济南西北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋区热异常机理研究

为了探寻济南岩体北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋地热异常区形成机理,利用地质钻探编录、抽水试验、测温、水质分析测试等手段,对碳酸盐岩浅埋地热异常区地质特征、热储物性特征、地温场特征、水化学特征等进行研究,结果表明：碳酸盐岩浅埋区热储层发育在奥陶纪灰岩地层中,热储层岩溶裂隙发育,热储埋深150~1000m,地热异常区盖层地温梯度为7. 2~11. 5℃/100m,水化学类型为SO4- Ca型,TDS为1. 3~1. 5g/L,地热水中含有对人体有益的微量元素,地热水来源为大气降水,地热水中50年以前入渗的“古水”占主导;明确了热源除正常的地温传导之外,济南岩体阻挡迫使水流深循环加热后上涌,断裂沟通深部热源等也是地热异常区形成的重要因素。     

广东隆起山地型地热系统特征及成因

广东境内断裂构造发育,岩浆、地震、新构造活动剧烈,特别是深大断裂反复活动、岩浆多期次侵入的背景,为广东中低温地热资源形成与赋存、温泉出露创造了有利的地质环境。本文对广东地热资源分布现状、热储特征及地质条件等分析,以广东隆起山地型热储区为研究对象,划分为岩溶型层状热储区和裂隙型带状热储区两类,通过重要区域及盆地热储区地质特征及水文化学特征研究,分析了广东热储系统成因机制,对地热资源具有重要意义。     

淄博张店地区地热资源形成条件研究

通过对淄博张店地区地热资源形成的水文地质条件、热储层特征及地温场特征等分析研究,并对张店地热田形成模式进行了探讨,建立了张店地热田热储概念模型,阐明了张店地热田形成的机理。对确定该地区地热田的边界范围、热储概念,以及地热资源的开发利用和地热田远景规划都具有重要的意义。     

河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源特征及潜力评估研究

通过对河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源特征梳理,结合河南省地热地质背景条件和主要热储层水文地质特征,对河南省沉积盆地地热资源特征进行分析。同时选取地热资源可开采量、可采资源模数、单井单位涌水量、热储埋深和热储温度等5个指标,采用主成分分析法建立评估模型,对盆地新生界热储和下古生界热储资源潜力进行评估,并对各构造单元热储层地热资源潜力进行排序。结果可知:(1)河南省沉积盆地水热型地热资源依据热储层时代及储水介质特征,主要分为新近系孔隙热储、古近系裂隙孔隙热储、下古生界岩溶热储,分布在黄淮海平原及山间盆地,为河南省主要地热资源类型,其中以新近系热储层储存的热水量最大。(2)从盆地各构造单元热储分区潜力评估和排序结果来看,河南省地热资源潜力排在前3位的依次为汤阴断陷O-∈热储层、济源-开封凹陷E热储层和通许凸起O-∈热储层。本次研究结果为下一步河南省地热资源勘查开发提供了科学依据。     

香格里拉盆地地热地质特征及勘探前景

本研究工作的直接目标，是为在香格里拉县城附近钻探地下热水提供确定井位和钻井设计的地质依据。本次勘查研究，对已有资料进行了综合研究，在县城周边地区补充开展了地热地质测量、地球物理与地球化学勘探。本文是这些勘查研究成果的总结，文中论述了香格里拉盆地的地热地质背景、地球物理、地球化学特征与地热显示特征。经过综合分析，提出了盆地的热储概念模型，叙述了热储的地质结构。指出盆地内存在可供钻井开发的深埋藏层控型热储；盆地的北东部存在形成热储的地质条件，其构成热储的各项要素齐全，是前景良好的钻探靶区；预测在埋深1800m左右极有可能钻探到可供开发利用的热储层。     

郑州市城区深部基岩层热储特征分析

通过对郑州市城区深部基岩层热储的岩性、构造、热源及盖层条件分析研究,总结了该区热储特征,并首次提出了断裂循环型带状热储构造网络体系的构思,这对该区今后深部基岩层热储的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储发育差异性及成井条件

