考虑状态含水率和密度的膨胀土膨胀模型试验研究

以邯郸强膨胀土为研究对象,通过室内K0应力状态膨胀试验,研究了膨胀土的膨胀率与压实度、初始含水率、上覆荷载之间的关系,进而建立了考虑上述3种影响因素的膨胀率公式。同时,建立了终了含水率与初始含水率、压实度、上覆荷载之间的关系,从而得到了膨胀土线膨胀系数表达式。利用提出的膨胀模型可以得出任一含水率状态下膨胀土的膨胀本构关系。该试验操作简单,模型表达式简洁,具有较强的实用性,可为膨胀土工程的设计施工提供理论依据和参考     

K0及三轴应力状态下压实膨胀土膨胀模型研究

以不同初始压实状态下的南阳中膨胀土为对象,在常规固结仪上开展侧限膨胀试验及采用GDS三轴仪进行恒定偏差应力的三轴膨胀试验,通过多元非线性拟合分析,分别获得考虑初始压实度、含水率、上覆压力耦合关联影响的K0膨胀模型以及体积膨胀率与球应力（体积应力）关系的三轴膨胀经验模型。基于K0膨胀模型,提出了压实土膨胀潜势能的定量计算公式,并推导出膨胀土边坡处理层厚度的理论计算方法。基于膨胀体积应变只随球应力变化而不受偏差应力影响的假设条件,分析了同一起始条件下,膨胀土K0模型与三轴膨胀模型的内在关联,并建立了通过K0模型推算三轴应力条件下体积膨胀率的理论方法。试验结果表明：采用多因素耦合的K0膨胀模型预测压实土膨胀势具有较好的准确度及合理性;联系K0模型与三轴膨胀模型的纽带在于假设侧限膨胀全程存在一个平均静止侧压力系数,采用反演方法得到平均侧压力系数呈现随上覆压力增大而减小的趋势,这种变化规律的根本原因则在于侧向膨胀力随上覆压力的增大而减小。     

压实膨胀土路基的膨胀变形规律研究

首先分析了现有规范中膨胀土膨胀量计算方法存在的缺陷,然后以宁淮高速公路淮安段膨胀土为研究对象,根据膨胀土的有荷膨胀率试验成果,分析探讨膨胀土有荷膨胀率与填土初始含水率、上覆荷载和压实度的关系,总结提出了在侧向约束条件下,压实膨胀土的有荷膨胀率与初始含水率、上覆荷载和压实度之间的关系式,并使用该公式得到的膨胀率计算了宁淮高速公路直接使用膨胀土作为路堤填料可能产生的膨胀变形量,分析了初始含水率不同对膨胀量的影响。     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土试验研究

研究掺粉煤灰对合肥膨胀土的物理性质指标以及胀缩性指标等的影响,探讨利用粉煤灰改良膨胀土的措施与效果。试验研究结果表明,在膨胀土中掺入适量的粉煤灰可有效降低膨胀土的塑性指数、降低膨胀势、减小线缩率与降低活性。在膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰还可改变膨胀土的击实特性,一定击实功作用下,随着掺灰率的增加,土体的最优含水率与最大干密度均减小,膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰后,膨胀土可在较小的含水率下通过击实或压实达到稳定。掺灰膨胀土的膨胀量与膨胀力随养护龄期的增长而减小;没有经过养护的掺灰土,其无侧限抗压强度随掺灰率的变化几乎没有变化,经过7 d养护后,土的无侧限抗压强度有所增长,并且存在一个峰值点,合肥膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度所对应的最佳掺粉煤灰率约为15 %～20 %。     

