坑道钻探施工技术规程探讨

坑道钻探在地质勘查、矿山勘探等活动中的应用越来越广泛,尤其是在地表钻探工程受地形深切割而制约搬迁时,矿山企业为延长矿山服务寿命,坑道钻探就成为了首选的勘探技术。但由于其设备模块、作业环境、安全施工条件等特点,坑道钻探的施工安全、钻深能力无法满足日益发展的地质勘查和施工管理要求。同时,我国对坑道钻探的行业规范尚待补充、完善。正确评价安全施工条件、分析其施工特点,并制定相应的工艺方法,能有效保障坑道钻探的安全施工和钻探施工能力。本文以坑道钻探设备、工艺、施工环境、施工经验等为依据,结合多年的坑道钻探经验,整理了全液压坑道钻探施工特点,并将坑道钻探普遍的方法、公约整理成标准并形成规程,在指导坑道钻探安全、高效生产的同时,为安全管理提供依据,为补充和完善行业规范提供参考。     

海洋地质十号船钻探系统及其在海洋地质调查中的应用

能源需求持续增长及环境污染防治、应对气候变化要求加快能源结构调整，迫切需要海洋地质调查工作为油气勘探开发提供新的靶区，为天然气水合物商业化勘查开发提供基础支撑。我国自主设计、建造的海洋地质十号船填补了我国小吨位大钻深海洋地质钻探船的空白，提升了海洋地质调查能力，也标志着我国海洋地质综合调查能力跻身世界前列，并为未来的大洋钻探提供了宝贵的经验。海洋地质十号船钻探系统针对不同地层采用不同的取心工具，顺利完成了南海某海域的钻探取心任务(A、B两个钻孔)。针对海洋钻探作业风险，制定的应对措施，保证了海洋地质十号船钻探作业的正常施工。实践证明，海洋地质十号船钻探系统可圆满完成了海洋地质钻探取心任务。     

多功能定向钻探软件系统设计与开发

计算机软件辅助设计钻孔轨迹及其跟踪定位与监控是现代定向钻探工程和深部资源勘探发展的需要,针对地质勘探钻探工程特点和技术要求,多功能定向钻探软件开发以钻孔轨迹设计与分析监控为主,兼顾地质钻探工程技术成果生成,软件系统功能包括钻孔弯曲规律分析、钻孔轨迹坐标定位计算、初级定向钻孔设计、受控定向钻孔轨迹设计、三维空间钻孔轨迹动态演示和钻孔地质设计书生成、钻孔地质柱状图生成、钻探工程技术综合图生成,软件系统经实例验证并应用于工程实践。     

地质岩心钻探技术及其在资源勘探中的应用

简要回顾了地质岩心钻探技术的发展历程,介绍了进入21世纪地质岩心钻探设备与技术的发展现状;举例说明了地质岩心钻探技术在资源勘探开发中的应用,并对地质岩心钻探技术在科学钻探和环境保护中的应用情况进行了概括性描述。     

绿色地质勘查综合技术应用分析

绿色地质勘查是青海省乃至我国地质找矿发展的必然趋势。开展绿色地质勘查需要了解地质勘查工程影响生态环境的范围及形式,在此基础上综合多种先进的勘探技术手段,以最大程度降低扰动地表生态环境为基础满足预查、普查等阶段的地质找矿目的。其方法包括结合环保型冲洗液、浅层取样钻探、便携钻探设备浅孔钻探、重型钻探设备深部钻探与多向分支定向钻探取样方法等,并综合资料探索三维地质建模的方法开展绿色地质勘查。     

地质钻探技术与装备21世纪新进展

21世纪初,我国地质钻探技术处于立轴钻机普遍使用、国产绳索取心钻杆只能满足1000 m以内孔深钻进要求、钻探器具相对落后、硬岩地层钻进效率低、复杂地层取心效果差的落后局面。近10多年来,在多个国家重大科学工程项目、国家科技支撑计划、“863”计划、地质大调查专项等科技项目支持下,通过产学研联合攻关,形成了硬岩深井科学钻探技术体系和2000 m以内地质岩心钻探技术体系,浅层取心（取样）钻探技术、新能源勘探开发钻探技术、地质灾害调查和防治钻探技术、定向钻探技术、基础工程施工钻掘技术等都取得了飞速的发展和进步。本文对21世纪我国地质钻探技术与装备、关键器具新进展进行了阐述,并对经济新常态下的发展方向进行了展望。     

杭州湾跨海大桥海域工程地质钻探技术与方法分析

杭州湾海域以“怒潮海湾”著称,潮差大、水流急,水文条件极其复杂。结合杭州湾跨海大桥水域工程地质钻探的实践经验,介绍了不同的海域条件下钻探设备的选择和平台搭建的方法,并对杭州湾复杂海域条件下工程地质钻探施工的技术与方法进行分析,总结出了一套经济、适用、简便与安全的海域工程地质钻探方法和技术措施。     

反循环中心取样雾化钻探应用于砾岩型金矿取样地质效果及其编录方法

中心取样钻探是一种全新的钻探方法，具有效率快、取样准确、岩样采取率高的特点。可用于砾岩型金矿勘探评价，获取的矿层深度、品位、厚度、岩心采取率等均能满足地质要求，利用回返物质能够进行正常地质编录。     

中国陆相白垩纪科学钻探松科一井(北井)钻探工程技术配套

松科一井是中国政府"973计划"项目为获取陆相白垩系地质资料,在中国松辽盆地布置的科学钻探工程,由南井和北井两个子工程组成。北井采用水源钻探设备与地质岩心钻探工艺组合,完成了井深1810m的钻探工作,在要求连续取心的1630m井段中,获取直径Φ96mm的岩心1542m,岩心采取率达95%。介绍了北井在钻探工程技术配套上取得的一系列技术成果。     

漠河冻土地区天然气水合物钻探施工技术

天然气水合物是一种清洁的潜在资源,漠河冻土地区为天然气水合物的形成提供了有力的条件。根据当地的地质条件和水合物勘探开发的技术要求,确定相应的钻孔结构和钻进技术参数,合理选择了钻探设备。钻进过程中运用低温泥浆、泥浆冷却技术、大直径绳索取心钻进工艺,快速获得岩心,从而减少水合物的分解,为以后该地区天然气水合物的勘探提供了经验。阐述了漠河冻土地区天然气水合物钻探施工中的钻进关键技术。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.