本文论述了冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储砂岩、底部砾岩、砂砾岩的发育、孔隙度及热水水质的差异性,对热储出水特征进行了探讨,提出了馆陶组热储成井的基本条件,对冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储成井具有一定的指导意义。     

山东省临清地热田地热水化学特征及热水起源研究

通过近几年对临清地热田地下热水热储特征、化学成分、地热温标、热水演化及起源的勘查研究,笔者认为地下热水的形成受区内深大断裂和基底构造对地热形成的控制,地下热水成分以Na+、Cl-、SO42-为主,矿化度较大为咸水,PH值呈弱碱性。热水中含有丰富微量元素,热水起源主要为大气降水成因,并形成于弱还原环境。在其运移过程中,随深循环深度的增大不断从岩石中获取热量逐步加热,在断裂带附近沟通深部热源形成由赋水性强的砂层所构成的深部低温热储系统。     

地热温标中的水—岩平衡状态研究

在地热资源勘探过程中，建立在水－岩平衡基础上的地热温标方法常被用来评价地下热储温度，但在某些情况下，作为地热温标的化学组分并没有真正与热储内部的矿物达到平衡，本文采用ｌｏｇ（Ｑ／Ｋ）图、不同参考温度下的平衡状态判定和Ｎａ－Ｋ－Ｍｇ三角图的方法来研究热流体的平衡状态，为地热温标的优化奠定了理论基础。     

浅谈贵州省地下热水资源类型及特征

为合理开发、利用和保护地下热水资源,本文分析贵州地下热水资源的形成条件、分布、热储类型、热储结构类型和热储构造类型.在此基础上介绍贵州典型地热区,并对其地下热水资源分区.     

雄安新区地热水化学特征及其指示意义

地热流体水文地球化学研究是认识地热资源形成机制、赋存环境以及循环机理的有效手段.以我国华北平原典型的中低温地热系统——河北雄安新区为研究对象, 基于不同热储层和浅层地下冷水的水化学及同位素特征, 探讨地热流体中主要组分的地球化学起源, 评估深部地热流体的热储温度, 指示地热系统的深部热源及其成因机制.大气降水入渗、热储高温条件下的流体-岩石相互作用是雄安新区地热流体中主要组分的物质来源, 其中深层雾迷山组地热水中部分组分可能源于古沉积水蒸发浓缩过程中形成的蒸发岩盐的溶滤.雾迷山组地热水适宜利用Ca-Mg温标和石英温标计算其热储温度, 温度范围为76.4~90.6℃, 馆陶组地热水运用石英温标更为合理, 热储温度为66.2~71.3℃.雄安新区地热异常是深部放射性元素衰变热在特定的大地构造背景下聚集而形成.      

浙江湖州太湖南岸地热资源研究

浙江湖州太湖南岸有多处地热异常显示,异常点水温为25℃～31℃,水中的氟、偏硅酸和游离二氧化碳达到或接近国家医疗热矿水标准值,具有一定的开发利用价值。通过大量调查和以往地质成果资料的分析研究,建立了地热形成模式和热储概念模型,认为区内存在二叠系栖霞组、石炭系船山组和黄龙组灰岩以及泥盆系五通组、志留系茅山组砂岩两个热储层;北东向的学川—湖州、北西向的长兴—奉化和东西向的湖州一嘉善大断裂是区内的主要导热热构造,且近期有活动迹象,为地下热水的形成创造了条件;石炭系上统高骊组、二叠系龙潭组与堰桥组的页岩、泥岩,第四系的粘土层是良好保温层。研究成果对开发本区的地热资源有一定的参考价值。     

Defining the dynamics of groundwater in Serra da Estrela Mountain area, central Portugal: an isotopic and hydrogeochemical approach