多级荷载下弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性试验研究

为研究压实弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性，对取自高淳某边坡的弱膨胀土进行固结及浸水膨胀变形试验，研究了在300，200，150，100，75，50，25和12.5 kPa共8种上覆压力下不同初始干密度及初始含水率土体的固结及膨胀变形特征。试验结果表明:初始含水率及初始干密度对弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性均存在一定的影响，在其余条件相同的情况下，膨胀土的膨胀变形量随着初始干密度的增大而增大，随着初始含水率的增大而减小。分析了膨胀土固结及膨胀变形过程的典型曲线特点，研究了不同初始干密度及初始含水率下土体固结与膨胀曲线膨胀区与压缩区分界点特征，得出在初始含水率相同时，分界点的上覆压力与分界点孔隙比及土体的初始干密度均呈正比关系。通过对土体试验数据的分析拟合，结合土体变形过程中的孔隙比与初始状态关系的推导，提出了弱膨胀土的膨胀变形量计算方法，结合工程包边法路堤填筑的荷载分布，采用分层总和法推导了工程包边法膨胀土路堤填筑的膨胀变形量计算方法，并用于路堤膨胀量的预估中。     

压实红黏土的恒体积膨胀力与细观机制研究

针对目前量测土体膨胀力的主要方法所存在的不足,提出近似完全限制条件下测量土体膨胀力的改进方法。以压实红黏土为研究对象,测到不同初始状态（含水率、干密度）试样的膨胀力,并与膨胀反压法测得的膨胀力进行对比分析,发现限制膨胀方法测得的膨胀力要小于膨胀反压法的试验值。同时,显现出限制膨胀法测膨胀力具有3个主要优点：试验过程中保持土体不发生变形,更加符合膨胀力的物理定义;试验耗时少、占空间少;能测较宽含水率范围内的膨胀力。最后,利用压汞法和氮吸附法测得不同状态下土体的细观孔隙结构分布特征。结果表明：相同干密度试样,制样含水率对压实土体的孔隙分布影响显著;黏土晶间和粒间吸水自由膨胀后发生“不可逆”膨胀变形;土体发生“不可逆”膨胀变形程度是引起限制膨胀法和膨胀反压法所得试验结果出现差异的主要原因。     

不同水化状态下的压实膨胀土应力-应变-强度特征

为探讨水化状态对饱和压实膨胀土应力-应变-强度特征的影响,以压实度为95%的荆门弱膨胀土为研究对象,开展了2种典型水化状态下的固结与三轴试验,其中第1种水化状态采用常规饱和方法,第2种水化状态为试样自由膨胀至稳定状态。结果表明：（1）受变形约束条件与渗径的影响,不同水化状态下体膨胀率有较大差别;（2）第2种水化状态下的饱和压实膨胀土具有更大的硬化指数λ与膨胀指数κ、较小的弹性剪切模量,其有效内摩擦角为第1种水化状态下的77.2%,体现出膨胀土饱和强度的变动性;（3）2种水化状态下的固结曲线均呈现出明显的屈服现象,其屈服应力分别为123.2 kPa与94.5 kPa;（4）第1种水化状态下,低围压下试样应变软化与剪胀,高围压下应变强化与剪缩;第2种水化状态下试验围压范围内均发生剪缩和轻微的应变软化;（5）2种水化状态下试样在固结与剪切过程中均表现出超固结性,这种超固结性并非完全由先期固结压力所致,而是试样受荷过程中膨胀受到约束造成的;（6）不同水化饱和状态下初始孔隙比不同,膨胀势也不同,膨胀势与外部约束条件、排水条件、应力状态相互作用,造成其应力-应变-强度特征的差异性。     

粉煤灰改性膨胀土水稳定性试验研究

针对典型中膨胀土及其粉煤灰改性土,进行了击实特性试验,并且在最优含水率、不同压实度状态下,进行了饱水后干密度、压实度变化特征试验,以及不同吸水时间、不同干湿循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度、压缩模量变化规律试验,以此探讨中膨胀土、粉煤灰改性膨胀土的水稳定性特征。试验结果表明：粉煤灰改性土可击实含水率范围较之未改性土宽,这给粉煤灰改性土路堤的施工带来了很大的方便。饱水之后,改性土的干密度和压实度比素土变化小,饱水能力不大,强度变化较小。改性土经过不同吸水时间和干湿循环次数之后,其强度最初发生急剧衰减,但最终趋于稳定。其衰减程度较之未改性土来说,有较大改善,水稳定性良好。     

