形成相对富氢的腐植型干酪根;（3）不同类型十酪根中的镜质组分的化学结构明显不同;（4）沉积成岩条件对有机质的活化能和热稳定性具有重要影响     

Improvement of kerogen structural interpretations based on oxidation products isolated from aqueous solutions

A detailed investigation of kerogen oxidation products remaining in aqueous solutions after the usual isolation of degradation products by extraction with ether or precipitation, was carried out for the first time in kerogen structural studies. Three shale samples were investigated: Green River shale (type I kerogen), Toarcian shale, Paris Basin (type II), and Mannville shale, Canada (type III). The yields of acids from aqueous solutions were noticeable: 12.98, 15.32 and 22.32%, respectively, based on initial kerogens. Qualitative and quantitative capillary GC/MS analysis showed that the ratios of different kinds of identified acids depended much on the type of precursor kerogen. Some of the acids identified in aqueous solutions have not been found earlier among the degradation products of the same kerogen samples, or were obtained in different ranges and yields. Consequently, slight modifications were suggested of the image on the nature of various types of kerogens based on examination of ether-soluble acids only. Namely, slightly higher proportions of aromatic and alkane-polycarboxylic acids in the total oxidation products of both type I and type II kerogens indicated larger participation of aromatic and alicyclic and/or heterocyclic structures in these two kerogens. On the other hand, for type III Mannville shale kerogen, a somewhat larger share of aliphatic type structures was demonstrated.     

海相成熟干酪根生气潜力评价方法研究

高成熟阶段干酪根热解氢指数（HI）非常低,在热成熟度指标镜质组反射率Ro为2.0%以上的Ⅰ或Ⅱ型有机质,一般都在20 mg/gTOC以下,甚至接近0 mg/gTOC,因此,一般认为这种干酪根生烃能力极低。本文通过对不同成熟阶段的干酪根采用元素分析和热解模拟实验相结合的方法,发现HI指数很低的高过成熟阶段干酪根仍然具有一定的生气能力,生气潜力是HI指数的数倍,如HI指数为12 mg/gTOC的样品,H/C原子比为046,生气能力仍然为65 mg/gTOC,占总生烃能力的15%左右,说明成熟—过成熟有机质HI指数不适合衡量生气潜力。同时发现,干酪根生气能力与H/C原子比具有极好相关性,相关系数达到096,通过回归公式所获得有效生气干酪根H/C原子比下限为026。     

Pore Characteristics and Factors Controlling Lacustrine Shales from the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,Northeast China: A Study Combining SEM,Low-temperature Gas Adsorption and MICP Experiments

To investigate pore characteristics and the factors controlling lacustrine shales,geochemical,mineralogical and petrophysical experiments were performed on 23 shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,China.A comparison of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-temperature N2 adsorption pore-size distribution showed that MICP has a higher pore-size distribution (PSD) line in its overlapping pore diameter range,which may be elevated by the higher pressure of MICP.Therefore,in the overlapping range,low-temperature N2 adsorption data were preferred in pore characterization.Negative correlations were observed between pore volumes and TOC content,indicating organic matter pores are not well-developed in the studied samples.This may be related to their low grade of maturity and type I kerogens.There existed negative relationships between pore volumes and S1,which illustrated that liquid hydrocarbons occupied some pore space.Micropore volume had a better correlation with S1 than mesopore and macropore volumes,which suggests that liquid hydrocarbons preferentially occur in micropores.No obvious relationships between pore volumes and quartz or feldspar were observed,while pore volumes increased with the increasing clay mineral content.These relationships indicate that intraparticle pores in clay minerals represent the principal pore type.     

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起-白云凹陷北坡干酪根热演化模拟与生烃

通过密封金管-高压釜体系对珠江口盆地番禺低隆起-白云凹陷北坡恩平组炭质泥岩的干酪根(PY),在24.1 MPa压力、20℃/hr(373.5~526℃)和2℃/h(343~489.2℃)两个升温速率条件下进行热模拟生烃实验,分析气态烃(C1 5)和液态烃(C6 14和C14+)的产率,以及沥青质和残余有机质碳同位素组成。同时与Green River页岩(GR)和Woodford泥岩(WF)的干酪根,分别代表典型的I型和II型干酪根进行对比研究。结果显示PY热演化产物中总油气量明显低于GR和WF干酪根,且气态烃(C1 5)最高产率是液态烃的1.5倍,揭示恩平组炭质泥岩主要以形成气态烃为主。在热演化过程中,有机质成熟度和母质类型是控制油气比的主要因素,气态烃和轻烃的产率比值主要受热演化成熟度的影响。干酪根残余有机质碳同位素和沥青质碳同位素在热演化过程中受有机质成熟度的影响较小,δ13C残余和δ13C沥青质可以间接反映原始母质的特征,为高演化烃源岩油气生成提供依据。     

Organic‐geochemical characteristics of the Miocene Lycian Basin,western Taurides,Turkey

In the Lycian Basin (SW Turkey), the Miocene Karabay?r and Karaku?tepe formations consist of algal limestone, conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis of the Miocene units show that these formations are poor in organic matter. TOC values are generally between 0.02 and 0.51%, but reach 3.47% in the Karabay?r Formation. Hydrogen indices (HI) are mostly below 600 mgHC/gTOC, increasing to 1200 mgHC/gTOC in the Karabay?r Formation. S₂ vs. TOC diagrams are used to evaluate the sedimentary environments and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower–Middle Miocene sediments (the Isparta, Bucak and Korkuteli‐Elmal? areas). The organic material contains about 63 (type I), 35 (type II) and 29 (type II/III) pyrolysable hydrocarbons, respectively. The dominant organic matter is type II kerogens, and hydrocarbon generating potential is quite low. A positive x‐intercept has been calculated in analysed samples according to S₂ vs. TOC diagrams; this value shows a rock‐matrix effect. Clay is the main agent of adsorption. Biomarker characteristics also verify these results. Isoprenoid rates are Pr/Ph: 2, Pr/n‐C17: 1.9, and Pr/n‐C18: 0.5, and a high Pr/Ph ratio (pristane/phytane) indicates an oxic environment; the terpane C29 NH/C30 H ratio is >1 for the Karabay?r Formation, and this value indicates a carbonate lithology. On the other hand, the C25 NH/C30 H ratio is <1 for the Karaku?tepe Formation; this indicates that the hydrocarbons were derived from terrestrial organic matter. According to m/z 191 mass fragmentograms, the Miocene units contain oleanane, indicating a Tertiary age. The abundance of sterane C29>C28>C27 shows that the kerogens formed from algal organic matter.