In a multidisciplinary approach, geological, geomorphologic, structural, hydrogeochemical and isotopic surveys were conducted on the Serra da Estrela groundwater system (central Portugal) in order to establish/develop a conceptual circulation model of the Caldas de Manteigas thermomineral system. A detailed study of the isotopic and geochemical composition of surface waters (e.g. Zêzere River), shallow groundwaters (cold dilute springs), and thermomineral waters was carried out to characterize the distribution of isotopes in waters of this mountainous region, and to determine the origin and possible recharge locations of the thermomineral system. Special attention was dedicated to isotopic tracers and their role in the definition of the thermomineral waters??conceptual model, considering: (1) the δ¹⁸O fractionation gradient; (2) the mean isotopic composition of the thermomineral waters in the region; and (3) the estimation of snowmelt contribution as a source of groundwater recharge at Serra da Estrela. The recharge of the thermomineral aquifer takes place on the more permeable zones of the granitic massif, associated with the main tectonic structures, whereas the recharge of the shallow aquifers seems to take place mostly in the plateaus, although another part of the recharge may occur in the slopes of the Zêzere River valley.     

Solute geothermometry of springs and wells of the Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal fields,Mexico

Subsurface reservoir temperatures of two important Mexican geothermal systems (Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes) were estimated by applying all available solute geothermometers for 88 and 56 chemical data measurements of the spring waters and fluids of the deep geothermal wells, respectively. Most of the chemical data for spring water of these two geothermal fields are for HCO₃ water, followed by SO₄ and Cl types. For the Los Azufres geothermal field (LAGF), the reservoir temperatures estimated by Na-K geothermometers for springs of HCO₃ and SO₄ waters, and by Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl water, are close to the average bottom-hole temperature (BHT) of the geothermal wells. However, all reservoir temperatures for spring waters from the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field (LTVGF) estimated by all solute geothermometers indicated significantly large differences (low temperatures) compared to the BHT. Evaluation of inferred reservoir temperatures for spring waters of the LAGF and LTVGF suggests that not all springs nor all solute geothermometers provide reliable estimation of the reservoir temperatures. Even though chemical equilibrium probably was not achieved in the water–rock system, Na-K geothermometers for HCO₃ water (peripheral water mainly of meteoric origin with little geothermal component) and SO₄ water (geothermal steam heated) and Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl-rich spring water (fully mature geothermal water) of the LAGF indicated reservoir temperatures close to the BHT. However, in comparison with the geothermometry of spring water of the LAGF and LTVGF, fluid measurements from geothermal wells of these two fields indicated reservoir temperatures in close agreement with their respective BHTs. For the best use of the solute geothermometry for spring water, it is advisable to: (1) chemically classify the springs based on water types; (2) identify and eliminate the discordant outlier observations by considering each water type as a separate sampled population; (3) apply all available solute geothermometers employing a suitable computer program such as SolGeo instead of using some specific, arbitrarily chosen geothermometers; and (4) evaluate the temperatures obtained for each solute geothermometer by considering the subsurface lithology, hydrological conditions, and BHTs or static formation temperatures whenever available.     

Isotopic composition of thermal waters in Chukotka

Twenty three groups of thermomineral springs in eastern Chukotka with the discharge temperature of 2 to 97°C and mineralization of 1.47 to 37.14 g/l are studied and compared with surface freshwater from their localities. The δD and δ¹⁸O values in surface waters vary from ?121.4 to ?89.5‰ and from ?16.4 to ?11.1‰, respectively, while respective values in thermomineral waters range from ?134.2 to ?92.5‰ and from ?17.6 to ?10.5‰. The δD value in surface waters decreases from the east to west, i.e., toward interior areas of the peninsula. Hydrothermal springs most depleted in deuterium (δD < ?120‰) are localized in the geodynamically active Kolyuchinskaya-Mechigmen Depression. According to the proposed formation model of Chukotka thermomineral waters, their observed chemical and isotopic characteristics could result from the mixing (in different proportions) of surface waters with the deep-sourced isotopically light mineralized component (δD ≈ ?138‰, δ¹⁸O ≈ ?19‰, M = 9.5?14.7 g/l). The latter originates most likely from subpermafrost waters subjected to slight cryogenic metamorphism.     