红层泥岩三轴膨胀力的试验研究

针对现有规范中红层泥岩膨胀力测试结果偏小问题,自主研制了膨胀性岩石三轴膨胀力测试装置。采用先放试样后加约束的方式克服了岩石与容器壁有释放变形空隙的局限性,解决了膨胀力测试结果偏小的问题。通过膨胀土和红层泥岩三轴膨胀力的测试研究,检验了三轴膨胀力测试装置的合理性和有效性,初步总结了红层泥岩三轴膨胀力的变化规律。研究结果表明:三轴膨胀力测试装置及其测试方法能够克服传统固结仪试验方法的局限性,具有较好的实用性,可以适用于膨胀土和膨胀岩三轴膨胀力的测试;红层泥岩三轴膨胀力多数是在MPa的量级,传统固结仪测试的膨胀力多数是kPa量级,更新了现有红层泥岩膨胀力较小的认识;通过对试验结果的分析和膨胀后试样的观察,发现红层泥岩的膨胀机制与膨胀土的膨胀机制是不同的;红层泥岩主要是新鲜岩石表层吸水膨胀、泥化崩解,泥化层剥蚀后,新鲜面再次吸水膨胀、泥化崩解,这是一个逐层循环膨胀的过程。     

膨胀岩部分膨胀性指标测定方法初探

针对按膨胀土试验规范测定膨胀岩的自由膨胀率,无荷载膨胀率,膨胀力三种膨胀性指标的适用性进行探讨,通过分析对测试方法中不适用于膨胀岩的步骤提出修改意见,以保证试验结果的准确性,并使膨胀岩膨胀性指标的测定方法更臻完善。     

基于多场耦合数值分析的膨胀土边坡浅层膨胀变形破坏机制研究

膨胀土地区大量工程实践表明,发生在膨胀土边坡浅表层一定深度范围内的牵引式滑坡现象非常普遍,对于该种渐进性边坡破坏模式,传统极限平衡分析无法反映其失稳状态和破坏机制。借鉴温度场中温度膨胀系数的定义和数值处理方法,以室内无荷/有荷膨胀率试验成果为依据,对膨胀土的湿度膨胀系数进行了反演拟合,得到低荷载条件下含水率-膨胀系数近似符合线性关系。基于降雨作用下膨胀土边坡破坏的大型静力物理模型试验成果,采用FLAC非饱和二相流模型模拟降雨引起的边坡湿度场分布变化状态,引入含水率-膨胀系数的线性关系,提出一种适用于膨胀土边坡的湿度场-膨胀变形场-应力场的多场耦合数值分析方法,并藉此对物理模型试验进行仿真。结合模型试验和多场耦合数值分析,阐述膨胀土边坡浅层渐进性破坏机制的本质是水力边界条件变化引起的膨胀土膨胀变形作用。     

弱膨胀土浸水变形特性及其预测

对取自江苏省淮安市的膨胀土进行了浸水后的膨胀变形和压缩变形试验。在竖向压力25~800 k Pa范围下,研究了不同初始含水率和初始干密度对浸水膨胀变形特性的影响。结果表明:浸水饱和膨胀变形量主要取决于初始干密度,且初始含水率也有一些影响;在相同的含水率下,膨胀变形量随着干密度的增加而增大;在相同干密度条件下,含水率越大,浸水膨胀变形量略微减小。根据各组的固结状态线和浸水饱和膨胀后状态线的交点,得出了介于浸水膨胀和浸水压缩的分界状态线,此线基本上不受初始含水率的影响,进而可以判定不同孔隙比、不同竖向压力下土样处于浸水膨胀还是压缩。最后,基于浸水变形试验结果,提出了一种简便的预测弱膨胀土在不同竖向压力下膨胀变形量的方法。     

Swelling model study of expansive soil at K-0 and triaxial stress stateEI北大核心CSCD

A series of swelling tests is performed on a typical Nanyang expansive soil with medium swelling capacity compacted at various initial densities and water contents. The swelling tests are separately conducted using the conventional oedometer to confine the lateral swelling of the soil specimens, and using the GDS triaxial apparatus to allow the free volumetric swelling. The multiple nonlinear mathematical method is adopted to obtain the lateral swelling model (i.e. K-0 model), which fully considers the coupled effect of initial degree of compaction, moisture content and overburden pressure on the swelling strain. Also, an empirical model for the relationship between spherical stress and volumetric strain is proposed by triaxial swelling test. Based on the K-0 swelling model, a formula is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the swell potential, and also a theoretical calculation method is derived to determine the processing layer thickness of expansive soil slope. Based on the assumption that volumetric swelling strain only changes with spherical stress and is not affected by the deviatoric stress, the correlations between the K-0 model and triaxial model are analyzed, and a method to calculate the volumetric swelling strain by only employing the K-0 model is given. Experimental results show that the proposed K-0 model with multifactor coupling is reasonable to predict the swelling potential of compacted expansive soil. It is found that the key factor to link the K-0 model and triaxial swelling model is assuming an average static lateral pressure coefficient. The average static lateral pressure coefficient tends to decreases with increasing overburden pressure by inversion method. This tendency of average static lateral pressure coefficient is believed to rely on the fact that lateral swelling pressure decreases with the increase of overburden pressure.     

击实膨胀土工程变形特征的试验研究

以湖南邵阳膨胀土为例,对3种击实膨胀土工程变形特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：膨胀土的起始含水率和起始干密度对其膨胀力和膨胀量大小的影响是主要的外部因素;根据膨胀力试验和膨胀量试验的试验数据,拟合出膨胀力曲线和膨胀量曲线的变化规律均为指数关系。同时,还研究了膨胀速度曲线、收缩特性曲线的特征及膨胀和收缩两个过程的相似关系。研究结果为膨胀土路堤的设计及膨胀土地基处理等膨胀土问题提供了重要的依据。     

Multi-scale characterization of swelling behaviour of compacted Maryland clay

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation on time-dependent swelling behaviour at both macroscale and microscale of a natural Australian expansive soil in compacted state. A number of one-dimensional swelling tests under different vertical pressures, different initial void ratios and initial water contents were performed. The characterization at macroscale was complemented by extensive microstructural investigations through mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscope observation on both as-compacted and swollen specimens. The results were discussed at two different scales within a framework of double-porosity, which was finalized by linking the macrostructural–microstructural strains ratio with secondary swelling/compression coefficients. The multi-scale correlation appears to be largely independent of the specimen initial conditions. The study showed that the secondary swelling and primary swelling are governed by the same factors and that secondary swelling takes place mainly in macropores, of which the change magnitude depends on the level of confinement applied. The microstructural investigations show that swelling is accompanied by significant microfabric changes.     

Bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soils

It is difficult to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, although this is most important. The bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is related to the drying and wetting environment. Swelling pressure occurs when the soil volume change is constrained as an expansive soil is inundated. The expansive lateral pressure, induced by the swelling pressure is similar to the passive earth pressure. By considering the effect of the expansive lateral pressure in Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula, the bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is derived. Because it is very difficult to measure suction in situ, the bearing capacity is expressed using the expansive lateral pressure offers a feasible approach to calculate the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, when suction is not measured. Plate load tests to measure the bearing capacity in situ were performed for the foundation in natural soil and saturated soil immersed by water. The verification of the bearing capacity formulae presented in this paper is conducted by comparing the predicted results with the results of the plate load tests on unsaturated expansive soils in Handan and Bingxia, China.     

Swell–consolidation characteristics of artificial sand clay mixes

Many remedial measures have been devised to lessen the damage caused by expansive soils. Physical alteration, chemical stabilization, innovative foundation techniques like belled piers, drilled piers, under-reamed piles and granular pile anchors are some of these remedial measures. Mixing a non swelling material such as gravel or sand to expansive soil is one of the methods of physical alteration. This paper presents experimental data on artificially prepared sand-clay mixes. Swell and consolidation characteristics of these artificially prepared sand-clay mixes were studied in one dimensional consolidometer. Fine sand content and fines content in the expansive soil were arbitrarily varied in the investigation. The fines content was varied as 425–300 μm and 150–75 μm, separated from the same expansive soil based on the grain size. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increasing fine sand content but increased with increasing fines content. Coefficient of compressibility, coefficient of volume compressibility and compression index of the samples decreased initially up to a sand content of 15% and thereafter increased at higher sand contents.