川西南喜德热田地下水水文地球化学特征

地下热水的形成和化学组分特征常受断裂构造和热储地层岩性的影响。川西南喜德地热田内出露的冷泉水和地热水严格受断裂控制,前者为主断裂控制的浅循环型碎屑岩或岩溶裂隙孔隙水;后者则为次级断裂所控制的深循环型裂隙水,其热储层为碳酸盐岩。基于喜德热田形成的地质构造背景,通过开展热田内地热水和冷泉水水化学指标的测试和分析及水岩相互作用模拟,对该热田水文地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明：喜德热田地热水和冷泉水水源均为大气降水,补给高程分别为2 874~3 092 m和2 584~2 818 m。受温度、含水层矿物类型、水岩相互作用的影响,地热水和冷泉水水化学类型和各组分差别较大,前者为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水,后者为HCO3-Ca·Mg型水。水岩相互作用模拟表明碳酸盐岩矿物、石膏矿物的溶解和沉淀及阳离子交换过程是导致地热水和冷泉水水化学组分差别较大的主要原因。此外,采用二氧化硅类温标计算喜德热田热储温度为56~90 ℃,循环深度为1 422~2 558 m。研究结果对阐明喜德热田的成因模式,地热水的进一步开发和热水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Western Anatolian mineral waters

Turkey lies on the Alpine-Himalayan belt which is one of the most important geothermal belts in the World. Therefore, there are numerous mineral waters in Anatolia where geological and tectonic activities are intense. Archeological studies conducted in Anatolia, which is the cradle of various civilizations, reveal the fact that mineral water has been used as a spa in many areas.The scope of this study is to evaluate mineral waters in Western Anatolia and their use in thermal resorts for balneological purposes. In this respect, 50 thermal waters used in spa centers were analyzed for various physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters.Among the 50 waters tested, 40 are thermomineral waters while 10 are acratothermal waters. Some of these waters have distinct chemical compositions. Their temperatures are between 21 and 90 °C. Various types of mineral water source occur within this region: 5 of these are sulfurous, 1 has carbon dioxide, 29 have fluorine, 1 has iodine and 3 are saliferous. The thermomineral sources with saline characteristics have balneotherapy potential for treating skin illnesses including psoriasis and rheumatological illnesses.Some waters with appreciable bicarbonate and sulfate concentrations can also be used for balneotherapy; for example for use as a cure for chronic inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal and urinary systems. They could also be used as a cure for prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment of urolithiasis.However, among 38 sampling sites, 12 sites are bacteriologically contaminated. This indicates that regulations governing the protection of such zones are not properly enforced and that water sources within these regions are not sufficiently protected or inspected.     

地热系统来源有害组分的环境效应及其处理

地热能是亟待加强开发利用的可再生新能源，但地热研究者与从业者需正视与地热系统相关的各类环境问题。本文聚焦地热系统来源有害组分，从其形成机制入手，总结了其类型、存在形态和环境效应，认为地热水回灌或无干扰井下换热均不可能彻底解除地热开发利用的环境和人类健康威胁，且地热水天然排泄所导致的周边环境内水质劣化同样不容忽视。在此基础上，提出水处理是地热成因环境污染防治的重要手段之一，综述了在此领域今后应着力发展的方向。     

控制龙门地热田的构造因素

根据龙门地热田构造特点以及与其地热异常和温泉分布的关系，论述了龙门地热田构造及控热特征，为在地热田内寻找热矿水赋存的有利地段提供了必要依据。     

岩浆热源型地热系统释义

以壳内岩浆囊(熔融体)为主要热源的地热系统是国内外地热界的热点研究对象.然而,当前尚无"岩浆热源型"地热系统的确切定义,对此类地热系统的认识也存在诸多争议.本文讨论了岩浆热源型地热系统的形成与其下熔融体的关系,阐释了"岩浆热源"的形成机制及其对上覆地热系统影响的本质,综述了利用岩浆流体地球化学组成识别其对地热水定量贡献...